1. Chapter 3
Deep Foundation
BSD150 – BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION ll

2. Introduction
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A foundation in the base on which a building rests
and its purpose is to safely transfer the load of a
building to a suitable subsoils.
The building regulation require all foundation of a
building to;
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Safely sustain and transmit to the ground the combined
dead and imposed loads so as not a cause any
settlement or other movement in any part of the
building or of any part of the building or of any adjoining
building or works.
Be such as depth or be so constructed, as to void
damage by swelling, shrinkage, or freezing otf the
subsoil.
Be capable of resisting attack by deleterious material,
such as sulphates in the subsoil.

3. Factors affecting design

The total loads of the building
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All loads including dead load, live load and other loads
should be known and calculated in detail and carefully.
It is because to know the size of the foundation.
The nature and bearing capacity of the subsoil
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The nature of the subsoils has be known to choose the
types of foundation.
Different type of subsoil has different bearing capacity.
This will influence the design and types of foundation.

4. DEEP FOUNDATION
Those, which transfer the loads to subsoil
that in some distance below the ground
floor of the building such as pile.
 Are those funding too deeply below the
finished ground surface for their base
bearing capacity to be affected by surface
conditions.
 Usually at depth > 3m below finished
ground level.


5. Pile foundation
Can be defined as a column inserted in the
ground to transmit the structural loads to
a lower level of subsoil.
 Pile foundation is the most popular to be
used because the method of construction
is easier and faster.
 The main problem by using this pile
foundation are;
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The condition of the pile that has been driven
in the subsoil
Problem such as crack is difficult to identify.

6. Cont…
Today a wide variety of materials are
available such as timber, steel, and
concrete (precast or in-situ concrete)
 The types of pile foundation to built a
building are depending on the
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building loads
Types of soils
The method of construction

7. Classification of piles

Piles may be classified by the way in which they transmit their
loads to the subsoils or by the way they are formed. Piles may
transmit their loads to a lower level by;
 End bearing (point bearing piles)
 The shafts of the piles act as column carrying the loads
through the overlaying weak subsoils to strata or layer of
firm sand and gravel which has been compacted by the
displacement and vibration encountered during the driving.

8. Cont….
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Friction (cohesion piles )

Any foundation imposes on the ground a pressure
which spreads out to form a bulb of pressure. If a
suitable load bearing strata cannot be found at an
acceptable level, particularly in stiff clay soils, it is
possible to use pile to carry this bulb of pressure to
lower level where a higher bearing capacity is found.

9. Choice of type of foundation
Solid chalk, sands and gravels or sand and gravels
with only small proportions of clay, dense silty
sands
Uniform, firm and stiff clays
-Where vegetation is insignificant
-Where trees and shrubs are growing or to be
planted close to the site
-Where trees are felled to clear the site and
construction is due to start soon afterward
Shallow strip or pad footings as appropriate to the
load bearing members of the building
-Bored piles and ground beams, or strip
foundations at least 1m deep
-Bored piles and ground beams
-Reinforced bored piles of sufficient length with the
top 3m sleeved from the surrounding ground and
with suspended floor
Soft clays, soft silty clays
Strip footing up to 1m wide if bearing capacity is
sufficient, or raft
Peat
Bored piles with temporary steel lining or precast
or insitu piles driven to firm strata below
Mining and other subsidence area
Thin reinforced rafts for individuals houses with
load bearing walls and for flexible building

10. TYPE OF PILES
Displacement Piles
 Replacement Piles
 Sheet Piles


11. Displacement Piles
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Applied to the piles which are driven into the
soils, includes those piles which are preformed,
partially preformed or driven in situ piles
Suitable for high rise building and easy to handle
Timber piles ; usually square sawn hardwood or
softwood,
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length up to 12m
sizes ranging from 225mm x 225mm to 600mm x 600m
Easy to handle
Can be driven by percussion with the minimum of
experience

12. Cont…

Precast concrete Piles – used on medium to large
contracts
 Where soft soils overlying firm strata are
encountered and at least 100 piles are required.
 Length up to 18m
 Sizes ranging from 250mm x 250mm to 450mm x
450mm
Figure 1-4 a) concrete pile connecting detail. b) squared pre-cast concert p

13. Problem when using DP

Problem can be encountered when using
this form of pile in urban or congested
areas due to;
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Transporting the complete length of piles
through narrow and/or congested streets.
The driving process, which is generally
percussion, can set up unacceptable noise and
vibration.
Many urban sites area in themselves restricted
or congested thus making it difficult to move
the long pile lengths around the site.

14. Cont…..
In situ cast which has been made from
concrete also can be classified as
displacement piles.
 Casing made from steel will be driven sand
concrete will be poured into the casing.
This type of pile known as Insitu Cast
Displacement Piles


15. Replacement Piles
Sometimes referred to as bored piled and
formed by removing a column of soil and
replacing with in situ concrete.
 These types of piles are considered for
sites where piling is being carried out in
close proximity to existing buildings or
where vibration and noise restricted.
 The formation of this type of piles can be
considered under 2 general calssification;
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Percussion bored
Rotary bored

16. Cont….
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Percussion bored piles ; suitable for small and
medium sizes of building
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Piles diameter usually from 300mm to 950mm designed
to carry loads up to 1500kN.
Steel cube made up from length (1.00m to 1.40m).
Rotary bored piles ; these can range from the
short bored piles used in domestic dwellings to
the very large diameter piles used for
concentrated loads in multi-storey and bridge
construction.
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Suitable for cohesive soils such as clay and is formed
using auger.

17. The following are replacement piles:
Augered
 Cable percussion drilling
 Large-diameter under-reamed
 Types incorporating pre caste concrete
unite
 Drilled-in tubes
 Mini piles


18. Composite piles
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Combination of different materials in the same of pile.
As indicated earlier, part of a timber pile which is installed above
ground water could be vulnerable to insect attack and decay.
To avoid this, concrete or steel pile is used above the ground
water level, whilst wood pile is installed under the ground water
level (see figure 1.7).
Figure 1-7 Protecting timber piles from decay:
a) by pre-cast concrete upper section above water level.
b) by extending pile cap below water level

19. Classification of pile with respect to
effect on the soil
A simplified division into driven or bored
piles is often employed
 Driven piles
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Driven piles are considered to be displacement
piles. In the process of driving the pile into the
ground, soil is moved radially as the pile shaft
enters the ground. There may also be a
component of movement of the soil in the
vertical direction.

20. Driven piles


21. Advantages and disadvantages of
different pile material

Wood piles
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+ The piles are easy to handle
+ Relatively inexpensive where timber is
plentiful.
+ Sections can be joined together and excess
length easily removed.
-- The piles will rot above the ground water
level. Have a limited bearing capacity.
-- Can easily be damaged during driving by
stones and boulders.
-- The piles are difficult to splice and are
attacked by marine borers in salt water.

22. Cont…

Prefabricated concrete piles (reinforced) and pre stressed concrete
piles. (driven) affected by the ground water conditions.
 + Do not corrode or rot.
 + Are easy to splice. Relatively inexpensive.
 + The quality of the concrete can be checked before driving.
 + Stable in squeezing ground, for example, soft clays, silts and peats
pile material can be inspected before piling.
 + Can be re driven if affected by ground heave. Construction
procedure unaffected by ground water.
 + Can be driven in long lengths. Can be carried above ground level, for
example, through water for marine structures.
 + Can increase the relative density of a granular founding stratum.
 -- Relatively difficult to cut.
 -- Displacement, heave, and disturbance of the soil during driving.
 -- Can be damaged during driving. Replacement piles may be required.
 -- Sometimes problems with noise and vibration.
 -- Cannot be driven with very large diameters or in condition of limited
headroom

23. Cont…

Driven and cast-in-place concrete piles
 Permanently cased (casing left in the ground)
 Temporarily cased or uncased (casing retrieved)
 + Can be inspected before casting can easily be cut or extended to
the desired length.
 + Relatively inexpensive.
 + Low noise level.
 + The piles can be cast before excavation.
 + Pile lengths are readily adjustable.
 + An enlarged base can be formed which can increase the relative
density of a granular founding stratum leading to much higher end
bearing capacity.
 + Reinforcement is not determined by the effects of handling or
driving stresses.
 + Can be driven with closed end so excluding the effects of GW

24. Cont….
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-- Heave of neighbouring ground surface, which could lead to re
consolidation and the development of negative skin friction forces on
piles.
-- Displacement of nearby retaining walls. Lifting of previously driven
piles, where the penetration at the toe have been sufficient to resist
upward movements.
-- Tensile damage to unreinforced piles or piles consisting of green
concrete, where forces at the toe have been sufficient to resist upward
movements.
-- Damage piles consisting of uncased or thinly cased green concrete
due to the lateral forces set up in the soil, for example, necking or
waisting. Concrete cannot be inspected after completion. Concrete may
be weakened if artesian flow pipes up shaft of piles when tube is
withdrawn.
-- Light steel section or Precast concrete shells may be damaged or
distorted by hard driving.
-- Limitation in length owing to lifting forces required to withdraw
casing, nose vibration and ground displacement may a nuisance or may
damage adjacent structures.
-- Cannot be driven where headroom is limited.
-- Relatively expensive.
-- Time consuming. Cannot be used immediately after the installation.
-- Limited length.

25. Cont…

Bored and cast in -place (non -displacement piles)
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+ Length can be readily varied to suit varying ground conditions.
+ Soil removed in boring can be inspected and if necessary sampled or in- situ
test made.
+ Can be installed in very large diameters.
+ End enlargement up to two or three diameters are possible in clays.
+ Material of piles is not dependent on handling or driving conditions.
+ Can be installed in very long lengths.
+ Can be installed with out appreciable noise or vibrations.
+ Can be installed in conditions of very low headroom.
+ No risk of ground heave.
-- Susceptible to "waisting" or "necking" in squeezing ground.
-- Concrete is not placed under ideal conditions and cannot be subsequently
inspected.
-- Water under artesian pressure may pipe up pile shaft washing out cement.
-- Enlarged ends cannot be formed in cohesionless materials without special
techniques.
-- Cannot be readily extended above ground level especially in river and marine
structures.
-- Boring methods may loosen sandy or gravely soils requiring base grouting to
achieve economical base resistance.
-- Sinking piles may cause loss of ground I cohesion-less leading to settlement
of adjacent structures.

26. Cont…

Steel piles (Rolled steel section)
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+ The piles are easy to handle and can easily be cut to
desired length.
+ Can be driven through dense layers. The lateral
displacement of the soil during driving is low (steel
section H or I section piles) can be relatively easily
spliced or bolted.
+ Can be driven hard and in very long lengths.
+ Can carry heavy loads.
+ Can be successfully anchored in sloping rock.
+ Small displacement piles particularly useful if ground
displacements and disturbance critical.
-- The piles will corrode,
-- Will deviate relatively easy during driving.
-- Are relatively expensive.

27. Pile Installation Methods
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The installation process and method of installations are
equally important factors as of the design process of pile
foundations. In this section we will discuss the two main
types of pile installation methods; installation by pile
hammer and boring by mechanical auger.
In order to avoid damages to the piles, during design,
installation Methods and installation equipment should be
carefully selected.
If installation is to be carried out using pile-hammer, then
the following factors should be taken in to consideration:
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the size and the weight of the pile
the driving resistance which has to be overcome to achieve the
design penetration
the available space and head room on the site
the availability of cranes and
the noise restrictions which may be in force in the locality.

28. Pile driving methods
(displacement piles)

Methods of pile driving can be categorised
as follows:
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Dropping weight
Explosion
Vibration
Jacking (restricted to micro-pilling)
Jetting

29. Drop hammers
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A hammer with approximately the weight of the
pile is raised a suitable height in a guide and
released to strike the pile head. This is a simple
form of hammer used in conjunction with light
frames and test piling, where it may be
uneconomical to bring a steam boiler or
compressor on to a site to drive very limited
number of piles.
There are two main types of drop hammers:
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Single-acting steam or compressed-air hammers
Double-acting pile hammers

30. Cont…
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Single-acting steam or compressed-air comprise a massive
weight in the form of a cylinder (see fig.8-1). Steam or
compressed air admitted to the cylinder raises it up the fixed
piston rod.
At the top of the stroke, or at a lesser height which can be
controlled by the operator, the steam is cut off and the cylinder
falls freely on the pile helmet.
Double-acting pile hammers can be driven by steam or
compressed air.
A pilling frame is not required with this type of hammer which
can be attached to the top of the pile by leg-guides, the pile
being guided by a timber framework.
When used with a pile frame, back guides are bolted to the
hammer to engage with leaders, and only short leg-guides are
used to prevent the hammer from moving relatively to the top of
the pile.
Double-acting hammers are used mainly for sheet pile driving.

31. Pile driving using hammer

32. Diesel hammers
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Also classified as single and double-acting, in
operation, the diesel hammer employs a ram
which is raised by explosion at the base of a
cylinder.
Alternatively, in the case of double-acting diesel
hammer, a vacuum is created in a separate
annular chamber as the ram moves upward, and
assists in the return of the ram, almost doubling
the output of the hammer over the single-acting
type.
In favourable ground conditions, the diesel
hammer provide an efficient pile driving capacity,
but they are not effective for all types of ground.

33. Pile driving by vibrating
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Vibratory hammers are usually electrically
powered or hydraulically powered and consists of
contra-rotating eccentric masses within a housing
attaching to the pile head.
The amplitude of the vibration is sufficient to
break down the skin friction on the sides of the
pile.
Vibratory methods are best suited to sandy or
gravelly soil.
Jetting: to aid the penetration of piles in to sand
or sandy gravel, water jetting may be employed.
However, the method has very limited effect in
firm to stiff clays or any soil containing much
coarse gravel, cobbles, or boulders.

34. Boring methods
( non-displacement piles)

Continuous Flight Auger (CFA)
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An equipment comprises of a mobile base carrier fitted with a hollowstemmed flight auger which is rotated into the ground to required
depth of pilling.
To form the pile, concrete is placed through the flight auger as it is
withdrawn from the ground.
The auger is fitted with protective cap on the outlet at the base of the
central tube and is rotated into the ground by the top mounted rotary
hydraulic motor which runs on a carrier attached to the mast.
On reaching the required depth, highly workable concrete is pumped
through the hollow stem of the auger, and under the pressure of the
concrete the protective cap is detached.
While rotating the auger in the same direction as during the boring
stage, the spoil is expelled vertically as the auger is withdrawn and the
pile is formed by filling with concrete.
In this process, it is important that rotation of the auger and flow of
concrete is matched that collapse of sides of the hole above concrete
on lower flight of auger is avoided. This may lead to voids in filled with
soil in concrete.

35. Cont…
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The method is especially effective on soft ground and
enables to install a variety of bored piles of various
diameters that are able to penetrate a multitude of soil
conditions. Still, for successful operation of rotary auger
the soil must be reasonably free of tree roots, cobbles,
and boulders, and it must be self-supporting.
During operation little soil is brought upwards by the
auger that lateral stresses is maintained in the soil and
voiding or excessive loosening of the soil minimise.
However, if the rotation of the auger and the advance of
the auger is not matched, resulting in removal of soil
during drilling-possibly leading to collapse of the side of
the hole.

36. Cont….
CFA Process

37. Underreaming
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A special feature of auger bored piles which is
sometimes used to enable to exploit the bearing
capacity of suitable strata by providing an
enlarged base.
The soil has to be capable of standing open
unsupported to employ this technique.
Stiff and to hard clays, such as the London clay,
are ideal. In its closed position, the underreaming
tool is fitted inside the straight section of a pile
shaft, and then expanded at the bottom of the
pile to produce the underream shown in fig. 8-3.
Normally, after installation and before concrete is
casted, a man carrying cage is lowered and the
shaft and the underream of the pile is inspected.

38. Cont….
a) hydraulic rotary drilling equipment b) C.F.A, c) undrreaming tool open position

39. C.H.D.P

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Continuous helical displacement piles: a short,
hollow tapered steel former complete with a
larger diameter helical flange, the bullet head is
fixed to a hallow drill pipe which is connected to a
high torque rotary head running up and down the
mast of a special rig.
A hollow cylindrical steel shaft sealed at the lower
end by a one-way valve and fitted with triangular
steel fins is pressed into the ground by a
hydraulic ram.
There are no vibrations.

40. Cont…
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Displaced soil is compacted in front and around the shaft. Once it
reaches the a suitably resistant stratum the shaft is rotated.
The triangular fins either side of its leading edge carve out a
conical base cavity. At the same time concrete is pumped down
the centre of the shat and through the one-way valve.
Rotation of the fins is calculated so that as soil is pushed away
from the pile base it is simultaneously replaced by in-flowing
concrete.
Rates of push, rotation and concrete injection are all controlled by
an onboard computer.
Torque on the shaft is also measured by the computer. When
torque levels reach a constant low value the base in formed.
The inventors claim that the system can install a typical pile in 12
minute.
A typical 6m long pile with an 800mm diameter base and 350mm
shaft founded on moderately dense gravel beneath soft overlaying
soils can achieve an ultimate capacity of over 200t.
The pile is suitable for embankments, hard standing supports and
floor slabs, where you have a soft silty layer over a gravel strata.

41. Cont….

42. LOAD TEST ON PILES

Pile load test are usually carried out that one or
some of the following reasons are fulfilled:
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To obtain back-figured soil data that will enable other
piles to be designed.
To confirm pile lengths and hence contract costs before
the client is committed to over all job costs.
To counter-check results from geotechnical and pile
driving formulae
To determine the load-settlement behaviour of a pile,
especially in the region of the anticipated working load
that the data can be used in prediction of group
settlement.
To verify structural soundness of the pile.

43. Cont….

Test loading: There are four types of test
loading:
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compression test
uplift test
lateral-load test
torsion-load test
the most common types of test loading
procedures are Constant rate of
penetration (CRP) test and the maintained
load test (MLT).

44. CRP (constant rate of penetration)
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In the CRP (constant rate of penetration) method, test pile is
jacked into the soil, the load being adjusted to give constant rate
of downward movement to the pile. This is maintained until point
of failure is reached.
Failure of the pile is defined in to two ways that as the load at
which the pile continues to move downward without further
increase in load, or according to the BS, the load which the
penetration reaches a value equal to one-tenth of the diameter of
the pile at the base.
Fig.9-2, In the cases of where compression tests are being carried
out, the following methods are usually employed to apply the load
or downward force on the pile:
A platform is constructed on the head of the pile on which a mass
of heavy material, termed "kentledge" is placed. Or a bridge,
carried on temporary supports, is constructed over the test pile
and loaded with kentledge. The ram of a hydraulic jack, placed on
the pile head, bears on a cross-head beneath the bridge beams,
so that a total reaction equal to the weight of the bridge and its
load may be obtained.

45. Cont…

test being carried out

46. MLT - the maintained increment
load test
the maintained increment load test,
kentledge or adjacent tension piles or soil
anchors are used to provide a reaction for
the test load applied by jacking(s) placed
over the pile being tested.
 The load is increased in definite steps, and
is sustained at each level of loading until
all settlements has either stop or does not
exceed a specified amount of in a certain
given period of time.


47. Cont….

test load arrangement using kentledge

48. Task….

Task
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Describe the main function of piles
In the introduction, it is stated that piles transfer load to
the bearing ground. State how this is achieved.
Piles are made out of different materials. In short state
the advantages and disadvantages of these materials.
Piles can be referred as displacement and nondisplacement piles. State the differences and the
similarities of these piles
Piles can be classified as end-bearing piles cohesive or
friction piles. Describe the differences and similarity of
these piles.
Piles can be classified as bored or driven state the
differences.