1. CCOT and
COMPARATIVE
BIG IDEAS
and
Vocab

2. CONTINUITY in politics and social
classes
 From the earliest civilizations to the
present, leaders and governments had
connections or were directly tied to
religion.
 Religious leaders were in the elite
classes.
 Egyptian pharaoh, Mandate of
Heaven, Caliph, Akbar made his own
religion, Divine Right

3. CHANGE in politics in the WEST and later in
Asia and Africa in the 19th centuries
 The RISE OF SECULAR GOVERNMENTS
 Religion began to separate from politics.
 Government’s power was not based on
religious ideology.
 Enlightenment
 American and French revolutions
 Post-WWs disillusion
 Communist Revolutions in Russia and
China

4. CONTINUITIES in POLITICS and
SOCIAL CLASSES
The military had an important role in the
government and politics of regions and
empires.
Warriors/military leaders have often been in the
elite classes.
Some evidence
 Classical Civs were all based on expansion and then
dominance through military might or alliances (1st centuries
bce to 3rd centuries ce).
 Islamic Empire expanded through military conquest. (8th
centuries to 11th century).
 Mongol armies built the largest land empire in the world (13th
century).
 Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires and Aztec & Inca. (13th
to 17th centuries)
 The America, French, Haitian (18th), Latin American
(19th), and Russian Revolutions (20th) were military based.
 Ashoka, Muhammad, Knights, Samurai, Aztec
warriors, Chinggis Khan, George Washington, Mao

5. CONTINUITIES in POLITICS
From the earliest civilizations to the
present, the military has had an
important role in the government and
politics of regions and empires.
HOWEVER,
 Chinese scholar gentry had power over
the military in times of stability and
were in an equivalent social class.

6. ECONOMIC CHANGES
 2000s bce Neolithic Revolution
(agriculture) leads to permanent
settlements
 200s bce - 400s ce Classical
Trade
 Classical period saw more trade as
classical empires in Mediterranean,
India, and China helped foster trade

7. ECONOMIC CHANGES
 700s – 1000s ce Islamic Empire
 1450 – 1750 ce
Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal
Empires
 Islamic Empire(s) connect
Asia, Africa, Indian Ocean and the
Mediterranean – trade increases
(pilgrimage)

8. ECONOMIC CHANGES
 1450 – 1750s ce European
Expansion
 Americas, Africa, Asia, Atlantic and
Indian Ocean connections
(Columbian Exchange, slave trade)
 Europeans begin to dominate trade
networks.
 More “world” in world trade

9. ECONOMIC CHANGES
 Late 1700s to 1900 Industrial
Revolution first in Europe, then
US, then Russia and Japan
 Manufacturing and commerce
became the base of many
economies. Political, social, and
gender results. The WEST continued
to dominate.

10. ECONOMIC CHANGES
 19th century Imperialism and
Colonialism
 World trade increases as Europeans
and US take control of many parts of
Africa and Asia.

11. ECONOMIC CHANGES
 1900s Consumerism
 Emphasis on consumer goods in the
economy began in the West.

12. Continuities according to 3rd period
 “Luxury” goods tended to be a main part of trade – early
civs to present
 Gold, spices, silk, porcelain
 China – exported more than imported (until the 1700s)
 Ag is the base of most economies
 Competition improves quality
 European weapons
 US intervention in 1900s
 Trade benefits the upper class (or merchant)
 Dependency on the west . . (after 1800s)
 Capitalism after industrial rev
 China (1800s) & Japan’s (up to 1800s) chosen isolation

13. Economic Continuities according to 5th
period
 “Luxury” goods tended to be a main part
of trade – early civs to present
 Gold, spices, silk, porcelain
 Ag is base of economy
 Gov involved or controlled trade.
 Economy is improved through expansion
 Division of labor = social classes.
 Economic & trade centers near water
routes.
 Until 19th c – importance slave labor

14. Economic Continuities according to 6th
period
 Luxury goods important part of regional or
world trade
 Spice, ivory, silk, precious metals, coffee?
 Ag based economies
 Economy expanded through colonizing or
conquest
 Specialization of labor
 Religion and trade
 Government supported control

15. SOME AP VOCAB
 Demographics – make-up of human
populations (ethnic, religious, regional)
 The demographics of the western
hemisphere changed after European arrival.
The native population declined and the
European population increased. Also, new
classes of mixed ancestry began.
 Political structure or system – how the
government is set up
 Social hierarchy – social class (the caste
system was in India)

16. SOME AP VOCAB
 Labor systems – how people work, work
patterns
 Coercive labor system – forced labor like
slavery or indentured servitude.
 Elite – upper class
 Gender systems – roles of men and
women