1. 9.4 Synthetic
Polymers

4. Polymers are large molecules made up of
many smaller and identical repeating units
joined together by covalent bonds . These
molecules are called monomers .
Polymerisation is the chemical process by
which the monomers are joined together to
form a big molecule known as a polymer .
A polymer is a macromolecules (a very big
molecules) . Hence , the relative molecular
mass of a polymer is large .
The properties of a polymer are different from
its monomers .

6. POLYMERS CAN
DIVIDED INTO 2 TYPES:
a) Naturally occurring polymers
Polymers that exists in living things
in nature (plants and animals)
b) Synthetic polymer
Polymers that are man-made by
chemical processes in the
laboratories.

7. NATURALLY OCCURRING
POLYMERS
1) Naturally occurring polymers exist in plants or
animals.
2) Examples of naturally occurring polymers are
a) Protein : in muscles,skin,silk,hair,wool and fur
b) Carbohydrates : in starch and cellulose.
c) Natural rubber : in latex.
3) Protein is formed by the polymerisation of
monomers known as amino acids.
amino acids polymerisation protein
(monomers) (polymers)

8. 4) Carbohydrates such as starch and cellulose
consist of monomers known as glucose joined
together chemically.
5) Natural rubber found in latex consist of
monomers known as isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-
diene) joined together chemically.
glucose polymerisation carbohydrates
(monomers) (polymers)
H CH3 H H H CH3 H H
n C = C - C = C - C – C = C – C -
H H H H n
isoprene(monomer) natural rubber (polymer)

9. SYNTHETIC POLYMERS
1. Synthetic polymers are polymers made in the
industry from chemical substances.
2. Through scientific research , scientist are able to
copy the structures of natural polymers to
produce synthetic polymers.
3. Many of the raw materials for synthetic polymers
are obtained from petroleum , after the refining
and cracking processes.
4. The types of synthetic polymers include
a) Plastics
b) Fibre
c) Elastomers

10. PLASTIC

14. SYNTHETIC FIBRE

17. ELASTOMER
1. An elastomer is a polymer that can regain its original
shape after being stretched or pressed.
2. Both natural rubber and synthetic rubber are
examples of elastomers.
3. Examples of synthetic rubber are neoprene and
styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR).
4. SBR is used to make car tyres.
5. There are two types of polymerisation processes:
 Addition polymerisation
 Condensation polymerisation
6. Plastics such as polythene and PVC are produced by
addition polymerisation,whereas synthetic fibres
such as nylon and Terylene are made by
condensation polymerisation

22. CLASSIFICATION OF
POLYMERS

24. CHARACTERISTICS OF
POLYMERS

25. PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS

26. STRENGTH OF POLYMERS

28. APPLICATIONS OF POLYMERS

31. POLLUTION PROBLEM CAUSED BY
SYNTHETIC POLYMERS
1. Most polymers are non-biodegradable,that is they
cannot be decomposed by bacteria or other
microorganisms. This will cause disposal
problems as the polymers will not decay like other
organic garbage.
2. Dicarded plastic items may cause blockage of
drainage systems and rivers thus causing flash
floods.
3. Plastic bottles and containers that are not buried
in the ground will become breeding grounds for
mosquitoes which will cause diseases such as
dengue.

32. 4. Small plastic items that are thrown into the
rivers,lakes and seas are sometimes swallowed
by aquatic animals. These animals may die from
choking.
5. The open burning of polymers may release
harmful and poisonous gases that will cause air
pollution. For example,the burning of PVC will
release hydrogen chloride gas which contributes
to the acid rain problem. The burning of some
polymers will release toxic gas such as hydrogen
cyanide.
6. The main source of raw materials for the making
of synthetic polymers is petroleum. Petroleum is a
non-renewable resource.

33. METHODS TO OVERCOME
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF
POLYMERS
 REDUCE,REUSE AND RECYCLE SYNTHETIC
POLYMERS
1. Reduce the use of non-biodegradable polymers.
2. Polymers are collected and reused or
reprocessed to make new items. The biggest
problem is the collection and separation. Not only
must the plastic be separated form other types of
solid waste but the different type of polymers
must be separated from each other.

34.  DEVELOP BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS
 The polymers can be decomposed by
bacteria,other microorganisms or simply by
sunlight (photodegradable). One type of
biodegradable polymer was developed by
incorporating starch molecules into the plastic
materials so that they can be decomposed by
bacteria. However, biodegradable polymers
are usually more expensive.