The document provides information about Spanish grammar topics including:
1. Nationalities and stem changing verbs
2. Para and indirect object pronouns
3. Gustar and object pronoun placement
4. Affirmative and negative words, and superlatives
5. Reflexive verbs and affirmative and negative tú commands
4. CHANGE … TO … EXAMPLES
U – UE Jugar – Juego (Yo)
E – IE Pensar – Piensas (Tú)
O – UE Dormir – Duerme (Él/Ella/Usted)
E-I Pedir – Piden (Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes)
5. Use para (for, in order to) to indicate…
The recipient of items
…el regalo para tu mamá
Purpose
Vamos al restaurante para comer.
Implied purpose
Tengo dinero para [comprar] algo.
6. Indirect object pronouns are nouns that tell to whom/what
or for whom/what. Indirect object pronouns replace or
accompany indirect objects.
Singular
me me
te you (familiar)
le you (formal), him, her
Plural
nos us
os you (familiar)
les you, them
7. • Attach the pronoun to the infinitive
• Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense
• Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command
• Place the pronoun before a conjugation
8. When you want to talk about things that people like, change the
form of gustar to match the singular or plural nouns for those
things.
Singular
me gusta nos gusta
te gusta os gusta
le gusta les gusta
Plural
me gustas nos gustas
te gustas os gustas
le gustas les gustas
9. Affirmative
When you want to talk about an Words
indefinite or negative situation, algo something
you use an affirmative or a
alguien someone
negative word.
algún/agluno(a) some
Notice that alguno(a) and siempre always
ninguno(a) must match the
gender or the noun they replace también also
or modify. Alguno and ninguno Negative Words
have different forms used before nada nothing
masculine singular nouns.
nadie no one
alguno algún ningún/ninguno(a) none, not any
ninguno ningún nunca never
tampoco neither, either
10. ◊ To express the extremes with most adjectives, drop the
final vowel and add the ending –ísimo(a). The adjective
must agree in gender and number with the noun it
modifies.
La idea de Rosa es interesantísima.
Rosa’s idea is very (extremely) interesting.
◊ When the last consonant is c, g, or z, spelling changes
are required.
c qu rico(a) riquísimo(a)
g gu largo(a) larguísimo(a)
z c feliz felicísimo(a)
11. Reflexive Pronouns
me nos
te os
se se
acostarse (o - ue) lavarse los dientes
afeitarse levantarse
bañarse maquillarse
despertarse (e - ie) peinarse
dormirse (o – ue) ponerse la ropa
ducharse quitarse la ropa
lavarse secarse
lavarse el pelo/la cabeza
12. Give instructions or command to someone by using
the affirmative tú commands of regular verbs.
*Notice it is a tú command, but ends like a 3rd house form
DOP
caminar ¡Camina! ¡Camina en el parque!
lo
comer ¡Come! ¡Come toda la hamburguesa! la
abrir ¡Abre! ¡Abre la puerta, quiero entrar! los
las
Pronoun Placement
1. Infinitive
2. Gerund
3. Before conjugate verb
4. Affirmative command
13. Infinitive Affirmative Tú Command
Typically,
if you decir di
attach the hacer haz
pronoun
to the ir ve
command poner pon
, you add
an accent salir sal
mark ser sé
over the
3rd to last tener ten
vowel.
venir ven
Remember that when you use a pronoun with an affirmative
command,
EXAMPLE:
the pronoun attaches to the command.
¡Ponte otra camisa!
>Put on (youself) another shirt!
14. When you tell someone what NOT to do, use a negative command.
Negative tú commands are formed by taking the yo form of the present tense,
dropping the –o, and adding the appropriate ending.
-es –ar verbs
-as –er amd –ir verbs
Infinitive Yo Form Negative tú
Command
hablar hablo ¡No hables!
volver vuelvo ¡No vuelvas!
venir vengo ¡No vengas!
***** Irregulars on next slide! *****
15. A few verbs have irregular negative tú commands. Notice that none of the yo
forms of these verbs end in –o.
Infinitive Negative tú Command
Tener No tengas
Venir No vengas
Dar/Decir No dés/digas
Ir No vayas
Ser No seas
Hacer No hagas
Estar No estés
Saber No sepas
bject pronouns precede the verbs in negative commands, just as with other conjugated verb
EXAMPLE:
¡No lo uses!
Don’t use it (the blowdryer).
16. por la … mañana/tarde/noche
in/during the …
morning/afternoon/night
antes de/después los lunes, martes,
de etc.
before/after on the day
Sequencing events
primero entonces luego/después por fin
first then later/after finally
17. It is a perfected action in the past.
A snap shot in time!
ar verbs:
-é -amos
-aste -asteis
-ó -aron
er verbs:
-í -imos
-iste -isteis
-ió -ieron
18. Spanish English
Un dia One day
Una vez Once
Ayer Yesterday
A noche At night
Hace un ano A year ago
Ya Already
El mes pasado Last month
Anteayer Day before yesterday
Por una hora For one hour
Por fin Finally
A las ocho At eight
Dos veces Twice
19. El pretérito; -car, -gar, -zar
-car yo -qué
-gar yo -qué
-zar yo -cé
EXAMPLES:
Tocar Jugar Comenzar
Yo = toqué Yo = jugué Yo = comencé
20. DEBER = SHOULD/OUGHT TO
The verb deber means should or ought to. To say what people should do,
use a conjugated form of deber with the inifinitive of another verb.
Deber Should/Ought to
Debo Debemos
Debes Debéis
Debe Deben
Examples:
Debo barrer el suelo.
Debes limpiar la cocina.
Debe sacar la basura.
21. When verbs are used in modal verb combinations – the 2nd verb is not conjugat
but rather left in the infinitive form. You would never say “no puedo nado.”
Common Modal Verbs Meaning
Deber Should, ought to, must
Desear To desire
Necesitar To need
Poder Can, could, might, be able
to
Querer Want, would like to
Saber Know, know how to
Soler Usually, used to
22. estar + “ing”
ar ando
er iendo
3 vowels yendo
Present Progressive Irregulars
Some verbs you know have irregular present EXAMPLES:
Participle forms. Bailar = bailando
• When the stem of an -er or -ir verb Beber = bebiendo
ends in a vowel, change the -iendo Leer = leyendo
to -yendo to form the present
participle.
Verb Irregular
• e I stem-changing verbs have a Present
vowel change in the stem Participle
• Some other verbs also have a vowel
Leer Leyendo
change in the stem.
Pedir Pidiendo
Dormir Durmiendo
23. End
adjectives
with _a when
adding
To describe how something is _mente.
done, use adverbs. Many adverbs
Adjective Adverb
in Spanish are made by changing
an existing adjective. cuidadoso(a) cuidadosament
e
• When an adjective ends in e, l, or
z, simply add –mente to the end. rápido rápidamente
• For adjectives with –o or –a lento(a) lentamente
endings, add –mente to the tranquilo(a) tranquilamente
feminine form.
Adjective Adverb
reciente recientemente
frecuente frecuentemente
_ly = _mente fácil fácilmente
normal normalmente
especial especialmente
feliz felizmente