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Helena: Aquatic Plant Control
101
Chance DuBose, Tim McDuffie IVM Account
Manager’s
James Boggs Jr., Branch Manager, Florida IVM
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Presentation Outline
(Approximately)
• Introduction
• Types of Aquatic Plants (Know your enemy)
• Control Methods (IPM/BMPs)
• Herbicide Application Techniques
• Herbicides Available for Aquatic Use
• Special Considerations for Aquatic Treatments
• Reference Material
• Questions and Answers
Aquatic Weeds
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INTRODUCTION
Aquatic Weeds 4.1.5
For the purpose of this discussion aquatic weeds (plants)
can be categorized as:
Algae
Floating Plants
Submersed (Submerged) – under water
Emersed (Emergent) – above water
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ALGAE
Aquatic Weeds 4.1.7
PLANKTONIC ALGAE (Unicellular)
Suspended in top few feet of water
May form undesirable “blooms”
Heavy blooms can resemble a paint spill
Decaying blooms deplete oxygen in water
May release toxins into the water
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Toxic Algae: St. Johns River
Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria)
(unicellular or planktonic)
Aquatic Weeds
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ALGAE
Aquatic Weeds 4.1.10
FILAMENTOUS ALGAE
Always there, as small to microscopic threads
Form fur-like mats on submerged surfaces
Overabundance causes problems
Mats can break free and float
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HIGHER ALGAE
Aquatic Weeds 4.1.13
ATTACHED-ERECTALGAE
Resemble higher plants
Found in hard (mineral-rich) water
Muskgrass and Stonewort
Have odor and bristly,
gritty feel
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FLOATING WEEDS
Aquatic Weeds 4.1.14
DUCKWEED
Tiny to small plants
Often mistaken for algae
Herbicide- Clipper (Flumioxazine)
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FLOATING WEEDS
Aquatic Weeds 4.1.15
DUCKWEED- Rarely exists alone
4 different floating plants in photo
All 4 can reproduce very rapidly
High Nutrient load here
Control can lead to algal dominated
system
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FLOATING WEEDS
Aquatic Weeds 4.1.16
Water Hyacinth
INTRODUCED FLOATING WEEDS
Origin: Tropical South America
Hardball (2,4-D) for control
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SUBMERSED WEEDS
Aquatic Weeds 4.1.18
PONDWEEDS
Appearance varies by species
10 species in US and at least
5 are in Florida
Copyright 2000 University of Florida
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SUBMERSED WEEDS
Aquatic Weeds 4.1.19
Hydrilla sp.
Introduced
Rooted in substrate
Tubers
Teeth on leaves
variable whorls
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AQUATIC WEED CONTROL
4.1.25
INTEGRATEDPEST MANAGEMENT
(IPM)
PREVENTIVE
MECHANICAL
BIOLOGICAL
CHEMICAL
Aquatic Weeds
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PREVENTIVE MEASURES
Aquatic Weeds 4.1.26
POND AND DITCH DESIGN
FERTILIZATION (ALGAL GROWTH)
REDUCE LIGHT (AQUASHADE)
DRAINING AND DRYING
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AQUATIC WEED CONTROL
Aquatic Weeds 4.1.27
Mechanical
Chemical
Biological
Integrated Pest
Management
(IPM)
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MECHANICAL METHODS
Aquatic Weeds 4.1.28
CHAINING, DRAGLINE CLEARING
MACHINE HARVESTING
CHOPPING/MOWING MACHINES
HAND SKIMMING
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CHEMICAL CONTROLS
Aquatic Weeds 4.1.33
Prefer to use Herbicide instead of Chemical
(Most every thing is a chemical)
UNDERSTANDAND CARRY OUT ALL LABEL WARNINGS
AND DIRECTIONS
CORRECTLY IDENTIFY THE TARGET WEED(S)
CALCULATE AREA AND VOLUME ACCURATELY- Surface
vs. Submersed Treatments
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HERBICIDE DISPERSAL
Aquatic Weeds 4.1.34
FORMULATION AND APPLICATION METHOD
Liquid Formulations:
Can be surface or sub-surface treatment
No sub-surface with aircraft (trailing hoses)
Granular Formulations:
Can be hand spread, hand-held spreader, with boat or
aircraft
Granules can be Safer, Specific Placement
Normally more expensive and labor intensive
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Originally 7 Aquatic Herbicides
Currently 15 Products Registered for use in Florida
Aquatic Weeds
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**ALGAECIDE PRODUCTS**
Aquatic Weeds 4.1.42
ACTIVE INGREDIENTS FOR ALGAE-all contactproducts
Copper
Diquat
Endothall (Hydrothol 191)
Hydrogen Dioxide
Blue Dye (light Attenuation) Preventative Copper sulfatenuggets and crystals
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CHEMICAL PRODUCTS
Aquatic Weeds 4.1.43
FOR FLOATING WEEDS
2,4-D (Organo-auxin)
Diquat (Divalent Cation)
Endothall (aquathol)
Glyphosate (Rodeo™)
Carfentrazone-ethyl (PPO)
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CHEMICAL PRODUCTS
Aquatic Weeds 4.1.44
FOR SUBMERSED WEEDS
2,4-D
Diquat (photosynthesis& cell membrane)
Endothall (unspecified mode of action)
Fluridone (Inhibition of phytoene desaturase (pds) enzyme)
Carfentrazone-ethyl (PPO inhibitor)
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CHEMICAL PRODUCTS
Aquatic Weeds 4.1.45
FOR EMERSED WEEDS
2,4-D (Amine, Ester, and Acid)
Diquat Dibromide
Endothall Products
Glyphosate (Rodeo™)
Carfentrazone-ethyl
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Newer to Aquatics (Labeled)
Triclopyr (Renovate) (organo-auxin)
Imazapyr- Broad spectrum (ALS Inhibitor)
Carfentrazone-ethyl (Stingray) (PPO Inhibitor)
was FMC…
Recently picked up by SePRO?
Synergistic effects
Aquatic Weeds
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Latest Round of Products
Most are Acetolactate Synthase or ALS inhibitors
ALS Resistance is almost certain with repetitive treatments
Penoxsulam (Galleon) only use limit is irrigation
Imazamox (Clearcast)- Selective-no use restriction
Good on Taro, Tallow, phrag., Hyacinth, 3-7 d on Hyd.
Bispyribac (Tradewind) Slow, but long term contrl
Flumioxazin(Clipper)
PPO or Protox enzyme inhibitor: protoporphyrinogen oxidase is the
enzyme inhibited
Following rice and terrestrial trend. Fluridone resistance stimulated
look at ALS.
Aquatic Weeds
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ALS Continued: Recent use
Pattern
Penoxsulam and Endothall are good together
Additivity or synergy has been observed
Reduce biomass and exposure time
requirement
**Too early to draw consistent conclusions
about increased efficacy and longevity
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What’s Next In Aquatics???
Grass Control Herbicides- From Researchers
Fluazifop or Fusilade II, for one
Oasis from SePRO- true bleacher HPPD
Triax from SePRO- Copper, Diquat and
Fluridone mixed in one product.
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SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
Aquatic Treatments
Aquatic Weeds 4.1.50
WATER MAY BE…
STATIC
LIMITED-FLOW
MOVING
This affects what happens to your treatment
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SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
in Aquatic Systems
Aquatic Weeds 4.1.51
USE GOOD WORK PRACTICES and PROPER HERBICIDE
STEWARDSHIP:the label is the law!
Protect ground water by protecting surface water
Avoid drift, leaching and run-off
Avoid unintentional contamination of water
Check for label changes and read and follow the label
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SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
in Aquatic Systems
Aquatic Weeds 4.1.52
WHAT IS THE WATER USED FOR?
There may be many answers
The answer(s) will affect your methods and choice of
materials
Drinking, Swimming, Irrigation, Live Stock etc.
THE LABEL WILL WARN YOU ON WHAT TO LOOK FOR
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SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
in Aquatic Systems
Aquatic Weeds 4.1.53
WHAT ARE THE DOWNSTREAM USES OF THE WATER?
Crops could be damaged
Salt marshes, estuaries could be impacted/affected
Industrial plants could be affected
Drinking water supply could be affected
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SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
in Aquatic Systems
Aquatic Weeds 4.1.56
LIMITED-AREA APPLICATIONS vs. WHOLE LAKE TREATMENTS
**Some Labels Recommend “Split Treatments”
Gives fish a safer haven than the treated site
Done with low-toxicity applications
Less oxygen depletion (hot weather)
Good for Thick Infestations
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Reference Material WEB Sites
Aquatic Weeds 4.1.60
http://www.saj.usace.army.mil/invasive_species/index.htm
http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/ie6/index.html
http://www.cdms.net/LabelsMsds/LMDefault.aspx?t=
http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/
http://www.fw.umn.edu/research/milfoil/milfoilbc.html
http://www.apms.org/
http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/nreos/wild/fisheries/weed_mgt/