Human papilloma virus (HPV) is a DNA virus that can cause warts and is linked to certain cancers. There are over 100 types of HPV that can infect humans. HPV types 16 and 18 are highly carcinogenic and associated with cervical and other cancers. HPV is transmitted through skin-to-skin contact, usually during sexual activity. While most HPV infections do not cause symptoms and resolve on their own, some types can cause genital warts or warts in the throat. The HPV E6 and E7 proteins contribute to cancer development by degrading tumor suppressor proteins. Vaccines targeting the HPV L1 protein show promise in preventing HPV infection and reducing cancer rates.
4. VIRUSES ds DNA Genome ss DNA Genome ds RNA Genome (+)ss DNA Genome (-)ss DNA Genome RT DNA Genome RT RNA Genome Adenoviridae Papovaviridae Herpesviridae Poxviridae Papilloma Viruses Human Papilloma Viruses 100 serotypes (HPV-16 and HPV 18 highly oncogenic)
30. HP Genomic Replication Link between gene expression and cellular differentiation Vegetative Replication Plasmid Replication
31. E2 binds to the early promoter and decreases expression of E6/E7; loss of E2 is thus the first stage in transformation. E6 binds to p53 via a cellular protein ("p100") and targets it for degradation via the ubiquitin pathway. E7 binds pRB and prevents phosphorylation. This would normally result in apoptosis BUT: Both E6 and E7 interact with a number of cellular proteins which influence the outcome of infection: TRANSFORMATION IN HPV
34. HPV: Structural Proteins Minor capsid protein: possible DNA packaging protein. L2 Major capsid protein: can form virus-like particles. L1 Function Gene
35. HPV: Regulatory Proteins binds to pRB/p107. E7 Binding p53 protein. E6 Obstruction of growth suppression mechanisms: e.g EGF receptor; activation of mitogenic signalling pathways via transcription factors: c-Jun and c-Fos. Inactivation of p21. E5 Late Expression: C terminal binds intermediate filament, allowing release of virus-like particles. E4 Responsible for recognition and binding of origin of replication. E2 DNA-dependent ATPase, ATP dependent helices: allow unwinding of the viral genome and act as an elongation factor for DNA replication. E1 Function Gene
39. E2 Protein E2 binds DNA as a dimer and is sequence specific. The overall secondary structure of the dimer consists of an eight-stranded beta-barrel (magenta) and two pairs of alpha-helices (purple). Also it is a trans-acting transcriptional activator. The protein is capable of activating a conditional enhancer in the viral long control region, or lcr.
40. E4 Protein Ability to aggregate into cytoplasm and nuclear inclusion granules. Inclusions are most noticeable in cutaneous lesions. E4 expression coincides with the onset of vegetative viral DNA replication and occurs immediately after cells have left the basal layer (higher layers for mucosal types). Involvement in virus maturation or vegetative viral DNA replication possibly by sequestering inhibitory factors E4 may interfere with normal differentiation in order to create the conditions required for high level virus synthesis. In the upper layers, E4 and L1 are expressed from the same bicistronic message An important role in productive infection seems likely.
42. 93% of all cervical neoplasia cases test are positive for HPV making it the leading the third leading killer among women X-rays HPV-6, 11 Malignant transformation of respiratory papillomas ??? HPV-16, 18, 31, 33 Lower genital tract cancers U.V., genetic? HPV-5, 8 Skin carcinomas Co-factors: Predominant types: Cancer:
45. Association with p53: E6 protein requires a cellular protein of 100 kDa, termed E6-associated protein (E6-AP). E6-dependent degradation of p53 occurs through the cellular ubiquitin proteolysis pathway. Localized to the nuclear matrix and non-nuclear membrane fraction
46. 1 80 150 276 393 P53 Domain Structure Acidic helical Hydrophobic Proline-Rich Conserved Basic Helical Region of high mutation Trans-activation 15 22, 23 Sequence-specific DNA Binding Oligomerization Nuclear Localization MDM-2 Domains and Interacting Proteins E1B E6
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49. E7 promotes degradation of Rb family proteins rather than simply inhibiting their function by complex formation. The relative carcinogenic potency of the various human papillomavirus types is partially explained by the relative avidity of their respective E7 proteins for Rb, e.g. , the more tightly a given viral E7 binds Rb, the greater the oncogenic potential of the virus The E7 protein contains two zinc binding motifs which mediate dimerisation of the protein. Mutation in one of the two Zn binding motifs destroys transforming activity, although this mutant is able to associate with Rb protein. Zinc binding phosphoproteins which are localised in the nucleus.
53. E2 : Another potential treatment (Webster et al 2000) E2 suppresses expression of E6 and E7 which are both involved in transformation and degradation of tumor suppressor proteins. E2 studies show that IL-2 targeting E2 proteins help accelerate the rate of infection since E6 and E7 go unchecked Overexpression of E2 might suppress HPV infectious cycle
54. TA-HPV, in which HPV 16 and 18 viral E6 and E7 genes are encoded in a vaccinia virus which on scarification of the site infects and produces the viral proteins. This leads to the generation of HPV specific cytotoxic T cells which can help to eliminate the HPV associated cancer.
