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South Side, Chicago

2.  This article is about the southern part of the city of Chicago. For the
region south of Chicago, see Chicago Southland.
 South SideDistrictThe Victory Monument, which is listed on theNational
Register of Historic Places, is located in the Black Metropolis-
Bronzeville District near the starting point of the Bud Billiken Parade
 Coordinates: 41.8671°N 87.6216°WCoordinates: 41.8671°N
87.6216°WCountryUSAStateIllinoisCountyCook
CountyCityChicagoTime zoneCST (UTC−06:00) • Summer
(DST)CDT (UTC−05:00)The South Side is a major part of the city of
Chicago, which is located in Cook County, Illinois. It is one of the three
major parts of the city, the others being the West Side and the North
Side. Much of it evolved from the city's incorporation of independent
townships, such as Hyde Park Township, which voted along with several
other townships to be annexed in the June 29, 1889
elections.[1] Regions of the city, referred to as "sides," historically have
been divided by the Chicago River and its branches

3.  The South Side of Chicago was originally defined as
all of the city south of the main branch of the Chicago
River,[4][5] but it now excludes the Loop.[3] The South
Side has a varied ethnic composition. It has great
disparity in income and
other demographicmeasures.[6] Although it has a
reputation for being poor or crime-infested,[7][8] the
reality is more varied. The South Side ranges from
affluent to middle class to working class to
impoverished.[9][10] Neighborhoods such as Armour
Square, Back of the
Yards,Bridgeport and Pullman host more blue
collar residents, while Hyde Park, the Jackson Park
Highlands District, Kenwood andBeverly feature
affluent, middle and upper-middle class residents.[11]

4.  The South Side boasts a broad array of cultural
and social offerings, such as professional sports
teams, landmark buildings, museums,
educational institutions, medical institutions and
major parts of Chicago's parks system. The South
Side is serviced by bus and 'L' train via
the Chicago Transit Authority and a number
of Metra lines.[12] It has
several interstate and national highways.[13]

5. Boundaries
 There is some debate as to the South Side's boundaries. The city's address
numbering system uses a grid demarcating Madison Street as the East-West
axis and State Street as the North-South axis. Madison is in the middle of the
Loop.[14] As a result, much of the downtown "Loop" district is south of Madison
Street, but the Loop is excluded from the definition of the South Side.[3][6][15]
 Community areas by number (top) and side
 One definition has the South Side beginning at Roosevelt Road (formerly 12th
Street), at the Loop's southern boundary, with the community area known as
the Near South Sideimmediately adjacent. Another definition, taking into account
that much of the Near South Side is in effect part of the commercial district
extending in an unbroken line from the South Loop, locates the boundary
immediately south of 18th Street, where Chinatown in the Armour Square district
begins.[4]
 A typical Chicago Bungalow, examples of which are found in abundance on the
South Side.
 Lake Michigan and the Indiana state line provide eastern boundaries. The
southern border changed over time because of Chicago's evolving city limits; the
city limits are now at 138th Street (in Riverdale and Hegewisch).[16] Using the
Roosevelt Road boundary, the South Side is larger than the North and West
Sides combined.

6. Subdivisions[edit]
 The exact boundaries dividing the Southwest, South and
Southeast Sides vary by source.[15] If primarily racial lines
are followed, the South Side can be divided into a White
and Hispanic Southwest Side, a largely Black South Side
and a smaller, more racially diverse Southeast Side
centered on the East Side (#52) community area and
including the adjacent community areas of South
Chicago (#46), South Deering (#51)
and Hegewisch (#55).[17]
 The differing interpretations of the boundary between the
South and Southwest Sides are due to a lack of a definite
natural or artificial boundary.[15] One source states that the
boundary isWestern Avenue or the railroad tracks adjacent
to Western Avenue.[6] This border extends further south to
a former railroad right of way paralleling Beverly Avenue
and then Interstate

7. History[edit]
 With its factories, steel mills and meat-packing plants, the South Side saw a sustained period
of immigration which began around the 1840s and continued through World War
II. Irish, Italian, Polish, Lithuanianand Yugoslav immigrants, in particular, settled in
neighborhoods adjacent to industrial zones.[20]
 The Illinois Constitution gave rise to townships that provided municipal services in 1850.
Several settlements surrounding Chicago incorporated as townships to better serve their
residents. Growth and prosperity overburdened many local government systems. In 1889,
most of these townships determined that they would be better off as part of a larger city of
Chicago. Lake View, Jefferson, Lake, Hyde Park Townships and the Austin portion
of Cicero voted to be annexed by the city in the June 29, 1889 elections.[1][21][22]
 After the Civil War freed millions of slaves, during Reconstruction black southerners migrated
to Chicago and caused the black population to nearly quadruple from 4,000 to 15,000
between 1870 and 1890.[23]
 In the 20th century, the numbers expanded with the Great Migration, as blacks left the
agrarian South seeking a better future in the industrial North, including the South Side. By
1910 the black population in Chicago reached 40,000, with 78% residing in the Black
Belt.[23][24] Extending 30 blocks, mostly between 31st and 55th Streets,[25] along State Street,
but only a few blocks wide,[23] it developed into a vibrant community dominated by black
businesses, music, food and culture.[24] As more blacks moved into the South Side,
descendants of earlier immigrants, such as ethnic Irish, began to move out. Later housing
pressures and civic unrest caused more whites to leave the area and the city. Older residents
of means moved to newer suburban housing as new migrants entered the city,[26][27] driving
further demographic changes.

8. Housing
 By the 1930s, Chicago boasted that over 25% of its residential
structures were less than 10 years old, many of which
were bungalows. These continued to be built in the working-
class South Side into the 1960s.[33][34] Studio apartments,
with Murphy beds and kitchenettes or Pullman kitchens,
comprised a large part of the housing supply during and after
the Great Depression, especially in the "Black Belt".[35] The
South Side had a history of philanthropic subsidized housing
dating back to 1919.[36]
 The United States Congress passed the Housing Act of 1949 to
fund public housing to improve housing for the disadvantaged.
CHA produced a plan of citywide projects, which was rejected by
some of the Chicago City Council's white aldermen who opposed
public housing in their wards. This led to a CHA policy of
construction of family housing in black residential areas,
concentrated on the South and West Sides.[37]

9. Gentrification
 Gentrification of parts of the Douglas community area has
bolstered the Black Metropolis-Bronzeville
District.[38] Gentrification in various parts of the South Side has
displaced many blacks.[39] The South Side offers numerous
housing cooperatives. Hyde Park has several middle-income co-
ops and other South Side regions have limited equity
(subsidized, price-controlled) co-ops.[40] These regions
experienced condominium construction and conversion in the
1970s and 1980s.[40]
 Last Robert Taylor Home, 2005
 In the late 20th century the South Side had among the poorest
housing conditions in the U.S., but the Chicago Housing
Authority (CHA) began replacing the old high-rise public housing
with mixed-income, lower-density developments, part of the city's
Plan for Transformation.[41] Many of the CHA's massive public
housing projects, which lined several miles of South State Street,
have been demolished. Among the largest

10. Demographics[edit]
 The South Side has a population of 752,496, of which over 93%
are black.[43][citation needed] Some census tracts (4904 in Roseland,
7106 inAuburn Gresham) are 99% black.[44] The South Side
covers 60% of the city's land area, with a higher ratio of single-
family homes and larger sections zoned for industry than the rest
of the city.[citation needed]
 Hyde Park is home to the University of Chicago, as well as the
South Side's largest Jewish population, centered on Chicago's
oldest synagogue, the Chicago Landmark KAM Isaiah
Israel.[45] The Southwest Side's ethnic makeup also includes the
largest concentration of Górals, (Carpathian highlanders) outside
of Europe; it is the location of the Polish Highlanders Alliance of
North America.[46] A large Mexican-American population resides
in Little Village (South Lawndale) and areas south of 99th
Street.[47]