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Allan Chao
Startup Consultant
Startup V8
allan@startupv8.com

UC Berkeley Extension, Summer 2012
Question of the day:
How much does it cost to raise money?
The Agenda
 Quiz
 Quick review of last session



 Startup Legal Issues
 Finance and Incubation
 Guest Speaker: Justin Hovey (attorney)
 Guest Speaker: Jorden Woods (fundraising consultant)
Quiz Time

  Good luck!

10 minutes max
Quick review of prior material
 Positioning and Targeting               Pay-per-click (PPC)
        Demographics                          Google Adwords
      Psychographics                     Social Media (SM)
      Segmenting                              Blogging, Twitter
                                          Public Relations (PR)
 Value Proposition / Unique Selling
                                          Launch Strategy
  Proposition
                                          Analytics
 Differentiation
                                          Virality
 Competitors
                                          Offline Marketing
        MySpace vs Facebook                   “on-the-ground” campaigns
 First Mover Advantage                        Events
        Risk and myth                         Traditional marketing
                                                   TV, radio, magazines
 Niche                                        Referrals
 Critical Mass                           Revenue vs Profit
 Two-sided markets                       Business Models: B2C, B2SMB, B2E
                                          Revenue Models
 Source Data Analysis
                                          Advertising
 Conversion Funnels
                                          Subscription Models
   Search Engine Optimization (SEO)
        Organic                               Freemium
        Techniques                            Churn rate
        Blackhat marketing               Product Market Fit
                                          Pivot
Class 9: Introduction to web technology entrepreneurship
Most common Legal Issues
 Non-disclosure Agreement (NDA)


 Contracts
    With cofounders, employees, vendors, customers,
     clients, etc.

 Incorporation


 General advice
NDA
 Non-disclosure Agreement
   Most commonly “Mutual Non-disclosure Agreement”
   Used for protecting your ideas and execution
   Tends to be overused by novice entrepreneurs


 Most professionals in the startup environment do not
 sign NDAs unless there is another agreement in effect
   Investors
   Consultants
   Contractors
5 Legal Entities to do Business
 Non Incorporated:
   Sole Proprietorship
   Partnership


 Incorporated
    C-Corporation
    LLC
    S-Corporation
Non-incorporation (not companies)
 Sole Proprietorship
    Individual doing something.
    Requires minimal paperwork
    Taxes apply to individual
    Personal liability
 Partnership
    A few partners with equal ownership of the company
    Requires much less paperwork than incorporation
    Taxes apply to partners
    Personal liability for all partners
Benefits of Incorporation
 More “formal” and professional
 Make purchases on behalf of the company, without
  giving out personal information
 Liability shield
   Company is liable, avoid personal liability
 Clear ownership and rules of rights and
 responsibilities
   E.g. reporting requirements
 Raising money from investors
 Lasts longer than the owners
Types of Incorporation
 LLC
    The “simplest” legal entity
    No stock, no shares, only “members”, loosely organized
    Very poor organizational structure for investors
    Pass-through taxation
 C-Corporation
    The “most organized” legal entity
    Company owned by stock and shares. Clear rights and ownership.
    Best organizational structure for investors.
    Double taxation
 S-Corporation
    Similar to C-corporation
    Limited number and types of shareholders
    Pass-through taxation
Shares
 Company is owned by its shareholders
    Shares give voting rights for major issues
    Profits distributed according to shares
 E.g. 1,000,000 shares outstanding (100% of ownership)
    Founder 1: 400,000 shares
    Founder 2: 400,000 shares
    200,000 shares reserved for first round of investors

 Common Stock
    Standard ownership and voting rights
 Preferred Stock
    Many variants, e.g. first pay-out in case of closure or acquisition
    This is one of the causes for the “how high are you aiming” issue
 Stock options
    Used for less important employees, option to buy stock at a low strike
     price. No ownership yet, so no voting rights.
Vesting
 Vesting
    “vest” fraction of shares each month over time
    Usually 4 years (1-yr cliff) for employees
    Usually 2 years (no cliff) for advisors
    No vesting for investors
 E.g. 1,000,000 shares (100% of ownership)
    Founder 1: 400,000 shares vesting over 4 years
    Founder 2: 400,000 shares vesting over 4 years
    200,000 shares reserved for first round of investors
 Founder 1 vesting example
    After 1-11 months: no ownership
    After 12 months: 100,000 shares (reached cliff)
    After 13 months: 108,333 shares (1/48th per month)
    After 48 months: 400,000 shares (fully vested)
Dilution
 Dilution
    After all outstanding shares have been distributed
    In order to raise money, create new shares and issue them to next
     round of investors
    All existing shareholders get diluted
 Started with 1,000,000 shares (100% of ownership)
    Original
         Founder 1: 400,000 shares = 40%
         Founder 2: 400,000 shares = 40%
         Seed investors: 200,000 shares = 20%
    E.g. 700,000 shares created for Series A
         Founder 1: 400,000/1,700,000 = 23.5%
         Founder 2: 400,000/1,700,000 = 23.5%
         Seed investors: 200,000/1,700,000 = 11.7%
         Series A investors: 500,000/1,700,000 = 29.4%
         ISO pool: 200,000/1,700,000 = 11.7%
Patents
 When is the right
 time to file a patent?



 Patent Trolls
Class 9: Introduction to web technology entrepreneurship
Methods of Financing a startup
 “organic” growth versus “land-grab” growth
    How high are you aiming?


 Personal Wealth
 Debt Financing
    Bank loans are very unlikely because startups fail
    Personal loans are much more common
        Frequently in the form of convertible debt
 Equity Financing
    Venture capital
Equity Financing
 Goal = Give away significant ownership of your
  company to raise money and bring on talent.
 Founders
   Very generally, founders start with an equal split 50-50
    or 33-33-33
   More complicated ways to calculate… google “founder
    equity calculator”
   Thinking that the idea is worth significantly more (e.g.
    80-20) shows inexperience and lack of understanding
 Capitalization tables to predict effects of dilution
 Employees expect to get vesting stock
Equity Fundraising Rounds
 Friends and Family $50-250k
    Convertible notes
 Angels up to $1 M
 Super angels up to $2.5 M
 VCs Series A $3+ M
 Normally 2-3 rounds… ABC exit.
 Rounds DEF = “cramdown” rounds… bad terms

 The one goal of investors is to exit. $$$$$
Convertible Notes
 Basically, straight debt that has a maturity date
 If the startup raises venture capital, the debt “converts” into
  equity
 The conversion rate is based on the valuation at the time of
  venture capital, with some discount for the additional risk

 Convertible notes are easy (fewer terms, less paperwork),
  and do not require valuation of the company
 Most commonly used with Friends and Family and Angel
  investors.
Investors want to Exit
 Option 1: IPO = Initial public offering
   Makes the most money ($1 billion +)
   Hardest to do (very few companies make it this far)
   Notables: Facebook, Groupon, LinkedIN
 Option 2: Acquisition
   Usually makes less money ($10 million - $1 billion)
   “Easier” to do
   Notables: YouTube (Google), Skype (Microsoft), Instagram
    (FB)
 Option 3: “Lifestyle business”
   Makes the least money (recurring “passive” income of <$1 M)
   “Easiest” to do
   No angel or VC investor will invest in a lifestyle business. 
   Notables: 4-hour workweek
The Startup Lifecycle




   http://www.netvalley.com/silicon_valley/Legal_Bridge_From_El_Dorado_to_Silicon_Valley.html
Venture Capital history




http://techowtest.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/historyofstartupsandbubbles1.png
Equity Financing caveats
 Takes a long, long, long time to raise money.
 Very involved process
 Prepare to spend money to raise money
    Preparation workshops
    Preparing Presentations
    Flights to investors
    Dinner
 Beware of losing your company
 Term sheets must be reviewed by your lawyer!
Tools for calculating equity
 Equity Calculator
    Determining equity split between founders
    http://foundrs.com/calculator/index.php


 Capitalization Tables
    http://www.askventure.com/download-sample-share-cap-
     table-template-of-a-venture-capital-term-sheet/

 Dilution Calculators
    http://www.ownyourventure.com/equitySim.html
    http://hackfwd.com/dilution
Alternative Financing
 Crowd Funding
    Kickstarter.com
    Rockethub
 Competitions / Grants
 Solo Funding
    Bank loans unlikely
    Second mortgage
    Credit cards!!??
 Start eating ramen noodles 
Incubation
 Programs that help entrepreneurs get started on their
 projects in exchange for 5-10% equity
   Very small seed capital ($20,000)
   Networking and relationship building
   Presentations to angel investors
 Application based… very competitive (internationally)
Incubator Examples
 Incubators
    Y-combinator (Mountain View, CA)
    Techstars (Boulder, CO)
    Excelerate Labs (Chicago, IL)
 Graduates of Incubators
    Dropbox
    Scribd
    Reddit
    Justin.tv
    Posterous
Crunchbase, AngelList
 Crunchbase
    Useful for finding funding status of startups
    http://crunchbase.com/


 AngelList
    Useful for finding info about individual investors
    http://angel.co/
Class 9: Introduction to web technology entrepreneurship
Justin Hovey Bio
 Mr. Hovey focuses on venture financings, mergers and
 acquisitions and corporate and securities matters.

 Mr. Hovey's practice includes advising entrepreneurs
 and start-up companies, venture capital financings,
 mergers and acquisitions and initial public offerings as
 well as counseling public companies in securities and
 compliance matters. Mr. Hovey’s startup practice
 focuses primarily on companies in the gaming, social
 media, online advertising and entertainment space.
Questions to ask Justin
 When should a startup incorporate?
 How can cofounders protect themselves from bad
  breakups?
 What do you think about using LegalZoom to
  incorporate?
 What’s the most common legal problem that startups
  face?
 What’s the difference between a good attorney and a
  great attorney?
Jorden Woods Bio
 Jorden Woods is a Silicon Valley serial entrepreneur who
  has founded and led 3 IT-focused companies over the last
  12 years: two enterprise software companies and a
  management consultancy. He very much enjoys working
  with entrepreneurs and fast-paced high-tech companies in
  either a consulting or operational capacity.
 As a Silicon Valley serial entrepreneur he has significant
  experience in the areas of mobile/wireless solutions, Web
  2.0/3.0, online/mobile video gaming, enterprise software,
  networking, medical software/devices, Ajax/RIA
  technologies, and globalization.
Questions to ask Jorden
 What are the most common fundraising issues that
    startups face?
   What are investors looking for in entrepreneurs and
    startups?
   What’s the best way for an entrepreneur with a
    qualified startup to find investors?
   What is the process of raising money and how long
    does it take?
   What are the personal liabilities for an entrepreneur
    who receives funding for his company?
Class 9: Introduction to web technology entrepreneurship
Homework



   (Team) Prepare your Final Presentation
Final Project Presentations
 Present your startup to an investment firm
    Target a 15 minute presentation
        Pitch deck
          Business plan

          Demo (wireframes, mockups?)

          How far you’ve gotten in your project (code, deployed?)

    5-10 minutes of questions and discussions


 Alternative Final Project Presentation
    15 minutes about a startup case study or research subject

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Class 9: Introduction to web technology entrepreneurship

  • 1. Allan Chao Startup Consultant Startup V8 allan@startupv8.com UC Berkeley Extension, Summer 2012
  • 2. Question of the day: How much does it cost to raise money?
  • 3. The Agenda  Quiz  Quick review of last session  Startup Legal Issues  Finance and Incubation  Guest Speaker: Justin Hovey (attorney)  Guest Speaker: Jorden Woods (fundraising consultant)
  • 4. Quiz Time Good luck! 10 minutes max
  • 5. Quick review of prior material  Positioning and Targeting  Pay-per-click (PPC)  Demographics  Google Adwords  Psychographics  Social Media (SM)  Segmenting  Blogging, Twitter  Public Relations (PR)  Value Proposition / Unique Selling  Launch Strategy Proposition  Analytics  Differentiation  Virality  Competitors  Offline Marketing  MySpace vs Facebook  “on-the-ground” campaigns  First Mover Advantage  Events  Risk and myth  Traditional marketing  TV, radio, magazines  Niche  Referrals  Critical Mass  Revenue vs Profit  Two-sided markets  Business Models: B2C, B2SMB, B2E  Revenue Models  Source Data Analysis  Advertising  Conversion Funnels  Subscription Models  Search Engine Optimization (SEO)  Organic  Freemium  Techniques  Churn rate  Blackhat marketing  Product Market Fit  Pivot
  • 7. Most common Legal Issues  Non-disclosure Agreement (NDA)  Contracts  With cofounders, employees, vendors, customers, clients, etc.  Incorporation  General advice
  • 8. NDA  Non-disclosure Agreement  Most commonly “Mutual Non-disclosure Agreement”  Used for protecting your ideas and execution  Tends to be overused by novice entrepreneurs  Most professionals in the startup environment do not sign NDAs unless there is another agreement in effect  Investors  Consultants  Contractors
  • 9. 5 Legal Entities to do Business  Non Incorporated:  Sole Proprietorship  Partnership  Incorporated  C-Corporation  LLC  S-Corporation
  • 10. Non-incorporation (not companies)  Sole Proprietorship  Individual doing something.  Requires minimal paperwork  Taxes apply to individual  Personal liability  Partnership  A few partners with equal ownership of the company  Requires much less paperwork than incorporation  Taxes apply to partners  Personal liability for all partners
  • 11. Benefits of Incorporation  More “formal” and professional  Make purchases on behalf of the company, without giving out personal information  Liability shield  Company is liable, avoid personal liability  Clear ownership and rules of rights and responsibilities  E.g. reporting requirements  Raising money from investors  Lasts longer than the owners
  • 12. Types of Incorporation  LLC  The “simplest” legal entity  No stock, no shares, only “members”, loosely organized  Very poor organizational structure for investors  Pass-through taxation  C-Corporation  The “most organized” legal entity  Company owned by stock and shares. Clear rights and ownership.  Best organizational structure for investors.  Double taxation  S-Corporation  Similar to C-corporation  Limited number and types of shareholders  Pass-through taxation
  • 13. Shares  Company is owned by its shareholders  Shares give voting rights for major issues  Profits distributed according to shares  E.g. 1,000,000 shares outstanding (100% of ownership)  Founder 1: 400,000 shares  Founder 2: 400,000 shares  200,000 shares reserved for first round of investors  Common Stock  Standard ownership and voting rights  Preferred Stock  Many variants, e.g. first pay-out in case of closure or acquisition  This is one of the causes for the “how high are you aiming” issue  Stock options  Used for less important employees, option to buy stock at a low strike price. No ownership yet, so no voting rights.
  • 14. Vesting  Vesting  “vest” fraction of shares each month over time  Usually 4 years (1-yr cliff) for employees  Usually 2 years (no cliff) for advisors  No vesting for investors  E.g. 1,000,000 shares (100% of ownership)  Founder 1: 400,000 shares vesting over 4 years  Founder 2: 400,000 shares vesting over 4 years  200,000 shares reserved for first round of investors  Founder 1 vesting example  After 1-11 months: no ownership  After 12 months: 100,000 shares (reached cliff)  After 13 months: 108,333 shares (1/48th per month)  After 48 months: 400,000 shares (fully vested)
  • 15. Dilution  Dilution  After all outstanding shares have been distributed  In order to raise money, create new shares and issue them to next round of investors  All existing shareholders get diluted  Started with 1,000,000 shares (100% of ownership)  Original  Founder 1: 400,000 shares = 40%  Founder 2: 400,000 shares = 40%  Seed investors: 200,000 shares = 20%  E.g. 700,000 shares created for Series A  Founder 1: 400,000/1,700,000 = 23.5%  Founder 2: 400,000/1,700,000 = 23.5%  Seed investors: 200,000/1,700,000 = 11.7%  Series A investors: 500,000/1,700,000 = 29.4%  ISO pool: 200,000/1,700,000 = 11.7%
  • 16. Patents  When is the right time to file a patent?  Patent Trolls
  • 18. Methods of Financing a startup  “organic” growth versus “land-grab” growth  How high are you aiming?  Personal Wealth  Debt Financing  Bank loans are very unlikely because startups fail  Personal loans are much more common  Frequently in the form of convertible debt  Equity Financing  Venture capital
  • 19. Equity Financing  Goal = Give away significant ownership of your company to raise money and bring on talent.  Founders  Very generally, founders start with an equal split 50-50 or 33-33-33  More complicated ways to calculate… google “founder equity calculator”  Thinking that the idea is worth significantly more (e.g. 80-20) shows inexperience and lack of understanding  Capitalization tables to predict effects of dilution  Employees expect to get vesting stock
  • 20. Equity Fundraising Rounds  Friends and Family $50-250k  Convertible notes  Angels up to $1 M  Super angels up to $2.5 M  VCs Series A $3+ M  Normally 2-3 rounds… ABC exit.  Rounds DEF = “cramdown” rounds… bad terms  The one goal of investors is to exit. $$$$$
  • 21. Convertible Notes  Basically, straight debt that has a maturity date  If the startup raises venture capital, the debt “converts” into equity  The conversion rate is based on the valuation at the time of venture capital, with some discount for the additional risk  Convertible notes are easy (fewer terms, less paperwork), and do not require valuation of the company  Most commonly used with Friends and Family and Angel investors.
  • 22. Investors want to Exit  Option 1: IPO = Initial public offering  Makes the most money ($1 billion +)  Hardest to do (very few companies make it this far)  Notables: Facebook, Groupon, LinkedIN  Option 2: Acquisition  Usually makes less money ($10 million - $1 billion)  “Easier” to do  Notables: YouTube (Google), Skype (Microsoft), Instagram (FB)  Option 3: “Lifestyle business”  Makes the least money (recurring “passive” income of <$1 M)  “Easiest” to do  No angel or VC investor will invest in a lifestyle business.   Notables: 4-hour workweek
  • 23. The Startup Lifecycle  http://www.netvalley.com/silicon_valley/Legal_Bridge_From_El_Dorado_to_Silicon_Valley.html
  • 25. Equity Financing caveats  Takes a long, long, long time to raise money.  Very involved process  Prepare to spend money to raise money  Preparation workshops  Preparing Presentations  Flights to investors  Dinner  Beware of losing your company  Term sheets must be reviewed by your lawyer!
  • 26. Tools for calculating equity  Equity Calculator  Determining equity split between founders  http://foundrs.com/calculator/index.php  Capitalization Tables  http://www.askventure.com/download-sample-share-cap- table-template-of-a-venture-capital-term-sheet/  Dilution Calculators  http://www.ownyourventure.com/equitySim.html  http://hackfwd.com/dilution
  • 27. Alternative Financing  Crowd Funding  Kickstarter.com  Rockethub  Competitions / Grants  Solo Funding  Bank loans unlikely  Second mortgage  Credit cards!!??  Start eating ramen noodles 
  • 28. Incubation  Programs that help entrepreneurs get started on their projects in exchange for 5-10% equity  Very small seed capital ($20,000)  Networking and relationship building  Presentations to angel investors  Application based… very competitive (internationally)
  • 29. Incubator Examples  Incubators  Y-combinator (Mountain View, CA)  Techstars (Boulder, CO)  Excelerate Labs (Chicago, IL)  Graduates of Incubators  Dropbox  Scribd  Reddit  Justin.tv  Posterous
  • 30. Crunchbase, AngelList  Crunchbase  Useful for finding funding status of startups  http://crunchbase.com/  AngelList  Useful for finding info about individual investors  http://angel.co/
  • 32. Justin Hovey Bio  Mr. Hovey focuses on venture financings, mergers and acquisitions and corporate and securities matters. Mr. Hovey's practice includes advising entrepreneurs and start-up companies, venture capital financings, mergers and acquisitions and initial public offerings as well as counseling public companies in securities and compliance matters. Mr. Hovey’s startup practice focuses primarily on companies in the gaming, social media, online advertising and entertainment space.
  • 33. Questions to ask Justin  When should a startup incorporate?  How can cofounders protect themselves from bad breakups?  What do you think about using LegalZoom to incorporate?  What’s the most common legal problem that startups face?  What’s the difference between a good attorney and a great attorney?
  • 34. Jorden Woods Bio  Jorden Woods is a Silicon Valley serial entrepreneur who has founded and led 3 IT-focused companies over the last 12 years: two enterprise software companies and a management consultancy. He very much enjoys working with entrepreneurs and fast-paced high-tech companies in either a consulting or operational capacity.  As a Silicon Valley serial entrepreneur he has significant experience in the areas of mobile/wireless solutions, Web 2.0/3.0, online/mobile video gaming, enterprise software, networking, medical software/devices, Ajax/RIA technologies, and globalization.
  • 35. Questions to ask Jorden  What are the most common fundraising issues that startups face?  What are investors looking for in entrepreneurs and startups?  What’s the best way for an entrepreneur with a qualified startup to find investors?  What is the process of raising money and how long does it take?  What are the personal liabilities for an entrepreneur who receives funding for his company?
  • 37. Homework  (Team) Prepare your Final Presentation
  • 38. Final Project Presentations  Present your startup to an investment firm  Target a 15 minute presentation  Pitch deck  Business plan  Demo (wireframes, mockups?)  How far you’ve gotten in your project (code, deployed?)  5-10 minutes of questions and discussions  Alternative Final Project Presentation  15 minutes about a startup case study or research subject