2. Objectives
What is a cyst?
Types of cysts
Differentials
Imaging appearances
3. CYST
A cyst is a closed pocket or
pouch of tissue. It can be filled
with air, fluid, pus, or other
material
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0003724/
4. Types Of Cysts
Thin /Thick walled
With / Without wall calcifications
Regular/ Irregular in shape
Small / Large in size
With / Without internal septa
---Thin / Thick septa
----Single / Multiple
5. With / without Internal echoes
----- Fine /Thick
With /Without Solid component
10. TYPES (Todani ‘s )
Type I- Cystic (51 %) or fusiform
(10.6%)
TypeII- Diverticulum
Type IlI- Choledochocele of
intraduodenal common bile duct
Type IV- Extra- and intrahepatic cysts
(28.5%)
Type V- Intrahepatic dilatations (4.6%)
11.
12. Complications include cholangitis,
biliary calculi, pancreatitis and biliary
cirrhosis.
• On ultrasound or CT the biliary tree
dilatation or cyst can be seen.
• 99mTc-HIDA scinitraphy will show
accumulation of tracer within the cyst.
• Percutanous or endoscopic
cholangiography and MRCP are
helpful in preoperative planning.
13. Fusiform choledochal cyst with a long common channel
and associated stricture at the pancreaticobiliary junction.
14. CT of a large choledochal cyst with obstruction.
15. “Ultrasound study shows a cystic mass between pancreatic head and the
gallbladder. Smooth wall and homogeneous anechoic contents( tortuous
cystic duct that joins the gall bladder to the cystic mass )
18. DUPLICATION CYST
SITES: May occur anywhere along the
gastrointestinal tract
But 1/3rd of cases involve the distal small
bowel.
The most frequent sites of duplication are the
ileum, then oesophagus, stomach, duodenum
and jejunum.
Colonic and rectal duplications are rare.
ETIOLOGY: Incomplete recanalisation at
around 8 weeks gestation
lined with GI Epithelium (may be adjacent
mucosa /ectopic)
19. TYPES: Spherical /Tubular
Most duplications do not communicate
with the adjacent bowel, although there
is a higher incidence of persistent
communication in tubular anomalies
PRESENTATION: Depends on the site
of duplication and its size.
Incidental ultrasound finding in the first
few years of life.
20. Large cysts, especially those associated
with the stomach or duodenum, may
present with
1. Abdominal pain,
2. Obstruction
3. Vomiting
4. Lead point for intussusception
or
5. A source of gastrointestinal
bleeding from ectopic gastric mucosa.
21. IMAGING And TREATMENT
Abdominal radiographs may
show mass effect with displacement
of adjacent bowel loops.
Ultrasound demonstrates a simple
hypoechoic cyst; if the
characteristic 'gut-wall signature'
TREATMENT :Surgical resection
22. Abdominal x-ray of a patient with a duplication cyst. Note the
mass effect of the cyst pressing against the areas of colon
(arrows).
23.
24. Diagnosis of Multiple Gastric Duplication Cysts
Causing Gastric Outlet Obstruction in a Pediatric
Patient
25. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography image of the abdomen
showing a well-circumscribed, low-attenuation fluid collection seen in
relation to the greater curvature of the stomach with rim enhancement,
suggestive of an intestinal duplication
26. Mesenteric/omental cysts
(lymphangiomas)
Developmental anomalies of the
lymphatic system arising within the
mesentery or omentum
Presentation is similar to duplication
cysts.
Ultrasound is more likely to show a
multiloculated cyst with thin septations
than a simple cyst.
Both require surgical resection.
27. Mesenteric cyst.
CT demonstrating a large left-sided cystic
abdominal mass with compression of the left kidney.
Ultrasound showed multiple fine septations within the cyst
28. Lymphangioma has enhancing septa. Unlike in cystic peritoneal
metastases, ascites is not a feature of lymphangioma.
When you see a septated cystic lesion without ascites the most likely
diagnosis is a lymphangioma
29. Notice that CT does not always appreciate the
septations, although the specimen clearly
shows multiple septations.
46. Resolving adrenal heamorrhage
commonest cause of an adrenal mass
Associated with perinatal stress,
hypoxia, septicaemia and hypotension
may be unilateral or bilateral
Adrenal insufficiency is rare, even in
bilateral cases.
Ultrasound in the first few days of life
usually demonstrates an avascular
heterogenous adrenal mass that
becomes cystic and smaller over the
following weeks as clot retraction occurs
49. Cystic neuroblastoma/
Ganglioneuroma(rare)
Over half of them arise in the adrenals, but 30%
can arise
from sympathetic tissue elsewhere in the
abdomen
Calcification has been noted to occur in over 50%
of Cases
Ganglioneuroma is a mature form of neurogenic
tumour.
Calcification helps in suggesting a diagnosis of
neurogenic tumour
52. Pancreatic pseudocyst
well-known complication of pancreatitis
fluid collections may occur within the
pancreatic mass, or
in the peripancreatic spaces, or
elsewhere within the abdomen
following either acute / chronic pancreatitis
In acute pancreatitis, the pseudocyst contains
enzyme-rich fluid and products of
autodegradation of the pancreas
in chronic pancreatitis the cyst is a consequence
of duct obstruction.
53. Patients who have persistent abdominal
pain or persistently elevated levels of
pancreatic enzymes should be
suspected of harbouring a pseudocyst
one-third of pancreatic pseudocysts will
resolve spontaneously
55. Large cystic
mass in the
mid abdomen in
the region of
the pancreatic
bed
demonstrating
echogenic
material
posteriorly,
representing
pancreatic
necrosis.
56. Pancreatic pseudocyst Large septated cystic mass in the mid abdomen with
nodular component. In the absence of history of pancreatitis it would be
difficult to differentiate this from a cystic pancreatic tumour.
59. Ovarian Cyst
Cysts are fluid filled spaces within the ovary.
very common and could be physiological /
pathological, benign/ malignant
Functional or physiological cysts are either
follicular or of corpus luteum origin.
Follicular cysts form when a follicle fails to rupture
at midcycle leading to its continuous
enlargement. Usually these cysts are
asymptomatic and disappear without any
intervention within one or two months
Similarly a persistent corpus luteum might fail to
disintegrate before menstruation and enlarge in
size
60. Both follicular and luteal cysts could become
haemorrhagic if bleeding occured within them
leading to rapid increase in size and severe pain.
they might cause severe pain only if they are
large in size (>7 cm) and cause pressure
symptoms or torsion of the whole ovary
compromising blood flow when surgical
intervention is indicated
64. Teratomas
A teratoma is an encapsulated tumor with tissue
or organ components resembling normal
derivatives of more than one germ layer
They therefore contain developmentally mature
skin complete with hair follicles and sweat glands,
sometimes luxuriant clumps of long hair, and
often pockets of sebum, blood, fat, bone, nails,
teeth, eyes, cartilage, and thyroid tissue.
Typically their diameter is smaller than 10 cm,
and rarely more than 15 cm.
Real organoid structures (teeth, fragments of
bone) may be present in ~ 30% of cases.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69. Pelvic Abscess
A pus-filled cavity in the pelvis due to
infection
A pelvic abscess is the end stage in the
progression of a genital tract infection and
is frequently an unnecessary complication
Treatment : Surgical drainage of abscess
and dead tissue removal/ antibiotics
