3. MAKING THE WOR LD GR EENER, ONE ST EP AT A TIME
T
oyota believes in doing what we can “today
for tomorrow”. That belief led to the launch
in 1997 of the world’s first mass-produced
gasoline-electric hybrid car, the Toyota Prius. The Prius
was more than just a revolution in powertrain technology.
It also catalyzed a revolution in consciousness. Sustainable
mobility would never again be merely a dream. It was 3
achievable … if automakers, consumers and governments
wanted it to happen. Here are the many ways Toyota is
working to make the dream come true.
4. INNOVATION FOR SUSTAINABLE MOBILIT Y
B
y providing freedom of mobility for people and
goods, automobiles make people’s lives more
convenient and fulfilling. But automakers
have a responsibility to minimize the negative impact
of automobiles and help achieve sustainable mobility.
Powertrain innovation can contribute to this endeavor in
three ways: 1) by improving fuel efficiency, 2) by making
exhaust emissions cleaner and 3) by supporting energy
4
diversification.
1) Greater E F F I C I E N CY –
Since humans learned to harness fossil fuels to operate
machines, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere has steadily risen. Toyota is developing more
efficient automobile engines and transmissions to help control
CO 2 emissions and mitigate the dangers of global warming.
5. Powertrain innovation can contribute to sustainable mobility in three key ways.
5
2) Greater C LE A N LI N E S S – 3) Greater D I V E R S I T Y –
In Japan and many other countries and regions, air quality As the world’s energy needs escalate, automotive fuels will
has steadily improved since the early 1970s, thanks to also have to diversify in response to soaring petroleum prices,
technological innovation, often in advance of regulatory concern about depletion of petroleum reserves and other
changes. However, there is still room for improvement. The pressures. Alternative fuels, such as biofuels, hydrogen and
entire Toyota Group is working toward this goal. electricity, hold promise for the future.
6. EF FICIENCY
T
ransportation accounts for about 20% of the
world’s CO 2 emissions from energy sources, so
it is critcal for the auto industry to reduce CO 2
emissions. As an automaker, Toyota is striving to raise fuel
economy and thereby help control CO 2 emissions. Hybrid
technology is a core technology in this endeavor.
Worldwide CO2 emissions by sector — 2004
Other
Household 7.0%
12.6%
Power
40.4% generation
19.5%
Transportation
20.5%
Source: IEA/WEO 2006
Industry
7. Toyota technology to reduce CO2
A new generation of engines Efficient & clean diesel technology evolution
Toyota has made significant progress on the
environmental front by introducing the latest engine
(dynamic)
Low
compression
design and electronic control technologies. Beginning ratio
Piezo
injector
Solenoid DPNR/DPR
Efficient & clean gasoline engine evolution injector catalytic
(acceleratioin & power)
converter
Common
Driving performance
rail Low friction New
(dynamic)
engine
Valvematic 5 DOHC Variable series
4-valve nozzle turbo
VVT-iE Cooled EGR
Dual VVT-i
* EGR: exhaust gas recirculation 7
D-4S 4
VVT-i 2
D-4 3 Environmental performance
(acceleration & power)
DOHC (high fuel efficiency and cleaner exhaust emissions)
Driving performance
4-valve
Low-friction New
EFI 1 engine
series
Lean-burn
with the V6 engine developed in 2003, Toyota intends to
Environmental performance
(high fuel efficiency and cleaner exhaust emissions) completely revamp its engine and transmission lineup
1
EFl: electronic fuel injection
2
VVT-i: Variable Valve Timing-intelligent by 2010, to pursue improved fuel efficiency and cleaner
3
D-4: Direct lnjection 4 stroke gasoline engine
4
D-4S: Direct lnjection 4 stroke gasoline engine superior version
5
Valvematic: Combines VVT-i with a new mechanism that continuously controls exhaust emissions.
the intake valve lift volume
8. EF FICIENCY
A new generation of transmissions Efficient transmission evolution
Toyota is enhancing efficiency together with
(dynamic)
“acceleration feel” in multi-range automatic transmissions 8 AT
Integrated
vehicle
such as our 8-speed AT and new CVT (continuously control CVT
6 AT
(acceleration and power)
variable transmission). Low-
Driving performance
5 AT viscosity
ATF* New
ECT-i transmission
series
Flex
Lock-up
8
Environmental performance
(fuel efficiency performance)
* ATF : automatic transmission fl uid
9. Toyota technology to reduce CO2
Powertrain evolution Hybrid technology leads powertrain evolution
Toyota’s engine and transmission technologies seek
(dynamic)
Hybrid system w/
a sophisticated fusion of environmental performance 5.0 liter engine The ultimate
New 4.6 liter V8 powertrain
engine, new 8AT
and driving performance. Hybrid technology has the Hybrid system w/
4.3 liter V8 3.5 liter engine
engine, 6AT
potential to raise this fusion to an even higher level. 3.5 liter V6 Hybrid system w/ Hybrid
engine, 6AT Series
(acceleration & power)
3.3 liter engine
Driving performance
Hybrid system w/ Hybrid system w/
Toyota plans to double its hybrid vehicle lineup by the 3.0 liter inline 6 3.5 liter V6 2.4 liter engine 1.5 liter engine
engine, 5AT engine, 6AT
New 1.8 liter 4 New Series
early 2010s. engine, new CVT 1.0 liter inline 3
3.0 liter V6 engine, CVT
engine, 4AT
Conventional
1.8 liter inline 4 Series
engine, 4AT 1.0 liter inline 4
engine, 4AT 9
Environmental performance
(fuel efficiency and low emissions)
10. EF FICIENCY
Expanding hybrid popularity Environmental performance without sacrifice
Toyota’s hybrid system, as implemented in the
Prius, is a new type of powertrain that combines the
Fuel efficiency Low emissions
advantages of two kinds of power sources: the electric TOYOTA’S
HYBRID
TECHNOLOGY
motor and the gasoline engine. The result is world-
Driving performance Quietness
class performance in terms of the fuel efficiency, clean
emissions, driving excitement and quiet operation
Toyota’s hybrid technology simultaneously achieves outstanding environmental
performance and driving performance
desired in today’s motor vehicles.
10
In May 2007, global cumulative sales of Toyota
hybrid vehicles topped the 1 million mark. Over the
10 years since the Prius was launched in 1997, Toyota
hybrid vehicles have produced approximately 3.5
million tons less CO2 compared with the same class of
gasoline-powered vehicles of similar size and driving
performance (according to Toyota calculations).
11. Toyota technology to reduce CO2
The HYBRID advantage How hybrid technology maximizes efficiency
Hybrid technology is an energy management supplementing
BATTERY
shortage of
+ energy
technology that aims to raise efficiency in every way
possible. Hybrid vehicles recover energy that in storing
unused
ACCELERATION energy recovering
conventional powertrains is lost during deceleration regenerated
energy
Energy
or that appears as surplus energy during cruising.
Engine Shut-Off
Time
Therefore, hybrid technology can significantly raise Engine Shut-Off
gas/petrol engine
operating at maximum
efficiency
efficiency and reduce CO2, while also delivering excellent
- DECELERATION
11
driving performance.
How it works
1 STARTUP 2 NORMAL DRIVING 3 ACCELERATION 4 DECELERATION 5 STOPPING 1 STARTING
Electric motor only Motor and engine Motor and engine (Additional Battery charging Engine automatically Electric motor only
power drawn from batteries) shuts off
12. CLEA NLINESS
C
leaner emissions can be achieved in several ways:
by burning conventional fuels more efficiently, by
implementing technology that removes noxious
substances, and by using energy sources that are clean-burning
or that do not “burn” at all. Toyota’s policy for emissions
reduction is to take appropriate measures based on assessment
of the urban environmental conditions in each country and
each region.
13. Toyota technology to improve air quality
Even cleaner gasoline engines The “clean diesel” challenge
Though much progress has been made in gasoline A major challenge for improving air quality today is
engines, Toyota keeps setting its sights higher. Through cleaning up diesel engine exhaust gases. Toyota D-CAT1
the proactive development and introduction of advanced (Diesel Clean Advanced Technology) with DPNR (Diesel
technologies, Toyota is seeking to improve engine PM and NOx Reduction system) reduces NOx and PM
operation and provide cleaner emissions in today’s and emissions 50% and 90% below EURO4 2, respectively.
1
D-CAT: In 2003, Toyota revolutionized the diesel engine by combining different
tomorrow’s motor vehicles. technologies into a single new integrated concept called Toyota D-CAT
2
EURO4: emissions regulations implemented in EU from 2005
Achieving cleaner gasoline emissions
Achieving cleaner diesel emissions 13
• NOx sensor • Oxidative catalytic converter
• NOx-storage-and-reduction
3-way catalytic converter
• Common rail injection system
(135Mpa)
• Electric air pump
NOx (nitrogen oxides)
• Variable nozzle turbo • Low
compression
NOx, HC, PM
• Cooled EGR* ratio
• Swirl control valve • Common rail
(piezo injector)
• Dual V V T-i* system
(180Mpa)
• DPNR catalytic
converter
• D-4S* • DPR catalytic
converter
low
low
‘95 ‘07 ‘95 ’07
*VV T-i: Variable Valve Timing-intelligent * EGR: exhaust gas recirculation
*D-4S: Direct lnjection 4 stroke gasoline engine superior version NOx: nitrogen oxides HC: hydrocarbons PM: particulate matter
14. CLEA NLINESS
Cleaner fuels
Besides making cleaner-running engines, Toyota
is also working with the energy industry to develop
cleaner fuels.
• Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthetic diesel fuel
Using this ultra-clean GTL (gas-to-liquids) fuel in
Toyota D-CAT enables extremely low emissions with
14
a dramatic reduction of NOx and particulate matter
compared with conventional diesel performance.
To verify the clean potential of FT synthetic diesel, Toyota and
Shell conducted road tests using the Avensis with Toyota D-CAT
technology
15. Toyota technology to improve air quality
The HYBRID advantage About half the CO2 and NOx/HC emissions
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is always produced when an Prius produces about 55% less CO2 and nearly half
engine burns gasoline. Other emissions are carbon the NOx/HC of other cars of the same class equipped with
monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and hydrocarbons emissions control devices.*
(HC).* Hybrid technology addresses this issue in three * For Prius of 1,260kg or less kerb weight, driving under specifi c testing conditions.
ways: (1) outstanding fuel efficiency, to use less fuel and
thereby produce less CO2 and other emissions; (2)
cleaner combustion, to suppress generation
15
of CO, NOx and HC; and (3) by employing
various devices to clean the exhaust
gases. As a result, hybrid technology
achieves exhaust emissions that are
among the cleanest in the world.
* CO2 is recognized worldwide as a factor in global warming; CO/NOx can be harmful to
health if inhaled; NOx/HC are factors in the production of photochemical smog; NOx is
one of the substances in acid rain.
16. DIV ERSIT Y
I
n the short term, we must conserve oil as the mainstream
transportation fuel. Over the medium and long term,
however, energy sources will gradually diversify, so we
must begin now to develop technologies that support the most
promising of these.
17. Toyota technology to support alternative fuels
Automotive fuel diversification allow all its gasoline engines to run reliably on gasoline
with 10 percent bio-ethanol content. Toyota began
Primary
energy source Automotive fuels
selling 100% bio-ethanol-compatible Corolla flex-fuel
Oil Gasoline, diesel
vehicles (FFV) in Brazil in 2007 and is planning to launch
Synthetic fuels
Natural gas (FT synthetic diesel, etc.)
a Tundra FFV in the U.S. market in 2008. Together with
Biofuels
Coal
Gaseous fuels Nippon Oil Corporation, Toyota is also developing new
(CNG)
Biomass
Hydrogen biodiesel fuel technology.
Solar, wind,
hydro, nuclear Electricity
17
Synthetic fuel
Automotive energy sources will diversify along with primary Synthetic gas-to-liquid (GTL) fuel can be derived
energy diversification. Technological development must take into
account the merits and demerits of each type of alternative fuel from natural gas and supplied as a diesel blend or clean
alternative to diesel fuel. Toyota believes that Fischer-
Biofuel Tropsch (FT) synthetic diesel is the appropriate choice
The term “biofuel” refers to automotive fuels made among the GTL technology options. It is sulfur free and
from plant sources such as sugarcane. Biofuels can aroma free and has a high cetane rating.
help reduce CO2 emissions and control fossil-fuel
consumption. Toyota already has the technology to
18. DIV ERSIT Y
Hydrogen the Toyota FCHV achieved -30°C startup; in 2007, it
Hydrogen can be made from a variety of raw drove 560 kilometers, from Osaka to Tokyo, without
materials and does not produce any CO2 when refueling. As R&D continues, Toyota is accelerating
it is consumed as a fuel. The need for a refueling toward FCHV vehicle popularization.
infrastructure is one of several issues that must be
addressed if hydrogen is to gain wider use. Since 2002, Electricity
Toyota has leased the Toyota FCHV (fuel-cell hybrid An adequate supply of electricity can be generated
vehicle), the first-ever market-ready fuel cell vehicle, from a wide variety of sources. Besides providing clean
18
in the U.S. and Japan. Toyota has also overcome the operation, electricity offers potential cost advantages.
issues of sub-zero startup and cruising range: In 2006, As battery technology progresses, vehicles using
electricity will become an increasingly viable alternative,
particularly in urban areas.
FCHV can start up at -30ºC
19. Toyota technology to support alternative fuels
CNG The HYBRID advantage
Compressed natural gas (CNG) is a clean and Hybrid technology can help maximize the merits of
efficient fuel with low CO2 and noxious emissions all energy sources, whether they are conventional fuels
discharge characteristics. such as gasoline and diesel or alternative fuels such as
bio-ethanol, hydrogen and electricity.
19
Dyna CNG truck introduced in Japan
20. F UT UR E T ECH NOLOGY
T
o make the dream of the “ultimate eco-car” a
practical reality as soon as possible, Toyota is
developing innovative technologies for the future.
21. Doing what we can today for the earth of tomorrow
Fuel-cells Zero emissions?
Toyota’s FCHV is one of the most tantalizing A fuel cell makes electricity by combining hydrogen
combinations of hybrid technology and alternative and oxygen in a chemical reaction. Since the fuel cell
energy. The Toyota Group is pursuing the development generates electricity without hydrogen combustion, it
and commercialization of fuel-cell technology for is both clean and extremely efficient. In principle, a fuel
passenger cars, buses and other applications. cell produces no CO2 or harmful emissions; its only by-
product is water.
Passenger car
TOYOTA-FCHV
Bus Fixed location Hybrid systems of Prius and Toyota FCHV
FCHV-BUS Residential fuel cell 21
(Hino Motors, Ltd.) cogeneration system
(Aisin Seiki Co. Ltd.)
Prius Toyota FCHV
Hybrid vehicle Fuel cell hybrid vehicle
Mini-vehicle Industrial vehicle
MOVE FCV-K-II Toyota FC Stack FCHV-F
(Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd.) (Toyota Industries Corporation)
Engine Fuel cell
Power Power
control unit control unit
Battery Battery
Toyota Group companies cooperate in fuel-cell technology R&D Motor Motor
22. F UT UR E T ECH NOLOGY Doing what we can today for the earth of tomorrow
Plug-in hybrid Innovation toward commercialization
A plug-in hybrid vehicle operates as an electric Acceptance of plug-in hybrids depends on
vehicle (EV) mainly for short trips around town. But for extending their EV mode cruising range and energy
longer trips and high-speed driving, it operates as a saving performance. Therefore, Toyota is seeking
conventional gasoline-electric hybrid vehicle (HV). It can innovations in battery technology that can raise energy
be recharged at night using ordinary household current. capacity and output while reducing size and weight.
Plug-in hybrids can be expected to help improve local
Plug-in hybrid vehicle —
air quality, not to mention reducing CO2 output. an overview
22
In 2007, Toyota began testing its plug-in hybrid
vehicle prototype on public roads in Japan, Europe and
North America as a step toward commercial feasibility.
EV (mainly battery) mode used for HV (battery plus engine) mode used for
short distances: long distances:
CO2 emissions are nearly zero High fuel efficiency
Battery Recharging Household
circuit electricity
Battery recharged
mainly at night
23. HYBRID T ECH NOLOGY Multiple pathways to the ultimate eco-car
Hybrid is a core technology Toward the ultimate eco-car
for the 21st century
Ultimate Eco-Car
O
n the way to the ultimate eco-car, Toyota is
Alternative fuel HV FCHV
developing innovative technologies for the Diesel HV
Plug-in HV
THSII
future while continuously improving the Hybrid Technology
Biofuels
D-4
mainstream technologies of today. In this way, Toyota aims DPNR
Synthetic fuels
Lean burn EV
to satisfy the diverse needs of customers around the world CNG
Common rail DI
VVT-i
23
and simultaneously bring us closer to sustainable mobility.
Alternative fuel Diesel Gasoline Electrical
engines engines engines energy
Hybrid technology plays a key role in this endeavor as a core
CNG: compressed natural gas
technology for the 21st century that can be applied to all types DPNR: Diesel Particulate - NOx Reduction System
THSII: Toyota Hybrid System II
of powertrains. D-4: Direct Injection 4-stroke gasoline engine
V VT-i: Variable Valve Timing-intelligent
FCHV: fuel cell hybrid vehicle
EV: electric vehicle
DI: direct injection
Toyota is developing hybrid technology as a core
technology applicable to all powertrains
24. Toyota Motor Corporation positions global environmental preservation as one of its priority management issues in terms of corporate social responsibility. TMC is
continuing to enhance its development of environmentally friendly vehicles and environmental technologies as it strives to deliver technologies and products that contribute
to realizing sustainable mobility. TMC is also working to actively implement measures in accordance with its basic environmental policy, the Toyota Earth Charter, and in
line with the Toyota Environmental Action Plan, which sets out specifi c medium and long-term activity targets.
For further details, please visit www.toyota.co.jp/en
This publication is printed on unbleached 100% recycled paper with 70% brightness.
Printing with soy ink reduces the use of petroleum-based solvents. Furthermore, the use
of volatile organic compounds is minimized and no heavy metals such as lead, mercury or
cadmium are used.
Printed in Japan, October 2007
Global External Affairs Division
TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION
