The document discusses various aspects of water quality and purification methods. It begins by outlining the importance of water for the human body and various health benefits. It then discusses advantages of purified water over tap or bottled water in minimizing exposure to contaminants. Various filtration methods are described, including carbon filters and reverse osmosis, highlighting their effectiveness in removing particulates, chemicals, and microorganisms. The document also covers topics like total dissolved solids, water hardness, and common water contaminants related to odor, taste, and color. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of water properties and popular purification technologies.

1. Water
(Water makes up approximately 60% of
the human body and
93% is water in the blood)
By Auto Lube Group, November 2013

2. Advantages of water
• Optimal water intake is an essential for human
survival.
• Water purges toxins from the blood helps keep
the skin glowing and clear.
• Water purifies colon in intestine making it easy to
absorb nutrients.
• Water balances body fluids and fights infection.
• Water increases the production of new blood and
muscle cells.
• Water develops immune system.

3. Key benefits of using purified water
• Tap and even some bottled water contains
chemicals, heavy metals, nuclear material, and
potential allergens.
• By drinking purified water, you will minimize your
exposure to contaminants and may potentially
reduce your allergy symptoms.
• Defense between the body and the over 2100
known toxins that may be present in drinking
water.
• Provides clean, healthy water for cooking, as well
as drinking, at the convenience of tap water.

4. Key benefits …
• Better tasting and better smelling drinking water by removing
chlorine and bacterial contaminants.
• Removes lead from drinking water, thus preventing harmful
substance from entering the body.
• Greatly reduces the risk of rectal cancer, colon cancer, and
bladder cancer by removing chlorine and chlorine byproducts.
• Reduces the risk of gastrointestinal disease.
• Protects the body from disease and leads to overall greater
health.
• A solid block carbon water filter can selectively remove
dangerous contaminants from drinking water while retaining
healthy mineral deposits that balance the pH of drinking water.
• Bottled water needs logistic arrangements to ensure
uninterrupted supply which incur additional cost and efforts.

5. Water Contamination: Taste and Odor
• Strong Chlorine taste or smell - The addition of chlorine
to kill off bacteria and other harmful microorganisms.
• Metallic taste - Some water systems have a high mineral
concentration giving the consumer a salty or soda taste.
• Rotten egg odor - This is usually a result of decaying
organic deposits underground.
• Musty or unnatural smells - These smells are normally a
result of organic matter or even some pesticides in the
water supply. Even very low amounts can introduce
unpleasant odors into the water.
• Turpentine taste or odor - Even though you can smell it,
more than likely not at a level to cause harmful effects.

6. Water Contamination: Colour
"Clean" water should be clear with no noticeable color deposits.
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Red or Brown Color - A red, brown or rusty color is generally indicative of iron or
manganese in your water. Disadvantages to iron in your water include stains in
sinks, or discolored laundry.
Yellow Color - This coloration occurs in regions where the water has passed
through marshlands and then moved through peat soils. Although the yellow color
may be displeasing, it presents no health hazard, as it is only small particles
suspended in the water.
Blue or Green Color - A green or blue color is generally a result of copper in your
water supply, or copper pipes and corrosive water. Copper can become a problem
if it is higher than 30 PPM in your water. Effects at this dose are
vomiting, diarrhea, and general gastrointestinal distress. If you are using well water
as your primary source of water, and copper is a concern in your area, it would be
to your advantage to have your water tested for copper.
Cloudy White or Foamy - Cloudy water is usually due to turbidity. Turbidity is
caused by finely divided particles in the water. When light hits the water, it is
scattered, giving a cloudy look to the water. No harmful effects to the
body, although they can cause abrasions to pipes, or possible staining of sinks .

7. What is TDS?
• Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) are the total amount
of mobile charged ions, including minerals, salts
or metals dissolved in a given volume of
water, expressed in units of mg per unit volume
of water (mg/L), also referred to as parts per
million (ppm).
• TDS is directly related to the purity of water.

8. TDS…
• A TDS meter is based on the electrical
conductivity (EC) of water. Pure H20 has
virtually zero conductivity. TDS is calculated by
converting the EC by a factor of 0.5 to 1.0
times the EC, depending upon the levels.
• Typically, the higher the level of EC, the higher
the conversion factor to determine the TDS.

9. Why Should You Measure the TDS
Level in Your Water?
• The EPA Secondary Regulations advise a maximum contamination
level (MCL) of 500mg/liter (500 parts per million (ppm)) for TDS.
Numerous water supplies exceed this level.
• When TDS levels exceed 1000mg/L it is generally considered unfit
for human consumption. A high level of TDS is an indicator of
potential concerns, and warrants further investigation. Most often,
high levels of TDS are caused by the presence of potassium,
chlorides and sodium. These ions have little or no short-term
effects, but toxic ions (lead arsenic, cadmium, nitrate and others)
may also be dissolved in the water.
• Even the best water purification systems on the market require
monitoring for TDS to ensure the filters and/or membranes are
effectively removing unwanted particles and bacteria from your
water.

10. TDS indicators…
• Lower the TDS better the water…

11. Taste & Health
How can water with high TDS be undesirable or harmful?
• It may taste bitter, salty, or metallic and may have unpleasant odors
• High TDS water is less thirst quenching.
• High TDS interferes with the taste of foods and beverages, and makes
them less desirable to consume.
• Some of the individual mineral salts that make up TDS pose a variety of
health hazards. The most problematic are
Nitrates, Sodium, Sulfates, Barium, Cadmium, Copper, and Fluoride.
• If a person drinks 2 pints (473ml) of water a day, this will total 4500 gallons
of water passing through his body over a 70 year span. If the water is not
totally pure, this 4500 gallons will include 200-300 pounds (1p = 453gr) of
rock that the body cannot utilize. Most will be eliminated through
excretory channels. But some of this will stay in the body, causing stiffness
in the joints, hardening of the arteries, kidney stones, gall stones and
blockages of arteries, microscopic capillaries and other passages in which
liquids flow through our entire body.

12. Don’t you need the minerals in your
drinking water?
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Inorganic Minerals
It is believed that mineral waters help furnish elements for body metabolism. However, there is
scientific proof to suggest that most of these minerals are in an inorganic (dead) form. While they
may enter the circulation, they cannot be used in the physiological process of building the human
cell.
With this in mind, we can see that mineral water may give "dead" or "inorganic" minerals to the
body which cannot be properly assimilated.
These inorganic minerals only interfere with the delicate and complex biology of the body.
The body's need for minerals is largely met through foods, NOT DRINKING WATER." -The American
Medical Journal Fact: The organic minerals in tap water represent only 1% of the total mineral
content of the water.
One glass of orange juice contains more beneficial minerals than thirty gallons of untreated tap
water.
Organic, or Bioavailable Minerals
Only after they have passed through the roots of plants do these inorganic minerals become
organic (through photosynthesis) and capable of being assimilated into our tissues as ORGANIC
Minerals.
Pure water removes the inorganic mineral deposits in your body. Organic minerals are fully
absorbed and remain in your tissues.
According to many nutritionists minerals are much easier to assimilate when they come from foods.
Can you imagine going out to your garden for a cup of dirt to eat rather than a nice carrot; or
drinking a whole bathtub of water for LESS calcium than that in 225ml glass of milk?

13. Carbon Filters
Activated Carbon (Granular and Solid Block)
• Granular activated carbon is a well-established technology for the reduction of a wide range of
aesthetic contaminants, and is quite effective in the reduction of some health contaminants such as
volatile organic compounds (benzene, trichloroethylene, and other "petroleum"-based
contaminants.
• Because of its molecular makeup, activated carbon can adsorb well, meaning that it can take in or
collect many organic molecules on its surface. Granular activated carbon filters are typically
inexpensive, and maintenance involves replacing six to twelve cartridges a year, depending on the
quality of the raw water and the filter media.
• Specially designed solid block and precoat activated carbon filters are also available, which are
effective at reducing heavy metals such as lead and mercury. Solid block filters with a pore size
smaller than 0.2 microns are often effective against biological contaminants as well.
Microfiltration
• Microfiltration uses a filter media with a pore size smaller than 0.2 microns to physically prevent
biological contamination from passing through. Ceramic and solid block carbon are commonly used
to provide microfiltration. Ceramic filters have and advantage in that they can often be cleaned and
reused a number of times before they lose effectiveness.
• Carbon block media usually has to be disposed of after each use. This media, however, provides
additional treatment for a variety of other health and aesthetic contaminants (see activated carbon
section). Microfiltration is effective for treating the full range of biological contaminants, including
hard-shelled cysts like Cryptosporidium.

14. Filter Performance
If you have a filter or RO system in your home, you need to check the water it
produces periodically to make sure it's working properly. The performance of RO
systems and filters are measured by the amount of TDS Reduced by the filters and
membranes. The reduction of TDS indicates the reduction of microorganisms and
harmful non-solids such as chlorine and fluorine.
Carbon Filters
• Granular activated carbon filtration is the most common technology used in home
filter systems. Unfortunately, these home systems are often poorly maintained. In
many cases, filters are not cleaned properly, or filter elements are not changed at
appropriate intervals. Over time, effectiveness declines, and in some cases the
contaminants in the overloaded filter actually begin to discharge back into the water.
RO Percentage Rejection
• The effectiveness of an RO unit is characterized by the rejection rate or rejection
percentage.
• The rejection rate is the percent of a contaminant that does not move through, or is
rejected by the membrane. Rejection rates need to be high enough to reduce the
contaminant level in the untreated water to a safe level.
• For example, when the feed water contains 300 ppm TDS, the product water may
have 15 to 30 ppm (95% and 90% rejection ratio respectively).

15. What is Reverse Osmosis (RO)?
The process was first described by a French Scientist in 1748, who noted that
water spontaneously diffused through a pig bladder membrane into
alcohol. Over 200 years later, a modification of this process known as
reverse osmosis allows people throughout the world to affordably convert
undesirable water into water that is virtually free of health or aesthetic
contaminants. Reverse osmosis systems can be found providing treated
water from the kitchen counter in a private residence to installations used
in manned spacecraft.
Reverse Osmosis is a technology that is found virtually anywhere pure water
is needed; common uses include:
• Drinking Water, Humidification, Ice-Making, Car Wash Water Reclamation
• Biomedical Applications, Laboratory
Applications, Photography, Pharmaceutical Production, Kidney Dialysis
• Cosmetics, Animal Feed, Hatcheries
• Restaurants, Greenhouses
• Metal Plating Applications, Wastewater Treatment
• Boiler Water, Battery Water, Semiconductor production

16. Normal Osmosis
A semipermeable membrane, like the membrane of a cell wall or a bladder, is selective
about what it allows to pass through, and what it prevents from passing.
These membranes in general pass water very
easily because of its small molecular size; but also
prevent many other contaminants from passing by
trapping them. Water will typically be present on
both sides of the membrane, with each side
having a different concentration of dissolved
minerals. Since the water is the less concentrated
solution seeks to dilute the more concentrated
solution, water will pass through the membrane
from the lower concentration side to the greater
concentration side. Eventually, osmotic pressure
(seen in the diagram below as the pressure
created by the difference in water levels) will
counter the diffusion process exactly, and an
equilibrium will form.

17. Reverse Osmosis
The process of reverse osmosis forces water with a greater concentration of
contaminants (the source water) into a tank containing water with an
extremely low concentration of contaminants (the processed water).
High water pressure on the source side is used to
"reverse" the natural osmotic process, with the
semi-permeable membrane still permitting the
passage of water while rejecting most of the
other contaminants. The specific process
through which this occurs is called ion
exclusion, in which a concentration of ions at the
membrane surface from a barrier that allows
other water molecules to pass through while
excluding other substances.

18. Flush – RO system
• Even with these advances, the "reject" water on the source
side of a Reverse Osmosis (RO) system must be periodically
flushed in order to keep it from becoming so concentrated
that it forms a scale on the membrane itself.
• RO systems also typically require a carbon prefilter for the
reduction of chlorine, which can damage an RO membrane;
and a sediment prefilter is always required to ensure that
fine suspended materials in the source water do not
permanently clog the membrane.
• Hardness reduction, either through the use of water
softening for residential units or chemical softening for
industrial use, may also be desirable in hard water areas.

19. What Reverse Osmosis Treats?
• Reverse osmosis can treat for a wide variety of health and aesthetic
contaminants. Effectively designed, RO equipment can treat for a wide
variety of aesthetic contaminants that cause unpleasant taste, color,
and odor problems like a salty or soda taste caused by chlorides or
sulfates.
• RO can also be effective for treating health contaminants like arsenic,
asbestos, atrazine (herbicides/pesticides). fluoride, lead, mercury,
nitrate, and radium. When using appropriate carbon prefiltering
(commonly included with most RO systems), additional treatment can
also be provided for such "volatile" contaminants as benzene,
trichloroethylene, trihalomethanes, and radon.
• The Water Quality Association (WQA) cautions, however, that while RO
membranes typically remove virtually all known microorganisms and
most other health contaminants, design considerations may prevent a
unit from offering foolproof protection when incorporated into a
consumer drinking water system.

20. Conclusion
• Reverse osmosis is a relatively new, but very
effective, application of an established
scientific process.
• With continual advances in system and
membrane design that boost efficiency and
reliability, RO can be expected to play a major
role in water treatment for years to come.

21. Water Hardness (and Water Softeners)
Hardness in drinking water is caused by calcium and magnesium - two nontoxic, naturally occuring minerals in
water. Excessive hardness makes it difficult for soap to lather, leaves spots on dishware, reduces water
flow and can cause pipe, valve and drain scaling.
Does hard water really create problems?
• It leaves a residue called hard water scale on all washable surfaces.
• Over a period of time, hard water scale can clog your plumbing which eventually reduces water pressure.
It damages water heaters, dishwashers, washing machines, coffee makers and virtually all appliances
through which water passes. This scale leaves spots or streaks on dishes and glassware, and dulls the look
of clothing, floors, sinks, tubs, and even hair.
• Corrosion often occurs because of highly acidic water that gradually eats away
pipes, appliances, heaters, boilers and air-conditioning units.
How is water hardness treated?
• If you have a hard water problem, your solution could be through a water filtration system such as
Reverse Osmosis (RO) (which will remove most minerals), Distillation (which will remove all minerals) or a
Water Softener. For a whole house, reverse osmosis or other types of filtration are typically more costly
options than a water softener.
Do water softeners remove TDS?
• Water softeners do not remove TDS. Instead, water softeners work through a process of ion
exchange. As water flow through the water softener, it will pass through a resin, bed of small plastic
beads or chemical matrix (called Zeolite) that will exchange the calcium and magnesium ions with sodium
ions (salt). Therefore, the TDS level will remain virtually constant (there may be minor differences).
• Water softeners are designed to "soften" water so that it washes brighter, rinses cleaner and feels much
better.

22. Filtration stages
Single: PP /yarn filter
Removes particles, impurities, rust and dust in the water.
Double: PP filter + granular carbon
The granular carbon filter removes chlorine, taste and odor from the water.
Triple: PP filter + granular carbon + block carbon
The block carbon filter removes suspending particles (Eg. wood pulp) and smell turbidity
(bad smell) in addition to further filtration of chlorine, taste and odor from the water.
UV: Ultra Violet
Rainwater, tanks and wells are unpredictable for bacteria contamination.
UV purification produces germ-free water without the use of chemicals.
Mineral ball:
Helps oxygenate and fortify water. It contains calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium, zinc
and other trace minerals. WHO (World health Organizations) recommends drinking
water with calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, selenium, sodium, potassium
and zinc, all essential to a healthy human body.
RO: Reverse Osmosis

23. What we offer!
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Single Filter
Double Filter
Triple Filter
Double Filter + UV
Triple Filter + UV
Triple Filter + UV + Mineral Ball
Water pot
Shower head
RO systems
Dispenser Holding Tanks (8L) to use with existing
dispensers
• Water Softeners
• Industrial water treatments

24. Price list, warranty, delivery &
marketing materials
• Price list
– BQB will offer 10% discount to cash customers
– 20% for corporate customers
– 30% to staff (dealer price) to encourage sale with in his/her circle.
• warranty
– 2 years as per the manufacturer (T&C apply)
• Delivery
– No delivery or installation
• Marketing materials
– Advertise with news papers (Rivira on 17/11/2013)
– Leaflets will be ready soon

25. Thank you