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Encouraging on farm Biodiversity
- 1. Encouraging on-‐farm biodiversity Paul Manning, BSc. Ag DPhil Candidate, University of Oxford
- 2. Farmland associated species in widespread decline. What we know.
- 4. Ranges of farmland birds decline under more intensive agricultural management. Donald et al., 2001
- 5. PopulaLons of birds decline when agriculture is intensified. Donald et al., 2001
- 7. At naLon level, more intensive producLon linked to the number of rare, threatened, or exLnct species. Storkey et al. 2011
- 8. Post-‐war intensificaLon of agricultural systems has resulted in widespread decline in soil seed banks. Robinson and Sutherland, 2002
- 10. We see a huge increase in the frequency of exLncLons during periods of agricultural intensificaLon. Ollerton et al. 2014
- 11. Organic producLon can play an important role in restoring and conserving farmland biodiversity. What we know.
- 12. Organic farming supports biodiversity
- 13. Meta-‐analysis by Tuck et al. • Screened all published literature on how organic farming affects species richness. • Evaluated the findings of changes in diversity in 184 cases.
- 14. Organic farming systems support 30% more species than convenLonal farms.
- 15. Plants respond more strongly to organic management than any other taxa.
- 16. For Farming Systems Typical of AtlanLc Organic ProducLon Systems, data are sparse!
- 17. Organic farming has a stronger posiLve effect on biodiversity in more intensively farmed landscapes.
- 18. 1. What are the most effec/ve ways of promo/ng on-‐farm biodiversity? What we need to learn
- 19. Hedgerows
- 20. Longer hedges support greater number of bird species. Effect is stronger in simple landscapes. Batary et al., 2010
- 21. Inclusion of trees within hedgerows increases Pipistrelle bat densiLes on agroecosystems. Kelm et al. 2014
- 23. Bats suppress corn earworm, meaning less damage from Aspergillus flavus and Fuserium (ear rot). Maine and Boyles. 2015
- 25. All hedgerows are not created equal
- 27. Use of non-‐crop habitat
- 28. Pywell et al. 2015 • Large 900 ha farming estate • Randomised blocked design. • Does the inclusion of agri-‐environmental schemes affect yield?
- 29. Per acre yield increased with proporLon of land ‘spared’ Pywell et al. 2015
- 30. When considering land lost, overall yields found to be the same across sparing strategies. Pywell et al. 2015
- 31. Good stewardship of natural habitat w/in agroecosystems can have significant conservaLon value. James et al. 2015
- 32. Use of naLve plants means more than four Lmes the abundance of buberflies! James et al. 2015
- 34. CauLon • Studied the fate of 600 ‘bee-‐hotels’ set in urban gardens across Toronto.
- 35. Non-‐naLve bees make beber use of nest boxes than naLves. MacIvor et al. 2015
- 36. We need to be wary of ‘bee-‐washing’ Recommended ways of benefiAng bees: 1. Use fewer/no insecLcides 2. Plant a diversity of flowers 3. Offer less aggregated nesLng sites.
- 37. 1. What are the most effec/ve ways of promo/ng on-‐farm biodiversity? 2. Does more biodiversity support greater delivery of ecosystem services? What we need to learn
- 38. Biodiversity – Ecosystem FuncLoning relaLonships are like a box of chocolates.
- 39. Biodiversity – Ecosystem FuncLoning Biodiversity FuncLoning
- 40. Biodiversity – Ecosystem FuncLoning FuncLoning Biodiversity
- 41. Biodiversity ecosystem funcLoning relaLonships are complicated!
- 42. Is there an economic argument to conserving pollinator diversity in agroecosystems?
- 43. Large yield benefits are mostly provided by the most common species Kleijn et al., 2015
- 44. Crop visiLng species only represent a Lny fracLon of overall bee diversity Kleijn et al., 2015
- 45. Does greater predator diversity mean more or less pest regulaLon? Snyder et al. 2006
- 46. Greater predator diversity suppresses herbivore populaLons! Snyder et al. 2006
- 47. A couple of examples from my research.
- 51. Improving hydrological properLes of soil Brown et al.(2002) Improved forage growth Bang et al. (2005) Enhancing feeding acLvity of soil mesofauna Manning et al. (In press ) Suppression of pasture weeds? Manning et al. (In Progress) Improved soil permeability Bang et al.(2005) Alleviate drought stress Johnson et al. (2015) Suppression of faecal pathogens on produce Jones et al. (2015) Slows pasture fouling Anderson et al. (1984) Controlling spread of gastrointesLnal parasites Bryan (1973) Dung beetles provide mulLple ecosystem services
- 52. Biology can be subtle. This means we might someLmes overlook interesLng phenomena.
- 53. 1. Dung oviposi/ng endocoprid Aphodius ater
- 54. 2. Soil oviposi/ng endocoprid Aphodius fossor
- 55. 3. Paracoprid Onthophagus joannae
- 56. Small differences in dung removal across all treatments. Significant effects probably not biologically so.
- 57. We can see how feeding is verLcally straLfied within the soil.
- 58. 3. Paracoprid beetles seem to drive higher levels of feeding ac/vity by soil fauna.
- 59. Clear paberns of funcLonal idenLty on bait consumpLon.
- 60. Clear paberns of funcLonal idenLty on bait consumpLon.
- 61. Clear paberns of funcLonal idenLty on bait consumpLon.
- 62. The importance of diversity can be higher when you consider mulLple ecosystem services.
- 63. Improving hydrological properLes of soil Brown et al.(2002) Improved forage growth Bang et al. (2005) Enhancing feeding acLvity of soil mesofauna Manning et al. (In press ) Suppression of pasture weeds? Manning et al. (In Progress) Improved soil permeability Bang et al.(2005) Alleviate drought stress Johnson et al. (2015) Suppression of faecal pathogens on produce Jones et al. (2015) Slows pasture fouling Anderson et al. (1984) Controlling spread of gastrointesLnal parasites Bryan (1973) Dung beetles provide mulLple ecosystem services
- 64. Dung beetles are suscepLble to stressors.
- 68. Whether diversity meant higher grass growth depended on whether system was disturbed.
- 69. Soil fauna feeding acLvity isn’t significantly influenced by diversity or perturbaLon. Feeding acLvity (%)
- 70. Bulk density (kg·∙m−3) Bulk density isn’t significantly influenced by diversity or perturbaLon.
- 71. Dung beetles exposed to ivermecLn consume significantly less dung. No effect of diversity.
- 72. Higher dung beetle diversity means much higher funcLoning. This relaLonship is lost under ivermecLn exposure.
- 73. How percepLve are the public to biodiversity?
- 74. “Would you like to see more biodiversity?” 89% 83% 57% 23% Schwartz et al. 2014
- 75. IntervenLons were made to increase biodiversity. Schwartz et al. 2014
- 76. Biodiversity manipulaLons successful 27% 49% Schwartz et al. 2014
- 77. Respondents did not noLce any of the changes in species richness in birds, pollinators. InformaLve posters, and interpretaLon meant visitors became aware of parkland biodiversity. Schwartz et al. 2014
- 78. What does this mean for the organic industry? • Important to CHAMPION the benefits of organic agriculture in supporLng farmland diversity. • People care. This can become a really important way of engaging supporters, and the public on the benefits of organic producLon systems.
- 80. In summary • Organic producLon supports biodiversity. • Many intervenLons can support on-‐farm biodiversity. Experiment with management. Find out what works for you. • Data are noisy! Large experiments, collaboraLon key to discovering paberns. • Biodiversity can support greater delivery of ecosystem services. BUT, it’s complicated.
- 81. Thanks.