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NUCLEAR
FISSION &
FUSION
PRESENTATION CONTEXT
History
Definition of fission & fusion
Process of These System
Energy Comes From Fission & Fusion
Chain Reaction
Usage
Differences
Quiz
History . . .
Hahn & Strassman
 InMeitner & Frisch
1939 They First Identified The
Nuclear Fission

Explained Hahn & Strassman results
Their Statement Was :

Instead of heavier Uranium, it had split
Bombarded Uranium-235 samples with neutrons
into smaller elements = Nuclear neutrons
expecting the Uranium-235 to capture Fission
A LITTLE BIT ON THE ATOM
Neutral neutrons

-

Nucleus

-

-

  

 


-

-

Negative electrons
Positive protons
NUCLEAR FISSION
A reaction in which an
atomic nucleus of a
radioactive element splits by
bombardment from an
external source, with
simultaneous release of
large amounts of energy,
used for electric power
generation
CHAIN REACTION
A chain reaction
occurs
• When a Critical Mass
of Uranium
Undergoes Fission.
• Releasing a Large
Amount of Heat and
Energy That
Produces an Atomic
Explosion.
Nuclear fission and fushion (ALIV - Bangladesh)
Nuclear Fission Diagram

1n

0

+

235U

92

“236 U”
92

91Kr

36

+ 142Ba + 3 1n + Energy
56

0
The Fission Process
A neutron travels at high speed towards a uranium235 nucleus

1
0

n

235
92 U
The Fission Process
A neutron travels at high speed towards a uranium235 nucleus

1
0

n

235
92 U
The Fission Process
A neutron travels at high speed towards a uranium235 nucleus

1
0

n

235
92 U
The Fission Process
The neutron strikes the nucleus which then captures
the neutron

1
0

n

235
92 U
The Fission Process
The nucleus changes from being uranium-235 to
uranium-236 as it has captured a neutron

236
92 U
The Fission Process
 The uranium-236 nucleus formed is very unstable
 It transforms into an elongated shape for a short time
The Fission Process
 The uranium-236 nucleus formed is very unstable
 It transforms into an elongated shape for a short time
The Fission Process
 The uranium-236 nucleus formed is very unstable
 It transforms into an elongated shape for a short time
The Fission Process
It then splits into 2 fission fragments and releases
neutrons
1
0

n

1
0

n

1
0

n

141
56 Ba

92
36 Kr
The Fission Process
It then splits into 2 fission fragments and releases
neutrons
1
0

n

1
0

n

1
0

n

141
56 Ba

92
36 Kr
The Fission Process
It then splits into 2 fission fragments and releases
neutrons
1
0

n

1
0

n

1
0

n

141
56 Ba

92
36 Kr
The Fission Process
The mass that was “lost” became energy
141
56 Ba

1
0

n

1
0

92
36 Kr

1
0

n

n
Conservation of Energy/Mass
 E = MC ²

• Energy cannot be created
Einstein's Formula Above Tell Us How The
or Occurs
destroyed – it can only
Change
change form
 In The Equation Above
Energy

Mass

Light
Speed

E = Energy
M = Mass
C = Speed Of Light ( Universal Constant)
Energy from Fission
Each uranium-235 atom has a mass of 3.9014 x 10-25
kg.
The total number of atoms in 1 kg of uranium-235
can be found as follows:

No. of atoms in 1 kg of uranium-235 = 1/3.9014 x 10-25
No. of atoms in 1 kg of uranium-235 = 2.56 x 1024 atoms
Energy from Fission
If one uranium-235 atom undergoes a fission reaction
and releases 2.385 x 10-11 J of energy, then the amount
of energy released by 1 kg of uranium-235 can be
calculated as follows:

Total energy = energy per fission x number of
atoms
Total energy = 2.385 x 10-11 x 2.56 x 1024
Total energy = 6.1056 x 1013 J
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
In nuclear power
plants:
 fission is used to
produce energy
 control rods in the
reactor absorb neutrons
to slow and control the
chain reactions of fission
FISSION CAN BE USED
• GOOD
– A controlled chain reaction in a reactor used
in nuclear power plants to produce
electricity.

• EVIL
– An uncontrolled chain reaction is used to
create incredibly powerful weapons – the
atomic bombs dropped on Japan.
NUCLEAR FUSION
• Nuclear Fusion Is The Process By
Which Multiple Nuclei Join Together
To Form a Heavier Nucleus.
• It Is Accompanied By The Release Or
Absorption Of Energy Depending On
The Masses Of The Nuclei Involved..
2
1

3

H+ H
1

4

1

He+ n + Energy
2
0
Fusion: Small Nuclei Form Larger
Nuclide, Release Energy

Small nuclei come together to form larger
nuclide, releasing energy

This type of
Fusion is being
Examined as
An alternative
Energy source
On Earth.
Complete the Reaction
1H

element

atomic number
(protons)

4Be

1H
6C

2He

1H

2He

1H

2He

6C

4Be
2He

8
2He

O
THE FUSION PROCESS
2
1H

3
1H
THE FUSION PROCESS
2
1H

3
1H
THE FUSION PROCESS

2
1H

3
1H
THE FUSION PROCESS

2
1H

3
1H
THE FUSION PROCESS
THE FUSION PROCESS
THE FUSION PROCESS
THE FUSION PROCESS
THE FUSION PROCESS

1
0
4
2 He

n
THE FUSION PROCESS

1
0
4
2 He

n
THE FUSION PROCESS
1
0

4
2 He

n
THE FUSION PROCESS
1
0

4
2 He

n
ENERGY FROM FUSION
2

3

H + 1H
1
m = 3.1 x 10-29 kg
c = 3 x 108 ms-1
E=E

4

1

He + 0 n + Energy
2
E = mc2
E = 3.1 x 10-29 x (3 x 108)2
E = 2.79 x 10-12 J

The energy released per fusion is 2.79 x 10-12 J.
THE SUN
Every second, the sun converts 500
million metric tons of hydrogen to
helium. Due to the process of fusion,
5 million metric tons of excess
material is converted into energy in
each second. This means that every
year, 157,680,000,000,000 metric
tons are converted into energy
A-BOMB vs. H-BOMB
• ATOMIC BOMB (Hiroshima)
– Killed over 66,000 people instantly
– 13 kilotons of TNT-equivalent
– 2 exploded in warfare

• HYDROGEN BOMB
– 10 megatons (million-tons) of TNTequivalent
– NEVER exploded in warfare
– Is it the bomb too big to ever be
used???
FUSION CAN BE USED
• GOOD
– A controlled reaction in a reactor used to
produce cleaner, inexpensive electricity

• EVIL
– A fission bomb starts a fusion chain reaction
to create an incredibly powerful weapon –
thermonuclear weapons (H-bombs), MUCH
more destructive than atomic bombs.
FISSION VS FUSION
One energymass of One energyof
Fissionlittlereleased Few radioactive
Takes produces
Extremely released
Fission is energy Fusiondensity,
The class of
The class high
Critical the
High occurs
Fission is a atoms nuclear isis three to
Fusionweapon
is the
many highly
to fission does in stars, such
nuclear two million particles are
by split weapon energy required
by fusion
reaction of a
the substance fusing of two
high
splitting than isfour times by or or
radioactive
in a fission
producedtwo
to bring greater
istimes greater
a fission
the hydrogen
and atom into fusion reaction,
temperature
not normally as the sun.
that released in
than thelighter
largehigh-speed bomb,protons
morewhich
particles
reaction.
more energy
bomb, also are
neutrons
environment
chemical more
released by fission.
occuror reactions; but if a fissiona is
two in an
atoms into
close enough that
known asthan the uses a fission
but lower
required.
required.
"trigger"forces
nuclear is used,
nature. ones. reactionone.
smaller
larger to
atomic releasedor
energy bomb by
radioactive their
overcome
nuclear fusion.
atom bomb
"trigger"will
a
particles
electrostatic
fusionfrom that
result reaction
repulsion.
REVIEW
NUCLEAR FISSION:
A large nucleus splits into several
small nuclei when impacted by a
neutron, and energy is released in
this process

NUCLEAR FUSION :
Several small nuclei fuse
together and release
energy.
SOURCES
• Fission and Fusion Animations:
http://reactor.engr.wisc.edu/fission.htm
• Fission graphic: http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/u235chn.html
• Data:
http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/html”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_force
Quiz
• Which nuclear process produces large
amounts of energy?
A. Fission
B. Fusion
C. Both fission & fusion
D. Neither fission nor fusion
• Contact: 01672-462007
• Country : Bangladesh
• Email: aliv_jauad@yahoo.com

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Nuclear fission and fushion (ALIV - Bangladesh)

  • 2. PRESENTATION CONTEXT History Definition of fission & fusion Process of These System Energy Comes From Fission & Fusion Chain Reaction Usage Differences Quiz
  • 3. History . . . Hahn & Strassman  InMeitner & Frisch 1939 They First Identified The Nuclear Fission Explained Hahn & Strassman results Their Statement Was : Instead of heavier Uranium, it had split Bombarded Uranium-235 samples with neutrons into smaller elements = Nuclear neutrons expecting the Uranium-235 to capture Fission
  • 4. A LITTLE BIT ON THE ATOM Neutral neutrons - Nucleus - -        - - Negative electrons Positive protons
  • 5. NUCLEAR FISSION A reaction in which an atomic nucleus of a radioactive element splits by bombardment from an external source, with simultaneous release of large amounts of energy, used for electric power generation
  • 6. CHAIN REACTION A chain reaction occurs • When a Critical Mass of Uranium Undergoes Fission. • Releasing a Large Amount of Heat and Energy That Produces an Atomic Explosion.
  • 8. Nuclear Fission Diagram 1n 0 + 235U 92 “236 U” 92 91Kr 36 + 142Ba + 3 1n + Energy 56 0
  • 9. The Fission Process A neutron travels at high speed towards a uranium235 nucleus 1 0 n 235 92 U
  • 10. The Fission Process A neutron travels at high speed towards a uranium235 nucleus 1 0 n 235 92 U
  • 11. The Fission Process A neutron travels at high speed towards a uranium235 nucleus 1 0 n 235 92 U
  • 12. The Fission Process The neutron strikes the nucleus which then captures the neutron 1 0 n 235 92 U
  • 13. The Fission Process The nucleus changes from being uranium-235 to uranium-236 as it has captured a neutron 236 92 U
  • 14. The Fission Process  The uranium-236 nucleus formed is very unstable  It transforms into an elongated shape for a short time
  • 15. The Fission Process  The uranium-236 nucleus formed is very unstable  It transforms into an elongated shape for a short time
  • 16. The Fission Process  The uranium-236 nucleus formed is very unstable  It transforms into an elongated shape for a short time
  • 17. The Fission Process It then splits into 2 fission fragments and releases neutrons 1 0 n 1 0 n 1 0 n 141 56 Ba 92 36 Kr
  • 18. The Fission Process It then splits into 2 fission fragments and releases neutrons 1 0 n 1 0 n 1 0 n 141 56 Ba 92 36 Kr
  • 19. The Fission Process It then splits into 2 fission fragments and releases neutrons 1 0 n 1 0 n 1 0 n 141 56 Ba 92 36 Kr
  • 20. The Fission Process The mass that was “lost” became energy 141 56 Ba 1 0 n 1 0 92 36 Kr 1 0 n n
  • 21. Conservation of Energy/Mass  E = MC ² • Energy cannot be created Einstein's Formula Above Tell Us How The or Occurs destroyed – it can only Change change form  In The Equation Above Energy Mass Light Speed E = Energy M = Mass C = Speed Of Light ( Universal Constant)
  • 22. Energy from Fission Each uranium-235 atom has a mass of 3.9014 x 10-25 kg. The total number of atoms in 1 kg of uranium-235 can be found as follows: No. of atoms in 1 kg of uranium-235 = 1/3.9014 x 10-25 No. of atoms in 1 kg of uranium-235 = 2.56 x 1024 atoms
  • 23. Energy from Fission If one uranium-235 atom undergoes a fission reaction and releases 2.385 x 10-11 J of energy, then the amount of energy released by 1 kg of uranium-235 can be calculated as follows: Total energy = energy per fission x number of atoms Total energy = 2.385 x 10-11 x 2.56 x 1024 Total energy = 6.1056 x 1013 J
  • 24. NUCLEAR POWER PLANT In nuclear power plants:  fission is used to produce energy  control rods in the reactor absorb neutrons to slow and control the chain reactions of fission
  • 25. FISSION CAN BE USED • GOOD – A controlled chain reaction in a reactor used in nuclear power plants to produce electricity. • EVIL – An uncontrolled chain reaction is used to create incredibly powerful weapons – the atomic bombs dropped on Japan.
  • 26. NUCLEAR FUSION • Nuclear Fusion Is The Process By Which Multiple Nuclei Join Together To Form a Heavier Nucleus. • It Is Accompanied By The Release Or Absorption Of Energy Depending On The Masses Of The Nuclei Involved.. 2 1 3 H+ H 1 4 1 He+ n + Energy 2 0
  • 27. Fusion: Small Nuclei Form Larger Nuclide, Release Energy Small nuclei come together to form larger nuclide, releasing energy This type of Fusion is being Examined as An alternative Energy source On Earth.
  • 28. Complete the Reaction 1H element atomic number (protons) 4Be 1H 6C 2He 1H 2He 1H 2He 6C 4Be 2He 8 2He O
  • 41. ENERGY FROM FUSION 2 3 H + 1H 1 m = 3.1 x 10-29 kg c = 3 x 108 ms-1 E=E 4 1 He + 0 n + Energy 2 E = mc2 E = 3.1 x 10-29 x (3 x 108)2 E = 2.79 x 10-12 J The energy released per fusion is 2.79 x 10-12 J.
  • 42. THE SUN Every second, the sun converts 500 million metric tons of hydrogen to helium. Due to the process of fusion, 5 million metric tons of excess material is converted into energy in each second. This means that every year, 157,680,000,000,000 metric tons are converted into energy
  • 43. A-BOMB vs. H-BOMB • ATOMIC BOMB (Hiroshima) – Killed over 66,000 people instantly – 13 kilotons of TNT-equivalent – 2 exploded in warfare • HYDROGEN BOMB – 10 megatons (million-tons) of TNTequivalent – NEVER exploded in warfare – Is it the bomb too big to ever be used???
  • 44. FUSION CAN BE USED • GOOD – A controlled reaction in a reactor used to produce cleaner, inexpensive electricity • EVIL – A fission bomb starts a fusion chain reaction to create an incredibly powerful weapon – thermonuclear weapons (H-bombs), MUCH more destructive than atomic bombs.
  • 45. FISSION VS FUSION One energymass of One energyof Fissionlittlereleased Few radioactive Takes produces Extremely released Fission is energy Fusiondensity, The class of The class high Critical the High occurs Fission is a atoms nuclear isis three to Fusionweapon is the many highly to fission does in stars, such nuclear two million particles are by split weapon energy required by fusion reaction of a the substance fusing of two high splitting than isfour times by or or radioactive in a fission producedtwo to bring greater istimes greater a fission the hydrogen and atom into fusion reaction, temperature not normally as the sun. that released in than thelighter largehigh-speed bomb,protons morewhich particles reaction. more energy bomb, also are neutrons environment chemical more released by fission. occuror reactions; but if a fissiona is two in an atoms into close enough that known asthan the uses a fission but lower required. required. "trigger"forces nuclear is used, nature. ones. reactionone. smaller larger to atomic releasedor energy bomb by radioactive their overcome nuclear fusion. atom bomb "trigger"will a particles electrostatic fusionfrom that result reaction repulsion.
  • 46. REVIEW NUCLEAR FISSION: A large nucleus splits into several small nuclei when impacted by a neutron, and energy is released in this process NUCLEAR FUSION : Several small nuclei fuse together and release energy.
  • 47. SOURCES • Fission and Fusion Animations: http://reactor.engr.wisc.edu/fission.htm • Fission graphic: http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/u235chn.html • Data: http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/html” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_force
  • 48. Quiz • Which nuclear process produces large amounts of energy? A. Fission B. Fusion C. Both fission & fusion D. Neither fission nor fusion
  • 49. • Contact: 01672-462007 • Country : Bangladesh • Email: aliv_jauad@yahoo.com