OPTIMAL UNTUK STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI SEL
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Sel adalah unit terkecil dari makhluk hidup yang dapat berfungsi secara mandiri. Dokumen ini membahas struktur dan fungsi sel hewan dan tumbuhan, yang terdiri atas membran sel, sitoplasma, nukleus, organel-organel seperti retikulum endoplasma, badan golgi, mitokondria, dan kloroplas. Sel tumbuhan memiliki kloroplas untuk melakukan fotosintesis.
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OPTIMAL UNTUK STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI SEL
- 2. KELOMPOK 4 Alan Permana Anggi Rizky Ws Aulia Utami Gita Dessia Miranda Tria Marisa
- 4. SEL HEWAN
- 5. SEL TUMBUHAN
- 6. 1. Pengertian Sel Sel adalah unit terkecil dari makhluk hidup yang masih dapat menjalankan fungsinya. Sel disebut sebagai unit terkecil karena tidak dapat dibagi-bagi lagi menjadi bagian yang lebih kecil yang berdiri sendiri. Secara struktural, tubuh makhluk hidup tersusun atas sel-sel. Secara fungsional, tubuh makhluk hidup dapat menyelenggarakan kehidupan jika sel-sel penyusun itu berfungsi. Sel mengandung materi genetik, yaitu materi penentu sifat-sifat makhluk hidup. Dengan adanya materi genetik, sifat makhluk hidup dapat di wariskan kepada keturunan.
- 7. 2. Sejarah Penemuan Sel a) Robert Hooke Pada tahun 1665, mengamati sayatan gabus dari batang Quercus suber menggunakan mikroskop. Ia menemukan adanya ruang-ruang kosong yang dibatasi dinding tebal dalam pengamatannya. Robert Hooke menyebut ruang ruang kosong tersebut dengan istilah cellulae artinya sel. Sel yang ditemukan Robert Hooke merupakan sel-sel gabus yang telah mati. b) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Merancang sebuah mikroskop kecil berlensa tunggal. Mikroskop itu digunakan untuk mengamati air rendaman jerami. Ia menemukan organisme yang bergerak-gerak di dalam air, yang kemudian disebut bakteri. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek merupakan orang pertama yang menemukan sel hidup.
- 8. 3. Komponen Kimiawi Sel a) Karbohidrat • Karbohidrat seringkali disebut sakarida, karena terdiri dari rantai molekul glukosa yang disebut monosakarida. • Dua molekul monosakarida saling berkaitan disebut disakarida. • Bebarapa buah disakarida dan trisakarida membentuk polisakarida.Polisakarida merupakan untaian monosakarida yang sangat panjang. Untaian ini dapat lurus maupun bercabang-cabang
- 9. 3. Komponen Kimiawi Sel b) Protein • Protein tersusun atas unsur : C ( karbon ), H ( hidrogen ) dan O ( oksigen ) dan N( nitrogen ) . Protein merupakan polipeptida atau biopolimer yang tersusun atas asam amino. Ada sekitar 20 macam asam amino sebagai unit dasar penyusun protein . Asam amino sifatnya larut dalam air , dapat dikristalkan , mempunyai titik didih yang tinggi dan dapat bersifat asam atau basa • Protein berfungsi sebagai penyusun struktural sel, penyimpanan, transportasi, pengiriman signal, pergerakan, proteksi serta dapat pula berfungsi sebagai katalisator untuk mempercepat terjadinya reaksi di dalam sel.
- 10. 3. Komponen Kimiawi Sel c) Lemak (lipid) • Merupakan senyawa yang tersusun atas unsur C ( karbon ), H ( hidrogen ) dan O ( oksigen ). Lemak tersusun atas senyawa gliserol dan asam lemak yang merupakan unit dasar penyusun lemak. • sifat lemak diantaranya tidak larut dalam air, densitas atau kerapatanna lebih rendah dari air , memiliki viskositas atau kekentalan yang tinggi. • Contoh lemak adalah trigliserida, fosfolipid, steroid • Fungsi lemak antara lain penyusun membran sel bersama-sama dengan protein, penyusun hormon kelamin pria seperti testosteron
- 11. 3. Komponen Kimiawi Sel d) Asam Nukleat • Asam nukleat merupakan suatu polimer yang tersusun atas monomer-monomer yang disebut dengan nukleotida. • Fungsi utama nukleotida adalah penyimpan informasi (DNA), sintesisn protein (RNA), dan transfer energi (ATP and NAD). • Nukleotida mengandung gula, basa nitrogen, dan fosfat. Gula berupa ribose atau deoksi ribose. • Terdapat lima macam basa nitrogen. Purin (Adenin dan Guanin) memiliki struktur cincin ganda, sedangkan pirimidin (sitosine, Timin dan Urasil) merupakan cincin tunggal.
- 12. 4. Stuktur dan Fungsi Sel a) Membran Sel Membran Sel Tersusun atas lapisan lipoprotein gabungan lemak dan protein perbandingan 50:50. Lipid yang menyusun membran adalah pospolipid yang bersifat hidrofilik dan sterol yang bersifat hidrofobik. Protein yang terdapat pada permukaan luar dan dalam membran sel disebut protein ekstrinsik yang bersifat hidrofobik. Sedangkan protein yang ada dan menembus kedua lapis lipid disebut protein intrinsik yang bersifat hidrofobik. Membran sel bersifat semi permiabel. Berikut ini sifat sifat membran sel: • Pembatas antara isi sel dengan bagian luar sel • Sebagai pelindung sel • Sebagai tempat pertukaran zat • Sebagai reseptor dari rangsang luar • sebagai tempat berlangsungnya reaksi-readsi kimia.
- 13. 4. Stuktur dan Fungsi Sel Struktur membran sel
- 14. 4. Stuktur dan Fungsi Sel b) Sitoplasma Sitoplasma artinya plasma sel, yakni cairan yang berada di dalam sel selain nukleoplasma (plasma inti). Sitoplasma tersusun atas cairan dan padatan. Cairan sitoplasma disebut sitosol. Padatan sitoplasma adalah organel-organel. Sitosol tersusun atas air, protein, asam amino,vitamin, nukleotida, asam lemak, gula, dan ion-ion. Sitosol disebut pula matriks sitoplasma.
- 15. 4. Stuktur dan Fungsi Sel c) Nukleus (inti sel) • Organel terbesar yang berada di dalam sel • Di dalamnya terdapat: 1.Nukleolus(anak inti) :menyintesis berbagai macam molekul RNA yang digunakan dalam perakitan ribosom. 2.Nukleuplasma(cairan inti) : zat yang tersusun dari protein. 3.Kromosom : untuk menyampaikan informasi genetik melalui sintesis protein. • Fungsi : 1. Mengendalikan seluruh kegiatan sel, misalnya metabolisme. 2. Mengeluarkan RNA dan unit ribosom dari inti ke sitoplasma. 3. Mengatur pembelahan sel. 4. Membawa informasi genetik.
- 16. 4. Stuktur dan Fungsi Sel d) Badan Mikro Disebut badan mikro karena ukurannya kecil, hanya bergaris tengah 0,3-1,5um. Badan mikro terdiri dari : • Retikulum Endoplasma 1. Fungsi : Sebagai penampung sintesis protein, untuk disalurkan ke kompleks golgi dan akhirnya dikeluarkan dari sel. Mensintesis lemak dan kolesterol Menawar racun (detoksifikasi) Jalan transpor dalam memindahkan molekul-molekul dari bagian sel yang satu kebagian yang lain. 2. Terbagi menjadi : RE kasar : di tempeli ribosom ( Untuk menyintesis protein) RE halus : tidak ditempeli ribosom (untuk menyintesis lemak)
- 17. 4. Stuktur dan Fungsi Sel • Badan golgi 1. Aparatus golgi terdiri atas kumpulan vesikel pipih yang berbentuk kantong berkelok-kelok (sisternae). 2. Di dalam aparatus golgi banyak enzim pencernaan yang belum aktif, seperti zimogen dan koenzim. 3. Fungsi : Membentuk kantong-kantong untuk sekresi, terutama pada sel-sel kelenjar. Kantong-kantong tersebut berisi enzim-enzim dan bahan-bahan lain. Membentuk membran plasma Menghasilkan lendir yang disebut musin. Menghasilkan lisosom.
- 18. 4. Stuktur dan Fungsi Sel • Ribosom 1. Berfungsi untuk mensintesis protein 2. Ribosom yang menempel pada membran RE berfungsi mensintesis protein untuk dibawa keluar sel melalui RE dan kompleks golgi. 3. Ribosom yang Melayang-layang di dalam sitoplasma berfungsi mensintesis protein untuk keperluan di dalam sel
- 19. 4. Stuktur dan Fungsi Sel • Lisosom Lisosom dihasilkan oleh aparatus golgi yang penuh dengan protein. Lisosom menghasilkan enzim-enzim hidrolitik seperti proteolitik, lipase, dan fosfatase. Enzim hidrolitik berfungsi untuk mencerna makanan yang masuk ke dalam sel secara fagositosis. Lisosom juga menghasilkan zat kekebalan sehingga banyak dijumpai pada sel-sel darah putih. Ada dua macam lisosom, yaitu lisosom primer dan sekunder. Lisosom primer memproduksi enzim-enzim yang belum aktif. Lisosom sekunder adalah lisosom yang terlibat dalam kegiatan mencerna
- 20. 4. Stuktur dan Fungsi Sel • Peroksisom Berfungsi untuk : 1. menghasilkan enzim oksidatif untuk membentuk H2O2 untuk merombak lemak 2. menghasilkan enzim katalase untuk mengubah H2O2 menjadi H2O dan O2
- 21. 4. Stuktur dan Fungsi Sel • Mikrotubulus Berfungsi untuk membentuk silia, sentriol dan benang-benang spindel. • Mikrofilamen Mikrofilamen adalah penanggung jawab seluruh gerakan di dalam sel
- 22. 4. Stuktur dan Fungsi Sel • Mitokondria 1. mitokondria tersusun atas 2 sistem membran yaitu membran dalam dan membran luar. Membran dalam membentuk tonjolantonjolan ke arah dalam (membran krista) untuk memperluas bidang penyerapan oksigen dan mempunyai sifat plastis 2.Berfungsi sebagai tempat berlangsung respirasi untuk menghasilkan energi (ATP). 3. Matrik Mitokondria mengandung protein, lemak, enzim sitokrom, DNA & ribosom sehingga memungkinkan sintesis enzimenzim respirasi secara otonom.
- 23. 4. Stuktur dan Fungsi Sel • Kloroplas 1. Kloroplas merupakan plastida yang mengandung pigmen hijau yang disebut klorofil. 2. Hanya terdapat pada sel tumbuhan 3. Macam plastida : kromoplas : mengandung pigmen karoten kloroplas : mengandung pigmen klorofil Leukoplas : berwarna putih dan berfungsi untuk menyimpan amilum (amiloplas),minyak(elaioplas), protein(aleuroplas).
- 24. 4. Stuktur dan Fungsi Sel • Vakuola 1. Berisi : asam organik, asam amino, glukosa, gas, garamgaram kristal, alkaloid. 2. Fungsi : Tempat cadangan makanan Menyimpan pigmen Menyimpan minyak atsiri Menyimpan sisa metabolisme
- 25. 4. Stuktur dan Fungsi Sel • Sentrosom Sentrosom hanya dapat dijumpai pada sel hewan. Sentrosom pada saat reproduksi sel akan membelah menjadi sentriol. • Sentriol tersusun atas benang-benang tubulin Sentriol membentuk benang-benang spindel yang dapat menggerakkan kromosom pada saat pembelahan mitosis
- 26. 4. Stuktur dan Fungsi Sel • Sitoskeleton Sitoskeleton berupa jaringan protein dan lemak yang berfungsi Sebagai pemberi bentuk sel
- 27. Perbedaan Struktur Sel Hewan dan Sel Tumbuhan
Editor's Notes
- Animated rectangles curve up and grow in sequence(Intermediate)To reproduce a rectangle on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in theSlides group, click Layout, and then click Blank.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rounded Diagonal Corner Rectangle (ninth option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rounded rectangle.Drag the yellow diamond adjustment handle to the left to reduce the size of the corner radius.Select the rounded rectangle. Under DrawingTools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following:In the Shape Height box, enter 2.33”.In the Shape Width box, enter 2.32”.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, and select No Fill.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shape Effects, point to Reflection, under Reflection Variations, select Tight Reflection, touching (first row, first option from the left).On the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane click Line Color, and then in the Line Color pane select Solid Line. In the Color list, select More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 137, Green: 227, Blue: 231.Also in the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane, click Line Style. In the Line Style pane, in the Width text box, enter 10 pt, and in the Cap type list, select Round. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane, click 3-D Format. In the 3-D Format pane, do the following:Under Bevel, do the following:In the Top list, under Bevel, select Circle (first row, first option from the left). In Top, under Width, enter 10 pt. In Top, under Height, enter 10 pt.Under Contour, click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors select Olive Green, Accent 3, Lighter 60% (third row, seventh option from the left).Under Surface, do the following:In the Material list, under Standard, select Matte (first row, first option from the left).In the Lighting list, under Neutral, select Soft (first row, third option from the left).In the Angle box, enter 315°.Right-click the rounded rectangle and select Edit Text.Enter text in the text box, select the text, and then on the Home tab, in the Font group, select Gills Sans MT Condensed from the Font list, and select 28 from the Font Size list.On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Center to center the text.To reproduce the animation effect on this slide, do the following:On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click the More arrow to expand the effects gallery, and then click More Entrance Effects. In the Change Entrance Effect dialog box, under Exciting, click Curve Up.In the Timing group, do the following:In the Start list, select WithPrevious.In the Duration list, select 00.50.In the Advanced Animation group, click AddAnimation, and under Emphasis, click Grow/Shrink. In the Advanced Animations group, click Animation Pane. In the Animation Pane, click the arrow at the side of the second (grow/shrink) effect and then click Effect Options.In the Grow/Shrink dialog box, on the Timing tab, do the following:In the Start list, select WithPrevious.In the Duration list, select 0.5 seconds (Very Fast).On the Effects tab, do the following:Click the arrow next to Size, select Custom, enter 5 and then press ENTER.Click the arrow next to Size, select Vertical. Select the Auto-reverse check box.Click OK.To reproduce a second and third rectangle and the animation, do the following:On the slide, select the rounded rectangle.On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow at Copy, and select Duplicate. Position the second rounded rectangle next to the first rounded rectangle. Repeat until there are three rectangles.In the Animation Pane, in the animation list, press and hold CTRL and select the Curve Up entrance effect and Grow/Shrink emphasis effect for the second rectangle (third and fourth effects in the list). On the Animations tab, in the Timing group, in the Delay text box, enter 0.5.In the Animation Pane, in the animation list, press and hold CTRL and select the Curve Up entrance effect and Grow/Shrink emphasis effect for the third rectangle (fifth and sixth in the list). Click the arrow next to the effect, select Effect Options, and then in the dialog box, on the Timing tab, in the Delay text box, enter 1.0.Click the text in each rectangle to change, add or remove it.To reproduce the background on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, clickShapes, and then under Rectangles, select Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle.Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following:In the Shape Height text box enter 1.62”.In the Shape Width text box enter 10”.UnderDrawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher.In the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane, click Fill, and in the Fill pane, do the following:Select Solid fill. Click the button next to Color, select More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 137, Green: 227, Blue: 231.UnderTransparency, use the slider or box to enter 70%.Also in the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane, click Line Color, and in the Line Color pane, select No line.Position the rectangle on the middle of the slide.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, clickShapes, and then under Rectangles, select Round Diagonal Corner Rectangle (ninth option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangleSelect the round diagonal corner rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, in the Shape Height text box enter 0.44” and in the Shape Width text box enter 0.44”.UnderDrawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher.In the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane, click Fill, and in the Fill pane, do the following:Select Solid fill. Click the button next to Color, under Theme Colors, select White, Background 1, Darker 15% (third row, first option from the left).In the Transparency, box enter 60%.Also in the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane, click Line Color, and in the Line Color pane, select No line.Select the round diagonal corner rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow at Copy, and select Duplicate. Repeat this process until you have a total of seven round diagonal corner rectangles.On the slide, press and hold CTRL and select the seven round diagonal corner rectangles. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, and then under Position Objects, point to Align, and do the following:Click Align Selected Objects.Click Align Top.Click Distribute Horizontally.Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Diagonal – Bottom Right to Top Left (second row, third option from the left). Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear on the slider, and customize the gradient stops as follows:Select Stop 1 on the slider, and then do the following:In the Position box, enter 50%.Click the button next to Color, and click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left).Select Stop 2 on the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and click More Colors. In the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 204, Green: 244, Blue: 248.
- Animated rectangles curve up and grow in sequence(Intermediate)To reproduce a rectangle on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in theSlides group, click Layout, and then click Blank.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rounded Diagonal Corner Rectangle (ninth option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rounded rectangle.Drag the yellow diamond adjustment handle to the left to reduce the size of the corner radius.Select the rounded rectangle. Under DrawingTools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following:In the Shape Height box, enter 2.33”.In the Shape Width box, enter 2.32”.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click the arrow next to Shape Fill, and select No Fill.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shape Effects, point to Reflection, under Reflection Variations, select Tight Reflection, touching (first row, first option from the left).On the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane click Line Color, and then in the Line Color pane select Solid Line. In the Color list, select More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 137, Green: 227, Blue: 231.Also in the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane, click Line Style. In the Line Style pane, in the Width text box, enter 10 pt, and in the Cap type list, select Round. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane, click 3-D Format. In the 3-D Format pane, do the following:Under Bevel, do the following:In the Top list, under Bevel, select Circle (first row, first option from the left). In Top, under Width, enter 10 pt. In Top, under Height, enter 10 pt.Under Contour, click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors select Olive Green, Accent 3, Lighter 60% (third row, seventh option from the left).Under Surface, do the following:In the Material list, under Standard, select Matte (first row, first option from the left).In the Lighting list, under Neutral, select Soft (first row, third option from the left).In the Angle box, enter 315°.Right-click the rounded rectangle and select Edit Text.Enter text in the text box, select the text, and then on the Home tab, in the Font group, select Gills Sans MT Condensed from the Font list, and select 28 from the Font Size list.On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Center to center the text.To reproduce the animation effect on this slide, do the following:On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click the More arrow to expand the effects gallery, and then click More Entrance Effects. In the Change Entrance Effect dialog box, under Exciting, click Curve Up.In the Timing group, do the following:In the Start list, select WithPrevious.In the Duration list, select 00.50.In the Advanced Animation group, click AddAnimation, and under Emphasis, click Grow/Shrink. In the Advanced Animations group, click Animation Pane. In the Animation Pane, click the arrow at the side of the second (grow/shrink) effect and then click Effect Options.In the Grow/Shrink dialog box, on the Timing tab, do the following:In the Start list, select WithPrevious.In the Duration list, select 0.5 seconds (Very Fast).On the Effects tab, do the following:Click the arrow next to Size, select Custom, enter 5 and then press ENTER.Click the arrow next to Size, select Vertical. Select the Auto-reverse check box.Click OK.To reproduce a second and third rectangle and the animation, do the following:On the slide, select the rounded rectangle.On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow at Copy, and select Duplicate. Position the second rounded rectangle next to the first rounded rectangle. Repeat until there are three rectangles.In the Animation Pane, in the animation list, press and hold CTRL and select the Curve Up entrance effect and Grow/Shrink emphasis effect for the second rectangle (third and fourth effects in the list). On the Animations tab, in the Timing group, in the Delay text box, enter 0.5.In the Animation Pane, in the animation list, press and hold CTRL and select the Curve Up entrance effect and Grow/Shrink emphasis effect for the third rectangle (fifth and sixth in the list). Click the arrow next to the effect, select Effect Options, and then in the dialog box, on the Timing tab, in the Delay text box, enter 1.0.Click the text in each rectangle to change, add or remove it.To reproduce the background on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, clickShapes, and then under Rectangles, select Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle.Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following:In the Shape Height text box enter 1.62”.In the Shape Width text box enter 10”.UnderDrawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher.In the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane, click Fill, and in the Fill pane, do the following:Select Solid fill. Click the button next to Color, select More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 137, Green: 227, Blue: 231.UnderTransparency, use the slider or box to enter 70%.Also in the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane, click Line Color, and in the Line Color pane, select No line.Position the rectangle on the middle of the slide.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, clickShapes, and then under Rectangles, select Round Diagonal Corner Rectangle (ninth option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangleSelect the round diagonal corner rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, in the Shape Height text box enter 0.44” and in the Shape Width text box enter 0.44”.UnderDrawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher.In the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane, click Fill, and in the Fill pane, do the following:Select Solid fill. Click the button next to Color, under Theme Colors, select White, Background 1, Darker 15% (third row, first option from the left).In the Transparency, box enter 60%.Also in the Format Shape dialog box, in the left pane, click Line Color, and in the Line Color pane, select No line.Select the round diagonal corner rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow at Copy, and select Duplicate. Repeat this process until you have a total of seven round diagonal corner rectangles.On the slide, press and hold CTRL and select the seven round diagonal corner rectangles. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, and then under Position Objects, point to Align, and do the following:Click Align Selected Objects.Click Align Top.Click Distribute Horizontally.Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Diagonal – Bottom Right to Top Left (second row, third option from the left). Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear on the slider, and customize the gradient stops as follows:Select Stop 1 on the slider, and then do the following:In the Position box, enter 50%.Click the button next to Color, and click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left).Select Stop 2 on the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and click More Colors. In the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 204, Green: 244, Blue: 248.