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Woolley final presentation
- 1. AN INNOVATIVE MODEL FOR PHARMACY EDUCATION Presented by: Adam B. Woolley
- 2. Objectives • Describe opportunities for improvement within the PharmD degree program • Apply concepts in education and technology to improve learning outcomes • Develop a model that establishes our institution as an innovative leader within pharmacy education
- 3. The Current Model Years 1-2: Prepharmacy curriculum Years 3-5: Professional pharmacy curriculum Years 1-4: Obtain bachelors degree from a different institution Year 6: clinical clerkships Earn Doctor of Pharmacy Degree Pursue post graduate education (residency or fellowship) Years 5-8: Professional pharmacy curriculum Clinical Clerkships year 8 Earn Doctor of Pharmac y Degree Pursue post graduate education
- 4. Potential Issues • Retention rates • Don’t accept external transfers • Student engagement • Large classes • Tests take away from class time • Course delivery/Curriculum • Working in silos • Technology not fully utilized • Lack community & international involvement
- 5. Goals Potential Issues Suggested Solutions Retention rates Peer mentors, faculty advisors, increased pharmacy exposure early Large classes/Student engagement Active learning in class, case-based discussion Testing takes away from class time Electronic testing Course delivery Change to hybrid model, pass/fail Working in silos Multidisciplinary team approach Technology not fully utilized Laptop for each student, simulation center Lack of community and international integration Increased involvement, exchange program
- 6. Thinking outside of the box • Hybrid model offers opportunity • In-class time reduced by approximately 50% • Increased time on task with meaningful work when in class • Flexibility in student scheduling • Academic calendar modified to • Eliminate summer vacation • 3 months per year gained x 3 years = 9 months • Shorten winter vacation • 2 weeks gained x 6 years = 12 weeks or 3 months • Same cost per credit hour, however, student graduates and earns salary one year earlier
- 7. Changing the culture • Homework is • Try new things and invaluable for preparing in class • Accountability for being prepared. Work hard and put in the necessary time • Maintain professionalism at all times don’t be afraid to fail (sometimes) • Faculty will provide students with autonomy in completing tasks • Increase community service
- 10. Making this a reality • Support from upper management • Funding • Increased faculty training • Student buy-in • Focus groups • Continuous self-evaluation and reassessment • Share best practices with others
- 11. Summary Technology Evaluation Internationalization Innovation Curriculum Multidisciplinary approach
- 12. References • Bloodgood, RA., Short, J.G., Jackson, J.M., & Martindale, J.R. (2009). A • • • • • • change to pass/fail grading in the first two years at one medical school results in improved psychological well-being. Academic Medicine. 84(5), 655-662. Christensen, C.M. & Eyring, H.J. (2011). The innovative university: Changing the DNA of higher education from the inside out. [Kindle version]. John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from Amazon.com Gladwell, M. (2008). Outliers, [Kindle version]. Little. Brown and Company, New York, NY. Retrieved from Amazon.com Lehmann, C. (2011). Education is broken. TEDx-Philly. [Video file] Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tS2IPfWZQM4 Newman, J. (2009). Making the New Grade. The New Physician. Retrieved from http://www.amsa.org/AMSA/Homepage/Publications/TheNewPhysician/2009/ 1109FeatureGrade.aspx Rowling, J.K. (2008). The fringe benefits of failure. TED. [Video file] Retrieved from http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/jk_rowling_the_fringe_benefits_of_failure.ht ml. Medical Simulation Courses. School of Medicine. University of California, Irvine. Retrieved from http://www.medsim.uci.edu/
Notes de l'éditeur
- Hi, my name is Adam Woolley and I’m here to talk to you today about an Innovative Model for Pharmacy Education
- My objectives in this presentation are to: Describe opportunities for improvement within the PharmD degree programApply concepts in education and technology to improve learning outcomesDevelop a model that establishes our institution as an innovative leader within pharmacy education
- For purposes of this presentation, we will imagine that our innovative university is in our very own Northeastern School of Pharmacy.This chart depicts the two current models in pharmacy education. The top timeline is the program currently employed at Northeastern University. Here students graduate high-school and then complete 6 years of education. The first 2 years are general courses before they enter the 4 year professional program. The last year is entirely experiential based where students spend 6 weeks practicing at 6 different clinical practice sites. Northeastern is also unique in that it offers coop during years 3 & 5. This coop offers paid real-life work experience in the field of pharmacy.The first red line indicates the transition to the 4 professional years of pharmacy school. This is also a point where students may decide to change majors.The second figure depicts another route where students may obtain their bachelor and then enter into pharmacy school which is 4 years, with the last year also being experiential education. The total time in school for this track is 8 years vs. the 6 year model. There are some novel pharmacy programs which offer the degree in 5 years but these are few and far between. We will focus on the 6 year model for purposes of this discussion. Many of the concepts can be applied across all models.It is important to note that students may seek employment as a pharmacist after obtaining their degree. This may be in a retail pharmacy such as CVS, Walgreens, etc or within a hospital or in the pharmaceutical industry. Students may also seek further post graduate education as a residency or fellowship. Those paths are optional and further builds their resume and makes them more marketable when looking for a job.
- While the 0-6 year program has advantages in taking less time to graduate vs the 8 year track. It also has some disadvantages. First, students enter the program at a younger age when they may still be searching for a career path. As such, it is not uncommon for students to change majors in the first 2-3 years as they transition to the pharmacy intensive curriculum. Retention rates suffer and the Northeastern program has not allowed for external transfer students to fill the open slots.Student engagement is a challenge as it is in any class. Faculty members find that students rarely do the assigned reading before class. Classes are large so it can be difficult to foster engagement and class participation. The school utilizes the clicker system for live responses to multiple choice questions. Classroom space is at a premium within the University and examinations The job market is changing and pharmacists need to be skilled to work across various settings. There is an University inniative to increase internationalization. This is a field where the School of Pharmacy can work to gain a better understanding of healthcare practices in other countries. Students also need to work as a team with many other disciplines such as RNs, MDs, PAs, PTs.
- For each of these potential issues, I’ve outlined some possible solutions that could be employed by our Innovative School of Pharmacy. Some of the solutions may overlap for particular issues but this table gives you a general idea of the new model.Retention can be likely improved if students are exposed to pharmacy related jobs early in their first 1-2 years of school vs later in the program as is currently done. Students can also be paired up with upper classmen to serve as peer mentors and help them to network within the pharmacy community. Pharmacy faculty advisors can also serve a similar purpose and offer guidance in seeking out various avenues within pharmacy. Fostering student engagement in large classrooms can be challenging so more active learning will be employed as the course delivery switches to a hybrid model. Student satisfaction and quality of life can be improved by moving to a pass/fail model. These models have been successfully used in medical schools and will allow students to focus on more meaningful patient centered outcomes rather than simply a letter grade.Our model will integrate several disciplines in certain courses with nursing, pharmacy, physical therapy, and physician assistant student. Students will able to be work as part of a multidisciplinary care team and participate in simulated patient cases. The school will work to foster student integration into the community so that they may perform meaningful work as citizens and healthcare providers. An international exchange program will also be developed.
- Our institution has a commitment to improving how our courses are delivered to the students. Changing to a hybrid model allows us to utilize technology for students to build a solid foundation at their own pace. The courses will be redesigned to meet the needs of visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learners. Students will then come to class to participate in high-level patient case discussions. They will have the adequate background information to complete complex tasks in a challenging environment. The academic calendar will also be modified to increase time spend on task. In today’s fast paced environment, it is not financially logical to take several weeks to months off from school in the summers and winters. Hybrid course technology will also minimize the risk of class days lost due to inclement weather. This leads to a realization of an additional 12 months and essentially allows our Institution to offer an “accelerated” program where students can graduate with their doctor of Pharmacy degree after only 5 years. The tuition cost will be the same (or slightly reduced administration fees). Cost savings is realized in obtaining a paying job one year earlier and not having to worry about cost of living for an additional 1 year without a job.
- Changing the culture will be difficult and it will be important for students to see the relevance of their course work and how it pertains to them as future pharmacists. Students must be held accountable for pre-class work so that they can see the full benefits of classroom participation. Professionalism will be an important tenet at all times as they are representing themselves, the school, and their future profession.Based upon Chris Lehmann’s lecture, the school should provide the students the opportunity to conduct meaningful and challenging work within the community that can be shared with others. JK Rowling pointed out the fringe benefits of failure and it is important that they experience this so that they can become better clinicians. However, this is the healthcare and failure isn’t an option when a patient’s life is on the line. Students require close preceptor supervision and guidance. Student’s may fail at certain tasks or projects but must not fail at delivering proper healthcare to real patients. Students will learn and be encouraged to document and report any medication errors that they observe.
- Our school has just opened a multidisciplinary simulation center that will utilize cutting edge technology for students to work collaboratively as part of a multidisciplinary healthcare team. Students will learn their specific roles and how to work together to respond to a “code” situation and deliver high quality advanced cardiac life support. They will also be able to simulate many other patient care scenarios. This simulation center is a place where students can learn from failures without causing any actual patient harm. This will provide an excellent opportunity for learning in high stakes/high stress situations and allow for student self-reflection and debriefing.
- Community engagement will be a major part of our model for education. This will allow students to use their knowledge to improve patient care and conduct meaningful work. Community engagement will be offered throughout the 5 year program with upper-classmen conducting more of the high-level work as younger students may simply observe or handle administrative tasks as part of the peer mentoring program.
- The text from the Innovative University helps lay some of the groundwork for making this a reality. One perceived barrier may be the increased course time and course work. Faculty will need and support time to transition their courses into the hybrid model. Continuous evaluation and assessment will be important in making this a success.
- In Summary, the school of pharmacy is going to offer several initiatives to set itself apart as a leader in pharmacy education.Investments will be made in proper technology and technical support to offer hybrid based classes. Students will engage in the material outside of class and be held accountable for pre-class assignments. Class time will be better utilized with in-depth discussion and application of case-based materials. The focus on technology will also mean that all students have laptops will theoretically lead to increased productivity if used correctly. Testing can also be administered electronically via the laptops. Some of the exams will be able to be administered outside the classroom and the amount of time faculty members spend on grading and managing hard copy exams will be reduced.The simulation center will offer cutting edge patient care experiences that will translate into improved learning outcomes. The simulation center and some of the curriculum will be administered via a multidisciplinary approach with other healthcare students within the University.Evaluations will be pass/fail to increase student quality of life. The pass/fail evaluations will also offer substantial feedback vs. traditionally graded papers on the A-F letter system.Curriculum will also be modified in that more coops will be offered. Student exposure to the pharmacy professional will begin in year 1 so that students can make better informed career choices. Students will also be assigned a student mentor who is an upper classmen as well as a faculty portfolio advisor.The School of Pharmacy will also initiate an international exchange program so that our students may have a 6 week experience in another country. Community engagement will be improved within the curriculum to foster meaningful experiences for students.I look forward hearing your thoughts and answering any questions you may have about this presentation!