This document discusses water pollution, including types and sources of water pollutants. It addresses major pollution problems affecting surface water and groundwater. Agricultural activities and industrial/mining facilities are identified as leading causes of water pollution. The document also covers drinking water quality standards and technological approaches to reduce pollution, such as advanced sewage treatment and protecting groundwater sources.

1. Prepared By-
Aks hay
…
Abhi m
an
yu…
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2. Key Concepts
 Types, sources, and effects of water pollutants
 Major pollution problems of surface water
 Major pollution problems of groundwater
 Reduction and prevention of water pollution
 Drinking water quality
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3. Types, Effects, and
Sources of Water Pollution
• Water is polluted by infectious bacteria , inorganic
and organic chemicals , and excess heat .
• Water pollution is any chemical, biological, or
physical change in water quality that has a
harmful effect on living organisms.
• The WHO estimates that 3.4 million people die
prematurely each year from waterborne diseases .
• In the U.S., an estimated 1.5 million people a
year become ill from infectious agents.
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4. • Scientists monitor water quality by using bacterial
counts, chemical analysis, and indicator organisms.
• One method of measuring water quality involves
measuring the number of colonies of fecal coliform
bacteria present in a water sample .
• Drinking water should not contain any
colonies/100 milliliters,
• Chemical analysis includes checking inorganic
and
and
organic chemicals present, sediment content,
turbidity of water.
• Indicator species are living organisms that are
monitored to determine levels of pollution.
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5. Sources of Water
Pollution
Point sources
Nonpoint sources
Water quality
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6. Point and Non-point
Sources
NONPOINT SOURCES
Rural homes
Cropland
Urban streets
Animal feedlot
Suburban
development
POINT
SOURCES
Factory
Wastewater
treatment
plant
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7. Sources of water
pollution
The leading sources of water pollution are
agriculture, industries, and mining.
1. Agricultural activities are the leading cause of
water pollution from erosion, overgrazing,
fertilizers and pesticides, and excess salt from
irrigated soils.
2. Industrial facilities are another large source of
water pollution, and mining is a third source.
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8. • One of every five people in the world lacks
access to safe drinking water.
• Ninety-five percent of people in developed
countries and 74% of people in developing
countries have access to clean drinking water.
• In a warmer world, too much rain and too little
rain can increase water pollution.
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9. Pollution of
Freshwater Streams
Streams can recover from moderate levels of
degradable water pollutants if the flows are not
reduced.
1. A combination of dilution and biodegradation
can allow recovery of stream pollution
2. The breakdown of pollutants by bacteria
creates an oxygen sag curve. Organisms that
have a high oxygen demand can’t survive in the
curve.
3. Volume of the stream, volume of
entering, flow rate, temperature,
wastes
and pH levels
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10. Oxygen Sag
Curve
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11. Water Pollution:
Now countries have reduced point
Most developed
source pollution , but toxic chemicals and
pollution from non-point sources are still
problems.
Stream pollution in most developing countries is a
serious and growing problem. Half of the world’s
500 major rivers are heavily polluted, and most
of them run through developing countries where
waste treatment is minimal or nonexistent .
For example: Religious beliefs, cultural traditions,
poverty, little economic development, and a large
population interact to cause severe pollution of
the Ganges River in India .
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12. Pollution of Lakes
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13. Groundwater Pollution:
Causes
 Few bacteria
 Low flow rates
 Low oxygen
 Cold temperatures
Hazardous waste injection well
Coal strip
mine runoff
Pesticides
De-icing
road salt
Pumping
well
Waste lagoon
Buried gasoline
and solvent tank
Cesspool
septic tank
Gasoline
station
Water pumping
well Landfill
Accidental
spills
aq u
Sewer
ifer
Leakage from faulty
casing
Discharge
r
ate
s hw
ifer
Confined aquifer
fre
a qu
d
ter
ine
a
nf
hw
n co
Groundwater
r es
U
f
flow
n ed
fi
on
C
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14. Pollution of
Groundwater
Experts rate groundwater pollution as a low-risk
ecological problem; it is rated as a high-risk
health problem.
The extent of groundwater contamination is
generally unknown
Prevention is the most effective and affordable
way to protect groundwater from pollutants.
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15. Ocean Pollution
Fig. 22-11 p. 504
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16. Case Study: Chesapeake
Bay
 Largest US
estuary
 Relatively shallow
 Slow “flushing”
action to Atlantic
 Major problems with dissolved O2
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17. Oil Spills
Sources: offshore wells,
tankers, pipelines and
storage tanks
Effects: death of organisms, loss
of animal insulation and
buoyancy, smothering
Significant economic impacts
Mechanical cleanup methods: skimmers and blotters
Chemical cleanup methods: coagulants and dispersing
agents
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18. Solutions: Preventing and
Reducing Surface Water
Pollution
Non-point S
ources
Reduce runoff
Buffer zone vegetation
Point Sources
Clean Water Act
Water Quality Act
Reduce soil erosion
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19. Technological Approach:
Septic Systems
Require suitable soils and maintenance
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20. Technological
Approach:
Advanced (Tertiary)
Sewage Treatment
Uses physical and chemical processes
Removes nitrate and phosphate
Expensive
Not widely used
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21. Drinking
Water
Quality urban drinking
Purification of
water
Protection from terrorism
Purification of rural drinking
water
Safe Drinking Water
-Act
Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)
Bottled
water
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22. Sustaining
Biodiversity
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23. O ur M tto …
o
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24. Special
Credits –
Our Team Members,
Our Teachers For Guiding Us
in Our Preoject
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25. For More PPT’s
ContactAkshay (9420832370)
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