Chapter 10 Semester 2 Grade 8

1. ADDITIVES,
ADDICTIVES
and PSYCHOTROPICS

2. Food Additives
• It would be so boring if we consumed
the same kind of food every day, if
all foods taste, look, color, and
smell were just the same.
• For that reason, people add some
extra substances to their food, such
as chili, turmeric, salt, granulated
sugar, brown sugar, etc.
• All of those additional substances
are called food additives.

3. Kind of food additives
1. Preservatives
 To peserve food
 The substances to preserve food
naturally are salt, sugar, and vinegar.
 The synthetic preservatives are
sulphur dioxide, benzoate acid, sodium
benzoate, and sodium nitrite.
 Other food preservation methods are
heating process, freezing, canning,
sterilization, and radiation.

4. 2. Coloring
 To make food more desirable
 Some natural colorings are
 turmeric as a yellow coloring,
 screw pine leaves as a green
coloring,
 bilimbi’s flower, chili, and teak
leaves as red coloring,
 carrot as a orange coloring,
 brown sugar and granulated
sugar as brown coloring.

5. There are many kinds of synthetic coloring ;
 quinoline yellow
 patent blue v
 brilliant blue FCF
 brilliant black BN
 sunset yellow FCF
 orange GCN
 indigo carmine
(blue)
 tartrazine
(yellow)
 Erythrosine (pink)
 Annato (red)
 Carmoisine (red)
 allura red

6. 3. Sweeteners
 To make food be sweet
 Natural sweeteners are palm sugar,
brown sugar, and cane sugar.
 The weaknesses of natural
sweeteners are ;
- the flavor is not sweet enough
- the amount is limited
- they have too many calories

7.  Synthetic sweeteners are aspartame,
asesulfame, cyclamate, saccharine,
sorbitol, and neotame.
 Synthetic sweeteners have some
advantages ;
- a high level of sweetness
- ability to be produced on a large-
scale
- low calories
 Side effect of synthetic sweeteners
can cause cancer.

8. 4. Flavorings
• To strengthen the natural taste of
food.
• The examples of natural flavorings
are salt, sugar, vinegar, onion,
pepper, ginger, and galangal.
• The synthetic flavorings are MSG
(MonoSodium Glutamate), fruit
flavors (apple, orange, pineapple,
banana, etc)

9. 5. Antioxidants
• To prevent rancid
• Food, which contains fat and oil will
be rancid after a certain amount of
time.
• Natural antioxidants such as vit. C,
vit. E, and lecithin.
• Synthetic antioxidants such as BHA
(Butylated HidroxyAnisole), BHT
(Butylated HidroxyToluene)

10. 6. Nutrient Supplements
• To fulfill the need of particular
substances which food is lacking.
• For examples, the addition of vit. D
and calcium to milk, vit. C to
beverages and juice, vit. B1 to rice,
iodine to salt to prevent goiter, etc

11. Organization of Food and
Medicine Control
• Every country usually has an
organization that control the use of
additives in food.
1. FDA (Food and Drug Administration)
in US.
2. EC (European Commission) in Europe.
3. BPOM (Badan Pengawas Obat dan
Makanan) in Indonesia.

12. • All kinds of food, beverages, and
drugs which are about to be
distributed to the market have to
pass the test by the BPOM.
• If the chemical content in those food,
beverages, and medicines are safe to
be consumed, the BPOM will allow
the producer to put a label “DEPKES
RI MD No. ...” or “BPOM RI MD No. ...” on
the food package.

13. • For being safe in consuming food,
beverages, and medicines, notice to
these following tips ;
1. See if there is label from Depkes
or BPOM on the package.
2. Pay attention to the expire date
3. See if there is damage to the
package, such as a leak, stain, color
change, or bizarre smell.
4. For some people, pay attention to
certain ingredients that can
allergies.

14. Addictives and Psychotropics
• Addictives are substances that can
cause their user to become
addicted.
• Addiction is a physical and
psychological condition of
someone that doesn’t function
properly without consuming of a
particular substance.
• If the condition happens
continuously the user will enter
the phase of drug dependency.

15. • Drug dependency can be classified
into 2 types ;
a. Physical dependency
the desire to keep consuming and
adding more doses. If it is not
fulfill, the user will become sick.
b. Psychological dependency
the unbearable desire to consume
the drugs. If it is not fulfill, the
user will become nervous,
stressed, and extremely anxious. It
is called sakau.

16. • In the beginning every addictive was
made from plants.
• For examples; hemp (Cannabis sativa),
marijuana (Cannabis indica), opium
(Papaver somniferum), cocaine
(Erythroxylum coca).
• The development of science, these
days humans able to produce
synthetic addictives that have the
same abilities as natural addictives.
• At first, addictives were utilized for
medical purposes.

17. The classification and Effects
of Addictives
• Narcotics are classified into ;
1. type I, consist of 26 varieties (raw
opium, opium, cocaine, hemp, THC, and
heroin)
2. type II, consist of 87 varieties
(morphine, opium)
3. type III, consist of 14 varieties (ethyl
morphine, codein)

18. • Psychotropics are classified into ;
1. type I, consist of 26 varieties
2. type II, consist of 14 varieties
3. type III, consist of 9 varieties
4. type IV, consist of 60 varieties

19. The effects of Additives
• There are 3 side effects of the use of
addictives, they are ;
1. Stimulation is a symptom that happens
in the central nervous system to
accelerate processes in the human
body, such as heart rate, blood
pressure, and respiration.
Substances that cause stimulation are
called stimulants.
Due to acceleration process, someone
who uses stimulants will seem health,
alert, happy, fresh, and so on.
Examples; caffeine in coffee, nicotine in
cigarettes, cocaine, and amphetamines.

20. 2.Depression is a symptom that
happpens in the central nervous
system to slow down processes in
the human body. Depression decrease
someone’s awareness of the world
around him/her.
Substances that cause depression are
called depressants.
in the medical world, depressants
are employed for people with
insomnia. Examples; alcohol and
sedatives.

21. 3.Hallucination is a symptom that
happens to human nerves that leads
to fantasy. Hallucination makes a
person hear sounds, see things, and
feel something which do not exist.
Hallucination can make someone
laugh by himself/herself.
substances that cause hallucination
are called hallucinogen.
Example; LSD (LySergic acid
Diethylamide)

22. NARCOTICS
• UU RI No. 22/1997 stated that narcotics
are all substances or material that
are made from plants, or synthetic
and semi-synthetic material, which
can decrease or change a person’s
awareness, reduce pain, and cause
addiction.
• Substances categorized as narcotics
are opium, hemp, cocaine, heroin,
morphine, and codein.

23. 1. Opium
• Opium is made from the extraction of
raw Papaver somniferum.
• Opium is changed into morphine and
codein which are needed in the medical
world as analgesics (painkillers).
• Opium also can make people fall
asleep or happy (euphoric) without any
reason.
• Example natural opium; morphine,
codein, and thebaine.
• Example semi-synthetic opium; heroin,
and hydromorphone.
• Example synthetic opium; meperidine,
and propoxiphene.

24. 2. Hemp
• Hemp is made from Cannabis sativa
leaves that contain a psychoactive
substance (hashish), a kind of substance
that can affect someone’s mental state
and behavior.
• The tree and branches of a hemp plant
also contain hashish, but in a low
content.
• The highest content can be found in the
sprout of this plant, which is ± 10%.
• Hashish is produced from dried hemp’s
sap.

25. 3. Cocaine
• Cocaine is a white powder made from
coca leaves (Erythroxylum coca).
• Cocaine used to be employed as a
local anesthetic.
• nowadays, cocaine is no longer used
as an anesthetic because a safer
psychoactive substance has been
found.

26. 4. Heroin
• Heroin is a variety of narcotics that
can cause an extraordinarily happy
feeling to the user and make the
user forget all troubles that he/she
had.
• Heroin is the most misused
psychoactive substance.
• The hazardous narcotics called
putauw, also contain heroin.
• Consumption of a high dose of heroin
will cause death.

27. 5. Morphine
• Morphine is a natural opiode that is
made from the sap of opium fruit.
• Morphine is a white crystals, almost
like cocaine, that can depress the
respiration center.
• In a morphine-overdose case, the user
usually experience a fatal respiration
failure.
• Morphine can disturb the mestruation
cycle of women, cause impotency in
men, constipation, and many other
dangerous side effects.

28. 6. Codein
• Codein is a weak analgesic.
• Its power is only about one-twelfth
of morphine’s.
• Codein is often used as an analgesic in
strong cough medicine.

29. PSYCHOTROPICS
• A psychotropics is a substance which is
not included as a narcotic or alcohol,
but has abilities and effect like
narcotic and alcohol.
• Examples of psychotropics are
amphetamines and ecstasy.

30. 1. Amphetamines
• Amphetamines are addictive
substances that are included as a
stimulant because they can
accelerate the body process through
the central nervous system.
• They are often misused as weight-
reducing drugs and dope for
athletes.
• Frequent use of amphetamines can
cause addiction.

31. 2. Ecstasy
• Ecstasy contain an amphetamine.
• Ecstasy can cause a sense of
revitalization, alertness, and
stamina. However, ecstasy can make
the user suffer from dehydration, it
happens because the user does not
feel thirsty.
• Frequent use of ecstasy will cause
memory damage and disturb the
coordination system such as the
movement of the hands and feet

32. ALCOHOL
• Alcohol is an example of a
depresant.
• Alcohol is chemically known as
ethanol whose formula is C2H5OH.
• Alcohol originated from the
fermentation of plants.
• For example Cassava, can be
fermented to yield tapai and if the
process continues it will yield
ethanol.

33. • In a low dose, consuming alcohol
will cause euphoria or happiness
without any reason.
• In a high dose, it will cause someone
to become drunk.
• In a higher dose, it will cause death.
• In the medical world, alcohol is a
chemical substance that has an
important role, it is often used as a
solvent and antiseptic.

34. CIGARETTES
• We already know that UU RI No.
22/1997 only controls the use of
narcotics and psychotropics.
• Other addictives such as cigarettes,
caffeines, gasolines, thinners, and
adhesives are not controlled in
detail.
• However, those substances are also
dangerous, so that we need to know
the uses and the effect.

35. • A cigarette is a roll of tobacco that
contains a psychoactive compound
called nicotine.
• The tobacco in cigarettes has been
added with addictives such as clove,
incense, and other kinds of organics
substances.
• Cigarette smoke is very dangerous
for human health.
• When someone is smoking, the smoke
enters the respiration system and
goes straight to the lungs.

36. • People who don’t smoke but are
around a smoker will inhale exactly
the same smoke, these people are
called passive smokers.
• Active and passive smokers have the
same risks.
• Why is cigarette smoke very
dangerous for human health?
• How can we avoid it?
• Let us learn further to answer those
question.

38. Hazardous substances in cigarette
• Cigarettes contain substances that
are hazardous to human health,
especially the respiration system.
1. Carbon monoxide (CO)
Carbon monoxide is poisonous.
in a certain amount, it will kill
humans who inhale it.
the carbon monoxide gas will
bind with haemoglobin in human
blood so that the blood’s ability
to bind oxygen is reduced.

39. 2. Nicotine
nicotine is a dangerous chemical
compound with the chemical
formula C10H14N2.
nicotine can cause addiction and
cause cancer in human lungs.
nicotine in smoke only needs 9
seconds to reach the human brain.
as a result, the blood pressure
rises, respiration rate increases,
and central nervous system is
stimulated.

40. 3. Tar
 tar is burnt residue of a cigarette
that we can see on a cigarette filter.
 the color is black, and it is sticky.
 it will make the teeth, fingers, and
nails of a smoker become dark
yellow.
 it is very dangerous because it is
carsinogenic (able to cause cancer).
 moreover, tar makes the oscillation
of respiratory har should oscillate
to prevent hazardous materials
from coming inside the respiratory

41. 4. Nitrogen oxide (N2O)
in a certain dose, nitrogen oxide
can cause a spontaneous laugh
without any reason.
it can reduce pain in humans so
that it is used as anesthetic in the
chemical field.

42. 5. Hydrogen cyanide (HCN)
HCN is very poisonous gas and very
dangerous for human health.
6. Ammonia (NH4)
ammonia is a gas that smells bad,
poisonous, and corrosive.
7. Methanol (CH3OH)
methanol is a simple compound of
alcohol which is also poisonous.

43. • Every substance contained in
cigarettes give no advantages for
human health, conversely it can
harm human health.
• But why do people still smoke?
• The answer is because to stop
smoking is hard for a smoker.
• This means that the person has
already become addicted.

44. • That’s why you shouldn’t try to
smoke. All smokers started from
just trying.
• In the end, they are trapped in a
bad habit and very hard to break
this addiction.
• To keep our body healthy, we had
better not smoke and not be
around a smoker.

45. CAFFEINE
• Caffeine is a psychotropic substance
contained in coffee, tea leaves, and
chocolate.
• After consuming some caffeine,
someone will feel fresh and energetic.
• In a higher dose, it can cause anxiety.
• Gasoline, thinner, and adhesives are
also classified as addictive, because if
they are inhaled continuously, they
will cause the same symptoms as the
other addictives.

46. Drugs Addiction Prevention
• Things you can do to prevent drugs addiction are
;
1. Do not ever try any dose and/or any kind of
drugs with any excuse.
2. Find a good social network in a reliable place,
with good people, and at a proper time.
3. Strengthen the affection of your family by
watching each other’s back, loving each other,
and encouraging each other. Develop love and
care for your siblings, family, and friends.
4. Be aware of your life and your environtment.
Say NO to drugs.
5. Intensity your faith in God for strength and
blessings. Without God’s power, humans will be
weak.

47. Drugs Addiction Treatment
• Treatment for drug users takes a very long
time depending on the addiction level.
• Drug addiction is different from a smoking habit
or a cigarette addiction.
• Drug addicts need therapy and medication.
• There are many rehabilitation centers for drug-
addicts.
• In those rehabilitation centers, there are
professionals, medical and non-medical that
will give therapy and medication to the people
with drug addiction.
• Most of the drug addicts cannot self-medicate
at home no matter how tight the surveillance is.
• Ex-users need to have a community where they
can strengthen, motivate, and remain each other.