SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  23
Delay Discounting of Qualitatively Different Food Rewards in Rats  Amanda L. Calvert Washington University in St. Louis
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],V = A /  (1 +  k   D ),
The slope of the discounting function is expressed by the free parameter  k  : V = A /  (1 +  k   D ). As  k  increases, the slope of the discounting function becomes steeper.  In other words, as  k  increases, the reward looses value more quickly with increasing delay. It appears that the rate at which delayed rewards are discounted is not invariant, even within individuals .
[object Object],Green, Myerson, & Ostaszewski, 1999
[object Object],Richards, Mitchell, De Witt, & Seiden, 1997   Green, Myerson, Holt, Slevin, & Estle, 2004 Rat
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],If reward quality affects reward value, then:
Two goals of the present experiment: ,[object Object],[object Object]
Preference Tests ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
 
 
Preference Tests ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Discounting Procedure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Discounting Procedure ,[object Object]
Discounting Procedure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Discounting Procedure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Discounting Procedure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Contenu connexe

Similaire à Ms Talk Pt. 1

Discounting of Reinforcers as a Function of Self-Control
Discounting of Reinforcers as a Function of Self-ControlDiscounting of Reinforcers as a Function of Self-Control
Discounting of Reinforcers as a Function of Self-ControlRandi Hovey
 
SNOW Final draft pigeon
SNOW Final draft pigeonSNOW Final draft pigeon
SNOW Final draft pigeonValerie Snow
 
Payoffs Probabilities and Preferences
Payoffs Probabilities and PreferencesPayoffs Probabilities and Preferences
Payoffs Probabilities and PreferencesAndrew Turscak
 
Effects of Subordination on Ornectes Virilis Performance in Mirror Tests
Effects of Subordination on Ornectes Virilis Performance in Mirror TestsEffects of Subordination on Ornectes Virilis Performance in Mirror Tests
Effects of Subordination on Ornectes Virilis Performance in Mirror TestsDarbi O'Brien
 
BIODIVERSITY and HEALTHY POPULATIONSECS111 P DR. SE.docx
BIODIVERSITY and HEALTHY POPULATIONSECS111  P DR. SE.docxBIODIVERSITY and HEALTHY POPULATIONSECS111  P DR. SE.docx
BIODIVERSITY and HEALTHY POPULATIONSECS111 P DR. SE.docxtangyechloe
 
Healey sdal social dynamics in living systems from microbe to metropolis
Healey sdal social dynamics in living systems from microbe to metropolis Healey sdal social dynamics in living systems from microbe to metropolis
Healey sdal social dynamics in living systems from microbe to metropolis kimlyman
 
Tests of significance by dr ali2003
Tests of significance by dr ali2003Tests of significance by dr ali2003
Tests of significance by dr ali2003OSMAN ALI MD
 
Q4-1-Illustrating-Hypothesis-Testing.pptx
Q4-1-Illustrating-Hypothesis-Testing.pptxQ4-1-Illustrating-Hypothesis-Testing.pptx
Q4-1-Illustrating-Hypothesis-Testing.pptxeditsforyah
 
Group Estimation Lab Report
Group Estimation Lab ReportGroup Estimation Lab Report
Group Estimation Lab ReportWilliam Teng
 
Avida Ed Research Presentation
Avida Ed Research PresentationAvida Ed Research Presentation
Avida Ed Research Presentationdiontaedm
 
natural selection tutorial general Biology 2
natural selection tutorial general Biology 2natural selection tutorial general Biology 2
natural selection tutorial general Biology 2MycaIlustrisimo
 
Introductory Psychology: Research Design
Introductory Psychology: Research DesignIntroductory Psychology: Research Design
Introductory Psychology: Research DesignBrian Piper
 
Biometry fo agricultural business managments
Biometry fo agricultural business managmentsBiometry fo agricultural business managments
Biometry fo agricultural business managmentsBioAman
 
The Nature of the Data - Relationships
The Nature of the Data - RelationshipsThe Nature of the Data - Relationships
The Nature of the Data - RelationshipsKen Plummer
 
Natural selection
Natural selectionNatural selection
Natural selectionlegoscience
 

Similaire à Ms Talk Pt. 1 (20)

Discounting of Reinforcers as a Function of Self-Control
Discounting of Reinforcers as a Function of Self-ControlDiscounting of Reinforcers as a Function of Self-Control
Discounting of Reinforcers as a Function of Self-Control
 
SNOW Final draft pigeon
SNOW Final draft pigeonSNOW Final draft pigeon
SNOW Final draft pigeon
 
Payoffs Probabilities and Preferences
Payoffs Probabilities and PreferencesPayoffs Probabilities and Preferences
Payoffs Probabilities and Preferences
 
Effects of Subordination on Ornectes Virilis Performance in Mirror Tests
Effects of Subordination on Ornectes Virilis Performance in Mirror TestsEffects of Subordination on Ornectes Virilis Performance in Mirror Tests
Effects of Subordination on Ornectes Virilis Performance in Mirror Tests
 
Lec9 Adaptation
Lec9 AdaptationLec9 Adaptation
Lec9 Adaptation
 
Annova test
Annova testAnnova test
Annova test
 
BIODIVERSITY and HEALTHY POPULATIONSECS111 P DR. SE.docx
BIODIVERSITY and HEALTHY POPULATIONSECS111  P DR. SE.docxBIODIVERSITY and HEALTHY POPULATIONSECS111  P DR. SE.docx
BIODIVERSITY and HEALTHY POPULATIONSECS111 P DR. SE.docx
 
Healey sdal social dynamics in living systems from microbe to metropolis
Healey sdal social dynamics in living systems from microbe to metropolis Healey sdal social dynamics in living systems from microbe to metropolis
Healey sdal social dynamics in living systems from microbe to metropolis
 
Behavioral economics
Behavioral economicsBehavioral economics
Behavioral economics
 
Tests of significance by dr ali2003
Tests of significance by dr ali2003Tests of significance by dr ali2003
Tests of significance by dr ali2003
 
Population ecology
Population ecologyPopulation ecology
Population ecology
 
Q4-1-Illustrating-Hypothesis-Testing.pptx
Q4-1-Illustrating-Hypothesis-Testing.pptxQ4-1-Illustrating-Hypothesis-Testing.pptx
Q4-1-Illustrating-Hypothesis-Testing.pptx
 
Group Estimation Lab Report
Group Estimation Lab ReportGroup Estimation Lab Report
Group Estimation Lab Report
 
Avida Ed Research Presentation
Avida Ed Research PresentationAvida Ed Research Presentation
Avida Ed Research Presentation
 
Psych 100B
Psych 100BPsych 100B
Psych 100B
 
natural selection tutorial general Biology 2
natural selection tutorial general Biology 2natural selection tutorial general Biology 2
natural selection tutorial general Biology 2
 
Introductory Psychology: Research Design
Introductory Psychology: Research DesignIntroductory Psychology: Research Design
Introductory Psychology: Research Design
 
Biometry fo agricultural business managments
Biometry fo agricultural business managmentsBiometry fo agricultural business managments
Biometry fo agricultural business managments
 
The Nature of the Data - Relationships
The Nature of the Data - RelationshipsThe Nature of the Data - Relationships
The Nature of the Data - Relationships
 
Natural selection
Natural selectionNatural selection
Natural selection
 

Dernier

Call Girls Bangalore Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Bangalore Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Bangalore Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Bangalore Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableDipal Arora
 
Book Paid Powai Call Girls Mumbai 𖠋 9930245274 𖠋Low Budget Full Independent H...
Book Paid Powai Call Girls Mumbai 𖠋 9930245274 𖠋Low Budget Full Independent H...Book Paid Powai Call Girls Mumbai 𖠋 9930245274 𖠋Low Budget Full Independent H...
Book Paid Powai Call Girls Mumbai 𖠋 9930245274 𖠋Low Budget Full Independent H...Call Girls in Nagpur High Profile
 
(Rocky) Jaipur Call Girl - 09521753030 Escorts Service 50% Off with Cash ON D...
(Rocky) Jaipur Call Girl - 09521753030 Escorts Service 50% Off with Cash ON D...(Rocky) Jaipur Call Girl - 09521753030 Escorts Service 50% Off with Cash ON D...
(Rocky) Jaipur Call Girl - 09521753030 Escorts Service 50% Off with Cash ON D...indiancallgirl4rent
 
Call Girls Ludhiana Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Ludhiana Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Ludhiana Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Ludhiana Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableDipal Arora
 
Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Richmond Circle ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ Call Me For Gen...
Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Richmond Circle ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ Call Me For Gen...Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Richmond Circle ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ Call Me For Gen...
Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Richmond Circle ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ Call Me For Gen...narwatsonia7
 
VIP Service Call Girls Sindhi Colony 📳 7877925207 For 18+ VIP Call Girl At Th...
VIP Service Call Girls Sindhi Colony 📳 7877925207 For 18+ VIP Call Girl At Th...VIP Service Call Girls Sindhi Colony 📳 7877925207 For 18+ VIP Call Girl At Th...
VIP Service Call Girls Sindhi Colony 📳 7877925207 For 18+ VIP Call Girl At Th...jageshsingh5554
 
Premium Call Girls Cottonpet Whatsapp 7001035870 Independent Escort Service
Premium Call Girls Cottonpet Whatsapp 7001035870 Independent Escort ServicePremium Call Girls Cottonpet Whatsapp 7001035870 Independent Escort Service
Premium Call Girls Cottonpet Whatsapp 7001035870 Independent Escort Servicevidya singh
 
Call Girls Dehradun Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Dehradun Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Dehradun Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Dehradun Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableDipal Arora
 
Best Rate (Hyderabad) Call Girls Jahanuma ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ High Class Call Girl...
Best Rate (Hyderabad) Call Girls Jahanuma ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ High Class Call Girl...Best Rate (Hyderabad) Call Girls Jahanuma ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ High Class Call Girl...
Best Rate (Hyderabad) Call Girls Jahanuma ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ High Class Call Girl...astropune
 
Russian Call Girls in Jaipur Riya WhatsApp ❤8445551418 VIP Call Girls Jaipur
Russian Call Girls in Jaipur Riya WhatsApp ❤8445551418 VIP Call Girls JaipurRussian Call Girls in Jaipur Riya WhatsApp ❤8445551418 VIP Call Girls Jaipur
Russian Call Girls in Jaipur Riya WhatsApp ❤8445551418 VIP Call Girls Jaipurparulsinha
 
Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Mg Road ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine Sex...
Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Mg Road ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine Sex...Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Mg Road ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine Sex...
Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Mg Road ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine Sex...narwatsonia7
 
Lucknow Call girls - 8800925952 - 24x7 service with hotel room
Lucknow Call girls - 8800925952 - 24x7 service with hotel roomLucknow Call girls - 8800925952 - 24x7 service with hotel room
Lucknow Call girls - 8800925952 - 24x7 service with hotel roomdiscovermytutordmt
 
Call Girls Service Surat Samaira ❤️🍑 8250192130 👄 Independent Escort Service ...
Call Girls Service Surat Samaira ❤️🍑 8250192130 👄 Independent Escort Service ...Call Girls Service Surat Samaira ❤️🍑 8250192130 👄 Independent Escort Service ...
Call Girls Service Surat Samaira ❤️🍑 8250192130 👄 Independent Escort Service ...CALL GIRLS
 
Call Girls Bareilly Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Bareilly Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Bareilly Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Bareilly Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableDipal Arora
 
Bangalore Call Girls Nelamangala Number 7001035870 Meetin With Bangalore Esc...
Bangalore Call Girls Nelamangala Number 7001035870  Meetin With Bangalore Esc...Bangalore Call Girls Nelamangala Number 7001035870  Meetin With Bangalore Esc...
Bangalore Call Girls Nelamangala Number 7001035870 Meetin With Bangalore Esc...narwatsonia7
 
Call Girls Siliguri Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Siliguri Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Siliguri Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Siliguri Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableDipal Arora
 
Russian Escorts Girls Nehru Place ZINATHI 🔝9711199012 ☪ 24/7 Call Girls Delhi
Russian Escorts Girls  Nehru Place ZINATHI 🔝9711199012 ☪ 24/7 Call Girls DelhiRussian Escorts Girls  Nehru Place ZINATHI 🔝9711199012 ☪ 24/7 Call Girls Delhi
Russian Escorts Girls Nehru Place ZINATHI 🔝9711199012 ☪ 24/7 Call Girls DelhiAlinaDevecerski
 
All Time Service Available Call Girls Marine Drive 📳 9820252231 For 18+ VIP C...
All Time Service Available Call Girls Marine Drive 📳 9820252231 For 18+ VIP C...All Time Service Available Call Girls Marine Drive 📳 9820252231 For 18+ VIP C...
All Time Service Available Call Girls Marine Drive 📳 9820252231 For 18+ VIP C...Arohi Goyal
 
♛VVIP Hyderabad Call Girls Chintalkunta🖕7001035870🖕Riya Kappor Top Call Girl ...
♛VVIP Hyderabad Call Girls Chintalkunta🖕7001035870🖕Riya Kappor Top Call Girl ...♛VVIP Hyderabad Call Girls Chintalkunta🖕7001035870🖕Riya Kappor Top Call Girl ...
♛VVIP Hyderabad Call Girls Chintalkunta🖕7001035870🖕Riya Kappor Top Call Girl ...astropune
 

Dernier (20)

Call Girls Bangalore Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Bangalore Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Bangalore Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Bangalore Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Book Paid Powai Call Girls Mumbai 𖠋 9930245274 𖠋Low Budget Full Independent H...
Book Paid Powai Call Girls Mumbai 𖠋 9930245274 𖠋Low Budget Full Independent H...Book Paid Powai Call Girls Mumbai 𖠋 9930245274 𖠋Low Budget Full Independent H...
Book Paid Powai Call Girls Mumbai 𖠋 9930245274 𖠋Low Budget Full Independent H...
 
(Rocky) Jaipur Call Girl - 09521753030 Escorts Service 50% Off with Cash ON D...
(Rocky) Jaipur Call Girl - 09521753030 Escorts Service 50% Off with Cash ON D...(Rocky) Jaipur Call Girl - 09521753030 Escorts Service 50% Off with Cash ON D...
(Rocky) Jaipur Call Girl - 09521753030 Escorts Service 50% Off with Cash ON D...
 
Call Girls Ludhiana Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Ludhiana Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Ludhiana Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Ludhiana Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Richmond Circle ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ Call Me For Gen...
Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Richmond Circle ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ Call Me For Gen...Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Richmond Circle ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ Call Me For Gen...
Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Richmond Circle ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ Call Me For Gen...
 
VIP Service Call Girls Sindhi Colony 📳 7877925207 For 18+ VIP Call Girl At Th...
VIP Service Call Girls Sindhi Colony 📳 7877925207 For 18+ VIP Call Girl At Th...VIP Service Call Girls Sindhi Colony 📳 7877925207 For 18+ VIP Call Girl At Th...
VIP Service Call Girls Sindhi Colony 📳 7877925207 For 18+ VIP Call Girl At Th...
 
Premium Call Girls Cottonpet Whatsapp 7001035870 Independent Escort Service
Premium Call Girls Cottonpet Whatsapp 7001035870 Independent Escort ServicePremium Call Girls Cottonpet Whatsapp 7001035870 Independent Escort Service
Premium Call Girls Cottonpet Whatsapp 7001035870 Independent Escort Service
 
Call Girls Dehradun Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Dehradun Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Dehradun Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Dehradun Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Best Rate (Hyderabad) Call Girls Jahanuma ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ High Class Call Girl...
Best Rate (Hyderabad) Call Girls Jahanuma ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ High Class Call Girl...Best Rate (Hyderabad) Call Girls Jahanuma ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ High Class Call Girl...
Best Rate (Hyderabad) Call Girls Jahanuma ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ High Class Call Girl...
 
Russian Call Girls in Jaipur Riya WhatsApp ❤8445551418 VIP Call Girls Jaipur
Russian Call Girls in Jaipur Riya WhatsApp ❤8445551418 VIP Call Girls JaipurRussian Call Girls in Jaipur Riya WhatsApp ❤8445551418 VIP Call Girls Jaipur
Russian Call Girls in Jaipur Riya WhatsApp ❤8445551418 VIP Call Girls Jaipur
 
Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Mg Road ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine Sex...
Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Mg Road ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine Sex...Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Mg Road ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine Sex...
Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Mg Road ⟟ 8250192130 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine Sex...
 
Lucknow Call girls - 8800925952 - 24x7 service with hotel room
Lucknow Call girls - 8800925952 - 24x7 service with hotel roomLucknow Call girls - 8800925952 - 24x7 service with hotel room
Lucknow Call girls - 8800925952 - 24x7 service with hotel room
 
Call Girls Service Surat Samaira ❤️🍑 8250192130 👄 Independent Escort Service ...
Call Girls Service Surat Samaira ❤️🍑 8250192130 👄 Independent Escort Service ...Call Girls Service Surat Samaira ❤️🍑 8250192130 👄 Independent Escort Service ...
Call Girls Service Surat Samaira ❤️🍑 8250192130 👄 Independent Escort Service ...
 
Call Girls Bareilly Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Bareilly Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Bareilly Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Bareilly Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Bangalore Call Girls Nelamangala Number 7001035870 Meetin With Bangalore Esc...
Bangalore Call Girls Nelamangala Number 7001035870  Meetin With Bangalore Esc...Bangalore Call Girls Nelamangala Number 7001035870  Meetin With Bangalore Esc...
Bangalore Call Girls Nelamangala Number 7001035870 Meetin With Bangalore Esc...
 
Call Girls Siliguri Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Siliguri Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Siliguri Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Siliguri Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Russian Escorts Girls Nehru Place ZINATHI 🔝9711199012 ☪ 24/7 Call Girls Delhi
Russian Escorts Girls  Nehru Place ZINATHI 🔝9711199012 ☪ 24/7 Call Girls DelhiRussian Escorts Girls  Nehru Place ZINATHI 🔝9711199012 ☪ 24/7 Call Girls Delhi
Russian Escorts Girls Nehru Place ZINATHI 🔝9711199012 ☪ 24/7 Call Girls Delhi
 
All Time Service Available Call Girls Marine Drive 📳 9820252231 For 18+ VIP C...
All Time Service Available Call Girls Marine Drive 📳 9820252231 For 18+ VIP C...All Time Service Available Call Girls Marine Drive 📳 9820252231 For 18+ VIP C...
All Time Service Available Call Girls Marine Drive 📳 9820252231 For 18+ VIP C...
 
♛VVIP Hyderabad Call Girls Chintalkunta🖕7001035870🖕Riya Kappor Top Call Girl ...
♛VVIP Hyderabad Call Girls Chintalkunta🖕7001035870🖕Riya Kappor Top Call Girl ...♛VVIP Hyderabad Call Girls Chintalkunta🖕7001035870🖕Riya Kappor Top Call Girl ...
♛VVIP Hyderabad Call Girls Chintalkunta🖕7001035870🖕Riya Kappor Top Call Girl ...
 
Russian Call Girls in Delhi Tanvi ➡️ 9711199012 💋📞 Independent Escort Service...
Russian Call Girls in Delhi Tanvi ➡️ 9711199012 💋📞 Independent Escort Service...Russian Call Girls in Delhi Tanvi ➡️ 9711199012 💋📞 Independent Escort Service...
Russian Call Girls in Delhi Tanvi ➡️ 9711199012 💋📞 Independent Escort Service...
 

Ms Talk Pt. 1

  • 1. Delay Discounting of Qualitatively Different Food Rewards in Rats Amanda L. Calvert Washington University in St. Louis
  • 2.
  • 3. The slope of the discounting function is expressed by the free parameter k : V = A / (1 + k D ). As k increases, the slope of the discounting function becomes steeper. In other words, as k increases, the reward looses value more quickly with increasing delay. It appears that the rate at which delayed rewards are discounted is not invariant, even within individuals .
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.  
  • 15.  
  • 16.  
  • 17.  
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23.