Hardware is anything in the computer you can touch. Software are the instructions that make the computer do things. In early days, software was closely tied to hardware. It could only run on machines of a specific hardware and was useless on other machines.

1. PC Hardware Basic Guide
computer & input devices
BY
AJAL.A.J

2. Hardware and Software
• Hardware is anything in the computer you
can touch.
• Software are the instructions that make
the computer do things.
• In early days, software was closely tied to
hardware. It could only run on machines of
a specific hardware and was useless on
other machines.

3. structure
• general things about computers
• looking at computer hardware
• bus
• input devices
– keyboard
– mouse
– other

4. Computers
• An old distinction is the following
– A Mainframe is a computer that are used by
many people in an organization. They access
it through terminals.
– A personal computer is a machine that is
used by only one person at a time. In olden
days it could only do one thing at a time.
• A PC is a special type of personal
computer.

5. What is a PC
• The PC was first brought out by IBM in 1981
– IBM published the design.
– Processor chips supplied by Intel.
– Software to run it was bought from Microsoft
– Microsoft had the right to have other companies use
the operating system.
• A PC is any computer that basically follows this
tradition.
– Intel processor
– Microsoft software

6. Basic parts of a PC
• Display do not open
• Input no need to open
– Keyboard
– Mouse etc
• System Unit may be opened
– Logic system
– Display system
– Storage system
– Input output system
– Communication system

7. Opening the system unit
• Voltages used in the PC are 3 to 12 V
• Be aware of static electricity, touch first
unpainted part of case first
• Keep power cable plugged in a grounded
socket
• Never open sealed part of the power
supply

8. Logic system I
• Motherboard
– green plastic sheet
– with traces and slots
– usually complying to a standard called “plug
and play”
• Jumpers can set key features
– Jumper wires stick out of the motherboard
– Can be shortened with jumpers
– Do not change unless you have to

9. The logic system II
• CMOS or flash memory
– Powered by battery
– holds the Basic Input Output System (BIOS)
• Central Processing Unit (CPU),
recognizable through its fan
• Cache memory for CPU
• Main memory socket
• The Bus (see later)

10. BIOS
• Is the software that makes the components of
the PC work together
• When the computer boots it tells you how to
“enter setup”
• There you can make changes to the BIOS
setting
• The way that you do this is not standardized
– It usually is a simple menu.
– Be careful

11. Usual things to set in the BIOS
• Set the hardware clock
• Set processor speed setting
• Tell the machine what disks you have
• Power management options
• Automatic wake up
• Boot sequence setting

12. Topic 4 - CMOS Settings
• CMOS BIOS ROM
• Stores the basic system
configuration. The four
major components of
BIOS are
– POST
– Bootstrap Loader
– CMOS Setup
– BIOS ROM

13. Topic 4 - CMOS Settings
• CMOS Battery
– Battery is used to power up
the Real time Clock Chip.
– This chip maintains the
system date and time.
• System Configuration
– The BIOS should find an
operating system on a hard
disk or floppy disk drive to
start the computer.
• Starting the Setup Program
– The settings made in the
BIOS setup program are
stored in the nonvolatile RAM
of the CMOS chip.

14. Topic 4 - CMOS Settings
• Step-by-Step CMOS/BIOS Configuration
– From the CMOS setup menu, select the menu point to
examine or change setting and choose Standard CMOS
setup to begin.

15. Topic 4 - CMOS Settings
– From the standard CMOS configuration screen you can
set Date, Time, Hard drives connected to the IDE
interface, Floppy disk drive types for drives

16. Topic 4 - CMOS Settings
• Advanced CMOS Configuration
– Here, you can perform the Number Lock setting,
keyboard repeats speed, type of video, settings for
cache memory, and other special features.

17. Topic 4 - CMOS Settings
• Recommended Advanced CMOS Settings
– Depending on the BIOS version, you have to press the
ESC key, to return to the main menu

18. Topic 4 - CMOS Settings
• Power Management Configuration
– After a user defined period of inactivity of devices like the
monitor, the hard drive, or the CPU will go into different
low power modes.
» Standby mode
» Suspend mode

19. Topic 4 - CMOS Settings
• Built-In Ports/Peripherals Setup
– It can enable or disable ports which built in new systems.

20. Topic 4 - CMOS Settings
• Security/Passwords
– Two types of passwords are
– One must be entered to allow any use of the system
– Another one must be entered to allow access to the
BIOS/ CMOS setup
• Saving and Recording BIOS/CMOS Settings
– BIOS allows you to save the changes and it will reject the
changes that happen accidentally.
– Record the critical BIOS settings

21. Topic 4 - CMOS Settings
• BIOS Upgrades
– Change the physical chip or to change its contents with
software
• Flash BIOS Upgrade
– Install the BIOS upgrade loader and BIOS image to a
floppy disk
• Incorrect CMOS Configuration
– Restart by using the BIOS Setup auto-configure options,
double-check drive configurations, save changes, and

22. Topic 4 - CMOS Settings
• Incorrect Flash BIOS
or Failed Update
– If the update can't be
installed, the
motherboard might
have jumpers that
write-protects the flash
BIOS.
• Clearing the BIOS
Password
– It can be cleared by
using a CMOS jumper
that is present in the
motherboard.

23. Thank you for your attention!