ICRAF Deputy Director General-Partnerships and Impact keynote presentation to Kenya Agriculture Reserch Institute Science Conference, October 2012.

1. Landscape Approaches to
Natural Resources Management
August B. Temu
Deputy DG, Partnerships and Impact
World Agroforestry Centre

2. What are landscapes?
• Conceptual frames within which we can include or exclude
‘items’.
• Biophysical entities defined by policy (rules, regulations,
institutions) boundaries (geographic)
• Biophysical conditions delimited by social and/or economic
parameters
• A temporally defined parcel of land with specific
characteristics
NB: There are no specific dimensions because context is
important.

3. Why landscape level analysis
• Shortfalls in plot and field level analyses (extrapolation
challenges)
• To understand tradeoffs in agriculture – no free lunch!
• To inform intensification and integration
• To bring into agriculture the concept of generating
environmental services
• To reinforce sustainable NRM ‐ the key asset for farmers
• Towards possible certification of agriculture (!)
NB: Gaborone Declaration requires ministries of finance to
account for Environmental services generated

4. Forest and tree cover transitions
Core
X‐linkage of
Temporal Spatial Institutional
actions in
pattern pattern challenge
landscape

5. Beyond variation in tree cover, we also need variation in
‘pattern’:
re‐ and afforestation
Fields,fallow, forest mosaic
Farm fo‐
Plantations
restry, Fields,
agrofo‐ Forests
rests & Parks
deforestation
Sharing Sparing
Integrate Segregate

6. > >
The holistic forest+tree view of the world
The foresters’ view of the world
Source: Global tree cover inside and outside forest, according to the Global Land Cover 2000
dataset, the FAO spatial data on farms versus forest, and the analysis by Zomer et al. (2009)

7. Ellison D, Futter MN,
% of rainfall derived from ‘short cycle’ Bishop K, 2011.On the
forest cover–water
terrestrial origins(recalculated from Basilovich et al.) yield debate: from
demand- to supply-
37% 58% 30% 68%
side thinking. Global
Change Biology, doi:
10.1111/j.1365-
2486.2011.02589.x
Approximately
a third comes
from ‘local’
42%
sources
40%
41% 46% 22%
1) Mackenzie river basin, 2) Mississippi river basin, 3) Amazon river basin, 4) West Afri‐ca, 5)
Baltics, 6) Tibet, 7) Siberia, 8) GAME (GEWEX Asian Monsoon Experiment) and 9) Huaihe river
basin.

9. Pfrom Et/P
van der Ent RJ, Savenije
HHG, Schaefli B, Steele‐
Dunne SC, 2010. Origin
and fate of atmospheric
moisture over
continents. Water
Resources Research 46, E/P
W09525,

10. Global circulation patterns of humidity in the atmosphere suggsts a
strong link between West Africfan rainfall and the recycling of rain‐fall
back to the atmosphere in East Africa & Nile basin; this suggests very
different geopolitics to carbon‐based global climate negotiations
van der Ent RJ, Savenije
HHG, Schaefli B, Steele‐
Dunne SC, 2010. Origin
and fate of atmospheric
moisture over
continents. Water
Resources Research 46,
W09525,

12. The Food, Fuel/Energy and Fibre
Challenges: Gazing into the future!

13. Food and Nutritional Security
• 2011 statistics show that there were
– 925 mi hungry people
– 2.0 billion nutritionally hungry people
– To feed 9bi people in 2050, the current food
supply must increase by 70%.
• More land will be needed to produce food and
we will need higher productivity levels per
unit area

14. Energy security
• According to the International Energy Agency
(IEA), the 2035 demand for energy will increase
by about one third of 2012 demand
• Wood contributes 16% of current energy
demand. Globally 57% 0f all harvested wood
goes to fuel. The percentages differs widely
between countries and are typically much higher
for tropical developing countries
• With dwindling fossil fuels and rising concern on
their impact on climate the push for clean energy
is toward more biofuels; therefore more land!

15. Fibre security
• Although current estimates are not complete,
the demand for fibre to meet human needs is
rising sharply, especially with urbanization.
• The net increase in demand for solid wood
(panels, sawn wood and pulp/paper) between
2010 and 2030 is estimated at 700 million m3
• More land will be needed to produce more
fibre.

16. Where is the Additional land?
Land use Category Area
Global Total 13.33 bi ha
Forested (of which 7% plantations) 4.0 bi ha (30%)
Agric: crop cultivation 1.4 bi ha (12%)
Agric: pastures 3.4 bi ha (26%)
Potentially available for 0.7 bi ha (5.25%)*
production
Unusable (some for protection 3.83 bi ha (28.7%)
reasons)
(Adapted from Nilsson S. 2011)

17. AGRIC LAND EXPANSION SINCE 800.mpg

18. The inevitable conclusions
There are five logically linked conclusions:
• Conclusion 1: To meet the demand for food, fuel and fibre more
land and water will be needed, yet these resources are finite!
• Conclusion 2: Visionary policies and decisions are needed regarding
land use changes
• Conclusion 3: Rural livelihoods (with 70% of population) are
particularly threatened
• Conclusion 4: Climate change exacerbates the situation, especially
in marginal areas such as drylands, coastal and mountain
ecosystems. Mitigation and adaptation measures apply additional
pressure on land use.
• Conclusion 5: To cap the rising demand, efficient production,
processing and use/reuse/recycling are imperative

19. A) Better land use and land
governance
• An evolution in land use is needed, urgently
• Quality information is needed to guide policies
and decisions for this evolution, especially to
meet the following challenges:
– How does each land use system and governance
impact on livelihood and environmental resilience?
– How can benefits be increased while ensuring
sustainable management of land and especially
forests?
– What policy and governance measures are needed to
ensure equity and protect the rights of the poor?

20. B) With agroforestry it is possible to:
• Increase land productivity
• Improve/restore ecosystem functions and
integrity
• Enhance resilience to Climate change and
build up mitigation and adaptation.
• Reduce pressure on forests
This is the essence of Climate Smart Agriculture
(CSA)

21. Multi Functional
LANDSCAPES

22. Trees at centre of 3 conventions

23. Soil biota density under crops compared with agroforestry
Number per m2 (Barrios et al 2011)

24. Soil biota density under crops compared with agroforestry
Number per m2 (Barrios et al 2011)

25. Way forward (The How)
• Strengthen land governance at local, national, regional and
global scales. Begin at the local level to build the global
sustainability models
• Strengthen productivity and land governance. Relevant
stakeholders must be at the negotiating table on land use
decisions
• Facilitate inter‐sectoral linkages and dialogues to harmonize
policies and approaches to land use
• Take advantage of agroforestry to reinforce tree crops and
tree‐based production systems to provide more food, fibre
and fuel and sustain ecosystem functionality