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notes on correlational research
1.
1 Correlational Research Chapter 15 ©
2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
2.
2 © 2012 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3.
3 The Nature of
Correlational Research Correlational research is also known as associational research. Relationships among two or more variables are studied without any attempt to influence them. Investigates the possibility of relationships between two variables. There is no manipulation of variables in correlational research Correlational studies describe the variable relationship via a correlation coefficient. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
4.
4 Three Sets of
Data Showing Different Directions and Degrees of Correlation (A) r = +1.00 (B) r = -1.00 (C) r=0 X Y X Y X Y 5 5 5 1 2 1 4 4 4 2 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 4 1 5 1 1 1 5 4 2 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
5.
5 Purpose of Correlational
Research Correlational studies are carried out to explain important human behavior or to predict likely outcomes (identify relationships among variables). If a relationship of sufficient magnitude exists between two variables, it becomes possible to predict a score on either variable if a score on the other variable is known (Prediction Studies). The variable that is used to make the prediction is called the predictor variable. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
6.
6 Purpose of Correlational
Research (cont.) The variable about which the prediction is made is called the criterion variable. Both scatterplots and regression lines are used in correlational studies to predict a score on a criterion variable A predicted score is never exact. Through a prediction equation, researchers use a predicted score and an index of prediction error (standard error of estimate) to conclude if the score is likely to be incorrect. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
7.
7 Scatterplot Illustrating a Correlation
of +1.00 © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
8.
8 Prediction Using a
Scatterplot © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
9.
9 More Complex Correlational
Techniques Multiple Regression Coefficient of multiple correlation (R) Technique that enables researchers to determine a correlation between a criterion variable and the best combination of two or more predictor variables Indicates the strength of the correlation between the combination of the predictor variables and the criterion variable Coefficient of Determination Indicates the percentage of the variability among the criterion scores that can be attributed to differences in the scores on the predictor variable © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
10.
10 More Complex Correlational
Techniques (cont.) Discriminant Function Analysis Factor Analysis Allows the researcher to determine whether many variables can be described by a few factors Path Analysis Rather than using multiple regression, this technique is used when the criterion value is categorical Used to test the likelihood of a causal connection among three or more variables Structural Modeling Sophisticated method for exploring and possibly confirming causation among several variables © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
11.
11 Prediction Using a
Scatterplot © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
12.
12 Path Analysis Diagram ©
2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
13.
Partial Correlation © 2012
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13
14.
Scatterplots Illustrating How
a Factor (C) May Not be a Threat to Internal Validity © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 14
15.
Circle Diagrams Illustrating
Relationships Among Variables © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 15
16.
16 Basic Steps in
Correlational Research Problem selection Choosing a sample Determining design and procedures Collecting and analyzing data Interpreting results Selecting or choosing proper instruments © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
17.
17 What Do Correlational
Coefficients Tell Us? The meaning of a given correlation coefficient depends on how it is applied. Correlation coefficients below .35 show only a slight relationship between variables. Correlations between .40 and .60 may have theoretical and/or practical value depending on the context. Only when a correlation of .65 or higher is obtained, can one reasonably assume an accurate prediction. Correlations over .85 indicate a very strong relationship between the variables correlated. © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
18.
18 Threats to Internal
Validity in Correlational Research The following must be controlled to reduce threats to internal validity: Subject characteristics Mortality Location Instrument decay Testing History Data collector characteristics Data collector bias © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
19.
19 Correlational Research Chapter 15 ©
2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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