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Demystifying the Role of Agroforestry in Biodiversity Conservation Mohamed I Bakarr   ICRAF’s Scientific Renewal Seminar Series
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Agroforestry…. … ..needs to be mainstreamed.
Why mainstream agroforestry in biodiversity conservation?
Global Biodiversity Conservation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Agroforestry and Biodiversity Conservation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Schroth et al. 2004
Fragmentation is deleterious ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Miss Waldron’s Red Colobus, a West African endemic believed to  be extinct across its range.
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Fragmentation causes forest edges to recede Gascon et al. 2000
 
The Future of Biodiversity is in Landscape-scale approaches ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Landscape-scale Conservation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
Principle 1: Maintaining genetic diversity of exploited species through  in situ  and  ex situ  conservation
Domestication of high value indigenous trees ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Principle 2: Protecting biodiversity and enhancing ecological processes
‘ Shade coffee’ supports diversity of avifauna in the landscape. Agroforestry for Biodiversity: ‘Shade’ coffee
100 0 100 200 300 400 Primary Forest Managed forest Tree-based systems  Crops, Pastures,  Grasslands Vegetation Carbon Soil Carbon (Mg ha -1 ) From ASB Climate Change Working Group,Palm  et al.   AF in the Humid Tropics & C Stocks
Principle 3: Management and conservation of belowground biodiversity
Tephrosia candida  fallow: Nutrient Cycling by: Leaf Litter; BNF; Deep capture
 
Principle 4: Improvement and sustainable management of landscapes for livelihoods and biodiversity
Improved fallows Grass fallow Improved fallow continuous cropping Poor yields Improved yields Miombo woodlands Clearing NPK Fertilizer
Fencing is a major cause of deforestation in drier areas. Live fences are alternatives to dead fences—limit tree clearance—and are sources of income .  LIVE FENCES Jatropha
Harvey et al. 2005
Rotational Woodlots  Acacia species yield approx 100t/ha after 5 years
Principle 5: Addressing livelihood needs in the margins of conservation areas
Effective management of protected buffer zones to  reduce encroachment  e.g. ICRAF’s work in Philippines
How can Agroforestry be mainstreamed in Biodiversity Conservation?
Option 1 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Strategic alliances with mainstream conservation NGOs
Option 2 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Option 3 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Option 4 ,[object Object],[object Object]
Option 5 ,[object Object],[object Object]
Option 6 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Option 7 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Option 8 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Implications for ICRAF’s ‘Emerging Science’
Emerging Science?  (1) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Emerging Science?  (2) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Markets
Strategic Alliances ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Bakarr

Editor's Notes

  1. Demonstrates how improved fallows improved soil fertility
  2. Depicts nodules on “fertilizer tress”. The fertilizer tree here is Sesbania sesban.
  3. Shows the trend over time. The Miombo has been cleared for agriculture. Continuous cropping of the cultivated land has mined the land of nutrients. Short term grass fallows (up to 5 years) are traditionally used to allow the land to recover, but the resultant yields are still inadequate. The problem of poor yields for farmers who cannot afford fertilizer can be overcome by adopting improved fallows or other agroforestry options that fix nitrogen—the most limiting nutrient in the region and also improve infiltration.
  4. The demand for wood products to meet basic household needs is very high, yet the supply is declining. Woodlots have been tested as agroforestry technologies to contribute towards addressing this problem. ICRAF’s work on woodlots in Southern Africa is concentrated in Tanzania ( Tabora and Shinyanga).
  5. A five year old acacia crassicarpa woodlot. The woodlots are rotational. That is, they are planted in rotation with Maize to exploit the nitrogen fixing benefits of the trees.
  6. For more information, I refer you to his and Jeff Sayer’s book: The Science of Sustainable Development. Local Livelihoods and the Global Environment . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. (2004).