Loon project

A Project Report
on
‘Mechanism And Working Of Project Loon ’
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for qualifying
Master of Management Studies
Of
University of Mumbai
Submitted To
Rajiv Gandhi College Of Management Studies
Project Under The Guideance:
Prof.Mrs Smita Temgire
Submitted by
Mr. Anas Idris
Roll No.: 01
Specialization: Information Technology
For Academic Year 2015-16

A Project Report
on
‘Mechanism And Working Of Project Loon’
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for qualifying
Master of Management Studies
Of
University of Mumbai
Submitted To
Submitted by
Mr. Anas Idris
Roll No.: 01
Specialization: Information Technology
For Academic Year 2015-16

Project Report
On
Mechanism And Working Of Project Loon
DEVELOPED BY
Mr.Anas Idris
Master of Management Studies(Information Technology)
University Of Mumbai

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr.Anas Idris has successfully completed the
PROJECT REPORT work as part of academic fulfillment of Master Of
Management Studies Sem IV
MRS.SMITA TEMGIRE Signiture Of Director
Project Guide (With Rubber Stamp)
Date:

DECLARATION
I the undersigned hereby declare that the project report entitled “Mechanism
And Working Of Project Loon” is an original work developed and submitted
by me under the guidance of Prof. Smita. The empirical findings in this project
report are not copied from any report and are true and best of my knowledge.
DATE:
ROLL NO.: 01
Signature of student
Anas Idris

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With immense please we are presenting “Information Technology”
Project report as part of the curriculum of ‘Master of Management Studies’.
We wish to thank all the people who gave us unending support.
I express my profound thanks to Director and Prof.Smita Temgire,
project guide and all those who have indirectly guided and helped us in
preparation of this project.
We also like to extend our gratitude to all staff and our colleagues of
College of Management, who provided moral support, a conductive work
environment and the much-needed inspiration to conclude the project in time
and a special thanks to my parents who are integral part of the project.
Thanking you.
Anas Idris

INDEX
Sr.No Description Pg.No
1 Introduction 8
2 History Of Internet 9
3 History Of Loon 10
4 Research Methodology 11
5 Objectives 11
6 Internet Around The World 15
7 The Technology 28
8 How Loon Flies 30
9 Design 32
10 Working 36
11 Practical Parameters 39
12 The Loon Hosting 43
13 Advantages And Disadvantages 47
14 Future Aspects 49

15 Conclusion 51
16 Questionnaire 52
17 Biblography 57

INTRODUCTION
We think that internet have been reached throughout the world and whole is world is
connected to each other through it. As are assumption is wrong as most part of the world does
not even know about the word “INTERNET”.
As for the awareness and for the growth of internet throughout the world a research
and development project has been developed by GOOGLE .
The moto of the project to provide internet all over the world
What is Project LOON?
Many of us think of the Internet as a global community. But two-thirds of the world’s population
does not yet have Internet access. Project Loon is a network of balloons traveling on the edge of space,
designed to connect people in rural and remote areas, help fill coverage gaps, and bring people back
online after disasters.
Project Loon is a research and development project being developed by Google with the mission
of providing Internet access to rural and remote areas. The project uses high-altitude balloons placed in
the stratosphere at an altitude of about 32 km (20 mi) to create an aerial wireless network with up
to 3G-like speeds.

HISTORY OF INTERNET:
The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in
the 1950s. Initial concepts of packet networking originated in several computer science
laboratories in the United States, Great Britain, and France. The US Department of Defence
awarded contracts as early as the 1960s for packet network systems, including the
development of the ARPANET (which would become the first network to use the Internet
Protocol.) The first message was sent over the ARPANET from computer science Professor
Leonard Kleinrock's laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the second
network node at Stanford Research Institute (SRI).
Packet switching networks such as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the
UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, and Telnet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s
using a variety of communications protocols. The ARPANET in particular led to the development
of protocols for internetworking, in which multiple separate networks could be joined into a
network of networks.
Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science
Foundation (NSF) funded the Computer Science Network (CSNET). In 1982, the Internet
protocol suite (TCP/IP) was introduced as the standard networking protocol on the ARPANET. In
the early 1980s the NSF funded the establishment for national supercomputing centres at
several universities, and provided interconnectivity in 1986 with the NSFNET project, which also
created network access to the supercomputer sites in the United States from research and
education organizations. Commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the
late 1980s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. Private connections to the Internet by
commercial entities became widespread quickly, and the NSFNET was decommissioned in 1995,
removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic.
Since the mid-1990s, the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture and
commerce, including the rise of near-instant communication by electronic mail, instant
messaging, voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) telephone calls, two-way interactive video calls,
and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking, and online
shopping sites. The research and education community continues to develop and use advanced
networks such as NSF's very high speed Backbone Network Service(vBNS), Internet2,
and National Lambda Rail. Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher
speeds over fibre optic networks operating at 1-Gbit/s, 10-Gbit/s, or more. The Internet's
takeover of the global communication landscape was almost instant in historical terms: it only
communicated 1% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunications networks
in the year 1993, already 51% by 2000, and more than 97% of the telecommunicated
information by 2007.Today the Internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of
online information, commerce, entertainment, and social networking.

HISTORY
In 2008, Google had considered contracting with or acquiring Space Data Corp., a
company that sends balloons carrying small base stations about 20 miles (32 km) up in the air
for providing connectivity to truckers and oil companies in the southern United States, but
didn't do so.
Unofficial development on the project began in 2011 under incubation in Google X with
a series of trial runs in California's Central Valley. The project was officially announced as a
Google project on 14 June 2013.
On 16 June 2013, Google began a pilot experiment in New Zealand where about 30
balloons were launched in coordination with the Civil Aviation Authority from the Tekapo area
in the South Island. About 50 local users in and around Christchurch and the Canterbury
Region tested connections to the aerial network using special antennas.[1]
After this initial trial,
Google plans on sending up 300 balloons around the world at the 40th parallel south that
would provide coverage to New Zealand, Australia, Chile, and Argentina. Google hopes to
eventually have thousands of balloons flying in the stratosphere.
In May 2014 Astro Teller announced that rather than negotiate a section of bandwidth
that was free for them worldwide they would instead become a temporary base station that
could be leased by the mobile operators of the country it was crossing over.
In May-June 2014 Google tested its balloon-powered internet access venture
in PiauI,Brazil, marking its first LTE experiments and launch near the equator.
In 2014 Google partnered with France's Centre national d'études spatiales (CNES) on the
project.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
As this project has research and develop for the worldwide net. The area have been
covered worldwide where the net connection is present based upon the regions , countries and
people or we can say the number of user of the internet.
And collecting the data on basis of that the objectives have been decided.
The data have been collected from the hundred countries across the world on basis of
population and number of user in particular country
OBJECTIVES:
As the research have been started the main objectives of this project
are:
 An Internet World
 Speed
 To make sure internet reach every place so that in times of need
people can get connected
An Internet World:
User
An individual who has access to the Internet at home. This indicator does not
record use, or frequency of use, but only access. In order to have access, the hardware
equipment must be in working conditions, the Internet subscription service must be
active, and the individual household member must have access to it at any time (there
must be no barriers preventing the individual from using the Internet). The hardware
equipment may or may not be owned by the household. There are no age limits
(minimum or maximum), so an Internet user can be of any age. There can be multiple
devices and services within the household. The data is collected through annual
household surveys administered by individual countries based on ITU guidelines. The
United Nations Statistics Division has recommended collection of data on households
accessing the Internet also outside of home, but this is not a Core ICT Indicator. An

"Internet User" is therefore defined as an individual who can access the Internet, via
computer or mobile device, within the home where the individual lives.
Internet
A world-wide computer network that can be accessed via a computer, mobile telephone, PDA,
games machine, digital TV, etc. The Internet access service can be provided through a fixed
(wired) or mobile network: analogue dial-up modem via standard telephone line, ISDN
(Integrated Services Digital Network), DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) or ADSL, Cable modem, High
speed leased lines, Fiber, Powerline, Satellite broadband network, WiMAX, Fixed CDMA, Mobile
broadband network (3G, e.g. UMTS) via a handset or card, Integrated SIM card in a computer,
or USB modem.
Around 40% of the world population has an internet connection today In 1995, it was
less than 1%.The number of internet users has increased tenfold from 1999 to 2013.The first
billion was reached in 2005. The second billion in 2010. The third billion in 2014.
Hence the project loon aims or the main objective of project loon is growth of internet.
Speed:
As the project is been research and developed by google to provide internet service to
the user where the internet has not even been reached its also assure that the connection do
also have a speed.
Hence the decision is made of how to place and where to place the balloon is been
decided by the developers
The project uses high-altitude balloons placed in the stratosphere at an altitude of about
32 km (20 mi) to create an aerial wireless network with up to 3G-like speeds.
Connect the world with people:
As we know internet helps to connect the people as mostly people are unaware of that
they lack behind.

It can help in the following way:
SO CLOSE…YET SO FAR AWAY!
One of the most important benefits offered from the wide applications of the internet is
communication. The internet managed to eliminate distances and provide people with a unique
opportunity to talk, watch and have fun with their loved ones, friends or acquaintances. Chat
rooms, messenger services, emails and conferencing programs are the most common uses for
communicating over the internet. People can enjoy the benefits of the cheap communication
and maintain close contact with loved ones from all over the world.
THE UNEMPLOYMENT AGENT
Another benefit that the internet has brought into our lives is that ever since the
internet has been introduced, new areas of jobs and careers have opened up to the public. Web
designing, computer technician and programmer, are among the many that are found at their
peak demand for employers. Almost every company nowadays, needs to have a website that
promotes its products and patents that web designers are among the most highly requested
professionals needed. Furthermore, consultants, sellers, dealers and all sorts of professionals
are needed to promote and help people over the internet. The training needed is of high
education and career opportunities through the web are exquisite. Housewives, mothers and
disabled people, can now have a chance to work from their house and earn money that would
otherwise be difficult to obtain.
THE TREASURE BANK
The biggest benefit of the internet can be found in the educational sector. Educators can
obtain learning material from it, prepare courses online and deliver audio/visual information to
students. For instructors it is a valuable source for referencing material and enhancing the
knowledge of their students. The Internet provides a great place for conferencing and
collaborating with students from all over the world. Students can search for information
regarding their school courses via electronic libraries who offer a great variety of journals and
scientific articles. The resources available over the net cover almost every aspect of the school
curriculum and students have a valuable machine for enhancing their knowledge and expanding
their assigned work.

INTERNET AROUND THE WORLD
Around 40% of the world population has an internet connection today. In 1995, it was
less than 1%.The number of internet users has increased tenfold from 1999 to 2013.
The first billion was reached in 2005. The second billion in 2010. The third billion in 2014.
The chart and table below show the number of global internet users per year since 1993:

Year
(July 1)
Internet Users
Users
Growth
World
Population
Population
Growth
Penetration
(% of Pop. with Internet)
2014* 2,925,249,355 7.9% 7,243,784,121 1.14% 40.4%
2013 2,712,239,573 8.0% 7,162,119,430 1.16% 37.9%
2012 2,511,615,523 10.5% 7,080,072,420 1.17% 35.5%
2011 2,272,463,038 11.7% 6,997,998,760 1.18% 32.5%
2010 2,034,259,368 16.1% 6,916,183,480 1.19% 29.4%
2009 1,752,333,178 12.2% 6,834,721,930 1.20% 25.6%
2008 1,562,067,594 13.8% 6,753,649,230 1.21% 23.1%
2007 1,373,040,542 18.6% 6,673,105,940 1.21% 20.6%
2006 1,157,500,065 12.4% 6,593,227,980 1.21% 17.6%
2005 1,029,717,906 13.1% 6,514,094,610 1.22% 15.8%
2004 910,060,180 16.9% 6,435,705,600 1.22% 14.1%
2003 778,555,680 17.5% 6,357,991,750 1.23% 12.2%
2002 662,663,600 32.4% 6,280,853,820 1.24% 10.6%
2001 500,609,240 21.1% 6,204,147,030 1.25% 8.1%
2000 413,425,190 47.2% 6,127,700,430 1.26% 6.7%
1999 280,866,670 49.4% 6,051,478,010 1.27% 4.6%
1998 188,023,930 55.7% 5,975,303,660 1.30% 3.1%
1997 120,758,310 56.0% 5,898,688,340 1.33% 2.0%
1996 77,433,860 72.7% 5,821,016,750 1.38% 1.3%
1995 44,838,900 76.2% 5,741,822,410 1.43% 0.8%
1994 25,454,590 79.7% 5,661,086,350 1.47% 0.4%
1993 14,161,570 5,578,865,110 0.3%
* estimate for July 1, 2014
Source: Internet Live Stats (elaboration of data by International Telecommunication Union
(ITU) and United Nations Population Division)

Internet Users by Region:
The Specification of the internet user is done regionally in terms of Continents
As per the result it can be seen that many users are from Asia region followed by America and
Eurpoe.

Being such a vast continent we can see that the percentage of internet user are less according
to population and most of the countries are non internet user countries.
Internet Users by Country
In 2014, nearly 75% (2.1 billion) of all internet users in the world (2.8 billion) live in the top 20
countries.
The remaining 25% (0.7 billion) is distributed among the other 178 countries, each representing
less than 1% of total users.
China, the country with most users (642 million in 2014), represents nearly 22% of total, and
has more users than the next three countries combined (United States, India, and Japan).
Among the top 20 countries, India is the one with the lowest penetration: 19% and the highest
yearly growth rate. At the opposite end of the range, United States, Germany, France, U.K., and
Canada have the highest penetration: over 80% of population in these countries has an internet
connection.
An Internet User is defined as an individual who has access to the Internet at home, via
computer or mobile device.
List of Countries by Internet Usage (2014)
Ran
k
Country
Internet
Users
1
Year
Grow
th %
1 Year
User
Growth
Total
Country
Populatio
n
1 Yr
Populati
on
Change
(%)
Penetrati
on
(% of
Pop.
with
Internet)
Country'
s share
of
World
Populati
on
Countr
y's
share
of
World
Interne
t Users
1 China
641,601,0
70
4%
24,021,0
70
1,393,783,
836
0.59% 46.03% 19.24% 21.97%
2
United
States
279,834,2
32
7%
17,754,8
69
322,583,00
6
0.79% 86.75% 4.45% 9.58%
3 India 243,198,9 14% 29,859,5 1,267,401, 1.22% 19.19% 17.50% 8.33%

Ran
k
Country
Internet
Users
1
Year
Grow
th %
1 Year
User
Growth
Total
Country
Populatio
n
1 Yr
Populati
on
Change
(%)
Penetrati
on
(% of
Pop.
with
Internet)
Country'
s share
of
World
Populati
on
Countr
y's
share
of
World
Interne
t Users
22 98 849
4 Japan
109,252,9
12
8%
7,668,53
5
126,999,80
8
-0.11% 86.03% 1.75% 3.74%
5 Brazil
107,822,8
31
7%
6,884,33
3
202,033,67
0
0.83% 53.37% 2.79% 3.69%
6 Russia
84,437,79
3
10%
7,494,53
6
142,467,65
1
-0.26% 59.27% 1.97% 2.89%
7 Germany
71,727,55
1
2%
1,525,82
9
82,652,256 -0.09% 86.78% 1.14% 2.46%
8 Nigeria
67,101,45
2
16%
9,365,59
0
178,516,90
4
2.82% 37.59% 2.46% 2.30%
9
United
Kingdom
57,075,82
6
3%
1,574,65
3
63,489,234 0.56% 89.90% 0.88% 1.95%
10 France
55,429,38
2
3%
1,521,36
9
64,641,279 0.54% 85.75% 0.89% 1.90%
11 Mexico
50,923,06
0
7%
3,423,15
3
123,799,21
5
1.20% 41.13% 1.71% 1.74%
12
South
Korea
45,314,24
8
8%
3,440,21
3
49,512,026 0.51% 91.52% 0.68% 1.55%
13 Indonesia
42,258,82
4
9%
3,468,05
7
252,812,24
5
1.18% 16.72% 3.49% 1.45%

Ran
k
Country
Internet
Users
1
Year
Grow
th %
1 Year
User
Growth
Total
Country
Populatio
n
1 Yr
Populati
on
Change
(%)
Penetrati
on
(% of
Pop.
with
Internet)
Country'
s share
of
World
Populati
on
Countr
y's
share
of
World
Interne
t Users
14 Egypt
40,311,56
2
10%
3,748,27
1
83,386,739 1.62% 48.34% 1.15% 1.38%
15 Viet Nam
39,772,42
4
9%
3,180,00
7
92,547,959 0.95% 42.97% 1.28% 1.36%
16
Philippin
es
39,470,84
5
10%
3,435,65
4
100,096,49
6
1.73% 39.43% 1.38% 1.35%
17 Italy
36,593,96
9
2% 857,489 61,070,224 0.13% 59.92% 0.84% 1.25%
18 Turkey
35,358,88
8
3%
1,195,61
0
75,837,020 1.21% 46.62% 1.05% 1.21%
19 Spain
35,010,27
3
3% 876,986 47,066,402 0.30% 74.38% 0.65% 1.20%
20 Canada
33,000,38
1
7%
2,150,06
1
35,524,732 0.98% 92.89% 0.49% 1.13%
21 Poland
25,666,23
8
2% 571,136 38,220,543 0.01% 67.15% 0.53% 0.88%
22 Colombia
25,660,72
5
7%
1,739,10
8
48,929,706 1.26% 52.44% 0.68% 0.88%
23 Argentina
24,973,66
0
7%
1,600,72
2
41,803,125 0.86% 59.74% 0.58% 0.86%
24 South 24,909,85 14% 3,022,36 53,139,528 0.69% 46.88% 0.73% 0.85%

Ran
k
Country
Internet
Users
1
Year
Grow
th %
1 Year
User
Growth
Total
Country
Populatio
n
1 Yr
Populati
on
Change
(%)
Penetrati
on
(% of
Pop.
with
Internet)
Country'
s share
of
World
Populati
on
Countr
y's
share
of
World
Interne
t Users
Africa 4 2
25 Iran
22,200,70
8
9%
1,850,44
5
78,470,222 1.32% 28.29% 1.08% 0.76%
26 Australia
21,176,59
5
9%
1,748,05
4
23,630,169 1.23% 89.62% 0.33% 0.73%
27 Morocco
20,207,15
4
10%
1,851,33
5
33,492,909 1.47% 60.33% 0.46% 0.69%
28 Pakistan
20,073,92
9
9%
1,731,25
0
185,132,92
6
1.64% 10.84% 2.56% 0.69%
29 Thailand
19,386,15
4
8%
1,438,01
8
67,222,972 0.32% 28.84% 0.93% 0.66%
30
Saudi
Arabia
17,397,17
9
11%
1,656,94
2
29,369,428 1.88% 59.24% 0.41% 0.60%
31
Madagas
car
17,321,75
6
16%
2,417,59
0
23,571,962 2.82% 73.48% 0.33% 0.59%
32 Ukraine
16,849,00
8
9%
1,433,45
5
44,941,303 -0.66% 37.49% 0.62% 0.58%
33 Kenya
16,713,31
9
16%
2,313,82
0
45,545,980 2.69% 36.70% 0.63% 0.57%
34
Netherla
nds
16,143,87
9
3% 398,245 16,802,463 0.26% 96.08% 0.23% 0.55%

Ran
k
Country
Internet
Users
1
Year
Grow
th %
1 Year
User
Growth
Total
Country
Populatio
n
1 Yr
Populati
on
Change
(%)
Penetrati
on
(% of
Pop.
with
Internet)
Country'
s share
of
World
Populati
on
Countr
y's
share
of
World
Interne
t Users
35
Venezuel
a
14,548,42
1
7%
1,013,85
2
30,851,343 1.47% 47.16% 0.43% 0.50%
36 Peru
12,583,95
3
7% 857,081 30,769,077 1.30% 40.90% 0.42% 0.43%
37 Malawi
12,150,36
2
16%
1,698,74
2
16,829,144 2.85% 72.20% 0.23% 0.42%
38
Uzbekista
n
11,914,66
5
12%
1,229,67
0
29,324,920 1.35% 40.63% 0.40% 0.41%
39 Mali
11,862,55
9
16%
1,678,08
1
15,768,227 3.05% 75.23% 0.22% 0.41%
40 Chile
11,686,74
6
7% 749,968 17,772,871 0.87% 65.76% 0.25% 0.40%
41 Romania
11,178,47
7
2% 218,123 21,640,168 -0.27% 51.66% 0.30% 0.38%
42
Banglade
sh
10,867,56
7
9% 896,332
158,512,57
0
1.22% 6.86% 2.19% 0.37%
43
Kazakhst
an
9,850,123 11% 986,929 16,606,878 1.01% 59.31% 0.23% 0.34%
44 Belgium 9,441,116 3% 242,233 11,144,420 0.36% 84.72% 0.15% 0.32%
45 Sudan 9,307,189 15%
1,242,83
9
38,764,090 2.11% 24.01% 0.54% 0.32%

Ran
k
Country
Internet
Users
1
Year
Grow
th %
1 Year
User
Growth
Total
Country
Populatio
n
1 Yr
Populati
on
Change
(%)
Penetrati
on
(% of
Pop.
with
Internet)
Country'
s share
of
World
Populati
on
Countr
y's
share
of
World
Interne
t Users
46
United
Arab
Emirates
8,807,226 10% 774,914 9,445,624 1.06% 93.24% 0.13% 0.30%
47 Sweden 8,581,261 1% 110,156 9,631,261 0.63% 89.10% 0.13% 0.29%
48
Czech
Republic
8,322,168 3% 213,353 10,740,468 0.36% 77.48% 0.15% 0.28%
49 Tanzania 7,590,794 16%
1,074,11
8
50,757,459 3.05% 14.96% 0.70% 0.26%
50 Hungary 7,388,776 2% 147,846 9,933,173 -0.22% 74.38% 0.14% 0.25%
51
Switzerla
nd
7,180,749 3% 227,983 8,157,896 0.99% 88.02% 0.11% 0.25%
52 Austria 7,135,168 3% 183,661 8,526,429 0.37% 83.68% 0.12% 0.24%
53 Portugal 7,015,519 2% 156,800 10,610,304 0.02% 66.12% 0.15% 0.24%
54 Algeria 6,669,927 10% 633,077 39,928,947 1.84% 16.70% 0.55% 0.23%
55 Uganda 6,523,949 17% 940,168 38,844,624 3.37% 16.79% 0.54% 0.22%
56 Greece 6,438,325 2% 142,859 11,128,404 0.00% 57.85% 0.15% 0.22%
57 Ecuador 6,012,003 8% 423,777 15,982,551 1.55% 37.62% 0.22% 0.21%
58 Israel 5,928,772 3% 197,273 7,822,107 1.15% 75.80% 0.11% 0.20%

Ran
k
Country
Internet
Users
1
Year
Grow
th %
1 Year
User
Growth
Total
Country
Populatio
n
1 Yr
Populati
on
Change
(%)
Penetrati
on
(% of
Pop.
with
Internet)
Country'
s share
of
World
Populati
on
Countr
y's
share
of
World
Interne
t Users
59 Syria 5,860,788 9% 480,524 21,986,615 0.40% 26.66% 0.30% 0.20%
60
Hong
Kong SAR
5,751,357 9% 450,747 7,259,569 0.77% 79.22% 0.10% 0.20%
61
Azerbaija
n
5,737,223 11% 578,231 9,514,887 1.08% 60.30% 0.13% 0.20%
62 Denmark 5,419,113 3% 139,859 5,640,184 0.38% 96.08% 0.08% 0.19%
63 Ghana 5,171,993 15% 689,264 26,442,178 2.08% 19.56% 0.37% 0.18%
64 Finland 5,117,660 3% 129,157 5,443,497 0.32% 94.01% 0.08% 0.18%
65
Dominica
n
Republic
5,072,674 7% 341,197 10,528,954 1.20% 48.18% 0.15% 0.17%
66 Tunisia 5,053,704 10% 446,032 11,116,899 1.09% 45.46% 0.15% 0.17%
67 Norway 4,895,885 2% 105,347 5,091,924 0.98% 96.15% 0.07% 0.17%
68 Belarus 4,856,969 9% 419,164 9,307,609 -0.52% 52.18% 0.13% 0.17%
69 Yemen 4,778,488 11% 473,030 24,968,508 2.30% 19.14% 0.34% 0.16%
70 Serbia 4,705,141 2% 83,759 9,468,378 -0.44% 49.69% 0.13% 0.16%
71 Slovakia 4,507,849 2% 103,037 5,454,154 0.07% 82.65% 0.08% 0.15%

Ran
k
Country
Internet
Users
1
Year
Grow
th %
1 Year
User
Growth
Total
Country
Populatio
n
1 Yr
Populati
on
Change
(%)
Penetrati
on
(% of
Pop.
with
Internet)
Country'
s share
of
World
Populati
on
Countr
y's
share
of
World
Interne
t Users
72
Singapor
e
4,453,859 10% 396,302 5,517,102 1.95% 80.73% 0.08% 0.15%
73 Angola 4,286,821 17% 608,233 22,137,261 3.10% 19.36% 0.31% 0.15%
74 Sri Lanka 4,267,507 9% 335,915 21,445,775 0.81% 19.90% 0.30% 0.15%
75
New
Zealand
4,162,209 9% 85,828 4,551,349 1.01% 91.45% 0.06% 0.14%
76 Bulgaria 4,083,950 1% 59,858 7,167,998 -0.76% 56.97% 0.10% 0.14%
77 Bolivia 3,970,587 8% 283,474 10,847,664 1.65% 36.60% 0.15% 0.14%
78 Ireland 3,817,491 3% 124,604 4,677,340 1.08% 81.62% 0.06% 0.13%
79 Nepal 3,411,948 9% 279,504 28,120,740 1.16% 12.13% 0.39% 0.12%
80 Jordan 3,375,307 12% 359,976 7,504,812 3.18% 44.98% 0.10% 0.12%
81 Lebanon 3,336,517 12% 350,316 4,965,914 2.99% 67.19% 0.07% 0.11%
82 Senegal 3,194,190 16% 448,824 14,548,171 2.94% 21.96% 0.20% 0.11%
83 Cuba 3,090,796 6% 171,379 11,258,597 -0.06% 27.45% 0.16% 0.11%
84 Kuwait 3,022,010 12% 325,256 3,479,371 3.29% 86.86% 0.05% 0.10%
85
Zimbabw
e
2,852,757 17% 406,610 14,599,325 3.18% 19.54% 0.20% 0.10%

Ran
k
Country
Internet
Users
1
Year
Grow
th %
1 Year
User
Growth
Total
Country
Populatio
n
1 Yr
Populati
on
Change
(%)
Penetrati
on
(% of
Pop.
with
Internet)
Country'
s share
of
World
Populati
on
Countr
y's
share
of
World
Interne
t Users
86 Croatia 2,780,534 2% 50,350 4,272,044 -0.41% 65.09% 0.06% 0.10%
87
Guatemal
a
2,716,781 9% 215,550 15,859,714 2.53% 17.13% 0.22% 0.09%
88 Iraq 2,707,928 12% 284,010 34,768,761 2.97% 7.79% 0.48% 0.09%
89 Oman 2,584,316 17% 380,679 3,926,492 8.10% 65.82% 0.05% 0.09%
90
Bosnia
Herzegov
ina
2,582,502 2% 54,197 3,824,746 -0.12% 67.52% 0.05% 0.09%
91
Costa
Rica
2,511,139 7% 172,205 4,937,755 1.35% 50.86% 0.07% 0.09%
92 Zambia 2,313,013 17% 332,362 15,021,002 3.32% 15.40% 0.21% 0.08%
93 Qatar 2,191,866 13% 259,980 2,267,916 4.58% 96.65% 0.03% 0.08%
94 Georgia 2,188,311 10% 191,034 4,322,842 -0.42% 50.62% 0.06% 0.07%
95 Lithuania 2,113,393 2% 40,877 3,008,287 -0.29% 70.25% 0.04% 0.07%
96
Puerto
Rico
2,027,549 6% 111,168 3,683,601 -0.13% 55.04% 0.05% 0.07%
97 Uruguay 2,017,280 6% 119,523 3,418,694 0.34% 59.01% 0.05% 0.07%
98 Paraguay 2,005,278 8% 143,917 6,917,579 1.69% 28.99% 0.10% 0.07%

Ran
k
Country
Internet
Users
1
Year
Grow
th %
1 Year
User
Growth
Total
Country
Populatio
n
1 Yr
Populati
on
Change
(%)
Penetrati
on
(% of
Pop.
with
Internet)
Country'
s share
of
World
Populati
on
Countr
y's
share
of
World
Interne
t Users
99 Panama 1,899,892 8% 134,718 3,926,017 1.60% 48.39% 0.05% 0.07%
100
Afghanist
an
1,856,781 10% 172,462 31,280,518 2.39% 5.94% 0.43% 0.06%
Showing 1 to 100 of 198 entries

THE TECHNOLOGY
 ON?
Project Loon balloons float in the stratosphere, twice as high as airplanes and the weather. In
the stratosphere, there are many layers of wind, and each layer of wind varies in direction and speed.
Loon balloons go where they’re needed by rising or descending into a layer of wind blowing in the
desired direction of travel. By partnering with Telecommunications companies to share cellular
spectrum we’ve enabled people to connect to the balloon network directly from their phones and other
LTE-enabled devices. The signal is then passed across the balloon network and back down to the global
Internet on Earth.
The technology designed in the project could allow countries to avoid using expensive
fiber cable that would have to be installed underground to allow users to connect to the
Internet. Google feels this will greatly increase Internet usage in developing countries in regions
such as Africa and Southeast Asia that can't afford to lay underground fiber cable.
The high-altitude polyethylene balloons fly around the world on the prevailing winds
(mostly in a direction parallel with lines of latitude, i.e. east or west). Solar panels supplied by
PowerFilm, Inc about the size of a card table that are just below the free-flying balloons
generate enough electricity in four hours to power the transmitter for a day and beam down
the Internet signal to ground stations. These ground stations are spaced about 100 km (62 mi)

apart, or two balloon hops, and bounce the signal to other relay balloons that send the signal
back down. This makes Internet access available to anyone in the world who has a receiver and
is within range of a balloon. Currently, the balloons communicate using unlicensed 2.4 and 5.8
GHz ISM bands, and Google claims that the setup allows it to deliver "speeds comparable
to 3G" to users. It is unclear how technologies that rely on short communications times (low
latency pings), such as VoIP, might need to be modified to work in an environment similar to
mobile phones where the signal may have to relay through multiple balloons before reaching
the wider Internet.
The first person to connect to the "Google Balloon Internet" after the initial test balloons were
launched into the stratosphere was a farmer in the town of Lees ton, New Zealand, who was
one of 50 people in the area around Christchurch who agreed to be a pilot tester for Project
Loon. The New Zealand farmer lived in a rural location that couldn't get broadband access to
the Internet, and had used a satellite Internet service in 2009, but found that he sometimes had
to pay over $1000 per month for the service. The locals knew nothing about the secret project
other than its ability to deliver Internet connectivity; but allowed project workers to attach a
basketball-sized receiver resembling a giant bright-red party balloon to an outside wall of their
property in order to connect to the network.
The high-altitude balloons fly twice as high as airplanes, but below the range of satellites. Each
balloon provides Internet service in a 20 km (12 mi) radius covering an area of about
125.6 km2
(48.5 sq mi).

HOW LOON FLIES:
The method is defined in two ways:
1)Navigating With The Wind
2) Stratosphere
1) Navigating With The Wind
Project Loon balloons travel approximately 20 km above the Earth’s surface in the stratosphere.
Winds in the stratosphere are stratified, and each layer of wind varies in speed and direction. Project
Loon uses software algorithms to determine where its balloons need to go, then moves each one into a
layer of wind blowing in the right direction. By moving with the wind, the balloons can be arranged to
form one large communications network.

2) Stratosphere:
Situated on the edge of space, between 10 km and 60 km in altitude, the stratosphere presents
unique engineering challenges: air pressure is 1% that at sea level, and this thin atmosphere offers less
protection from UV radiation and dramatic temperature swings, which can reach as low as -80°C. By
carefully designing the balloon envelope to withstand these conditions, Project Loon is able to take
advantage of the stratosphere’s steady winds and remain well above weather events, wildlife and
airplanes.

DESIGN
The design of loon is of three layers
1) Envelop
2) Solar Panels
3) Electronics
1) Envelop
The balloon envelopes used in the project are made by Raven Aerostar, and are composed
of polyethylene plastic about 3 mil or 0.076 mm (0.0030 in) thick. The balloons are super
pressure balloons filled with helium, stand 15 m (49 ft) across and 12 m (39 ft) tall when fully
inflated, and carry a custom air pump system dubbed the "Croce" that pumps in or releases air
to ballast the balloon and control its elevation.

The inflatable part of the balloon is called a balloon envelope. A well-made balloon envelope is
critical for allowing a balloon to last around 100 days in the stratosphere. Loon’s balloon envelopes are
made from sheets of polyethylene plastic, and they measure fifteen meters wide by twelve meters tall
when fully inflated. When a balloon is ready to be taken out of service, gas is released from the
envelope to bring the balloon down to Earth in a controlled descent. In the unlikely event that a balloon
drops too quickly, a parachute attached to the top of the envelope is deployed.
2) Solar Panels
Each balloon’s electronics are powered by an array of solar panels that sit between the
envelope and the hardware. In full sun, the panels produce 100 watts of power, which is
sufficient to keep the unit running while also charging a battery for use at night. A parachute
attached to the top of the envelope allows for a controlled descent and landing when a balloon
is ready to be taken out of service. In the case of an unexpected failure, the parachute deploys
automatically.

Each balloon’s electronics are powered by an array of solar panels. The solar array is a flexible plastic
laminate supported by a light-weight aluminum frame. It uses high efficiency monocrystalline solar cells.
The solar array is mounted at a steep angle to effectively capture sunlight on short winter days at higher
latitudes. The array is divided into two sections facing in opposite directions, allowing us to capture
energy in any orientation as the balloons spin slowly in the wind. The panels produce approximately 100
Watts of power in full sun, which is enough to keep Loon’s electronics running while also charging a
battery for use at night. By moving with the wind and charging in the sun, Project Loon is able to power
itself using entirely renewable energy sources.
3) Electronics
A small box weighing 10 kg (22 lb) containing each balloon's electronic equipment hangs
underneath the inflated envelope. This box contains circuit boards that control the system, radio
antennas and a Ubiquiti Networks Rocket M2 to communicate with other balloons and with Internet
antennas on the ground, and batteries to store solar power so the balloons can operate during the
night. Each balloon’s electronics are powered by an array of solar panels that sit between the
envelope and the hardware.

A small box containing the balloon’s electronics hangs underneath the inflated envelope, like the
basket carried by a hot air balloon. This box contains circuit boards that control the system, radio
antennas to communicate with other balloons and with Internet antennas on the ground, and lithium
ion batteries to store solar power so the balloons can operate throughout the night.
When taken out of service, the balloon is guided to a well reachable location, and
the helium is vented into the atmosphere. The balloons typically have a maximum life of about
55 days, although Google claims that its tweaked design can enable them to stay aloft for more
than 100 days.
The prototype ground stations use a Ubiquiti Networks Rocket M5 radio and a custom patch
antenna to connect to the balloons beaming down the Internet when the balloons are in a
20 km (12 mi) radius. Some reports have called Google's project the Google Balloon Internet.

WORKING
How loon Connects?
 Each balloon can provide connectivity to aground area about 40 km in diameter at
speeds comparable to 3G
 Each balloon is equipped with a GPS for tracking its location
 Three radio transceivers.
 balloon-to-balloon communications.
 balloon-to-ground communication.
 third for backup.
 The balloons use antennas equipped with specialized radio frequency technology.
 Project Loon currently uses ISM bands that are available for anyone to use.

Each balloon can provide connectivity to a ground area about 40 km in diameter using a wireless
communications technology called LTE. To use LTE, Project Loon partners with telecommunications
companies to share cellular spectrum so that people will be able to access the Internet everywhere
directly from their phones and other LTE-enabled devices. Balloons relay wireless traffic from cell
phones and other devices back to the global Internet using high-speed links.

The ISM bands defined by the ITU-R are:
Frequency range Bandwidth
Centre
frequency
Availability
6.765 MHz 6.795 MHz 30 kHz 6.780 MHz Subject to local acceptance
13.553 MHz 13.567 MHz 14 kHz 13.560 MHz Worldwide
433.050 MHz 434.790 MHz 1.74 MHz 433.920 MHz
Region 1 only and subject to local
acceptance
902.000 MHz 928.000 MHz 26 MHz 915.000 MHz Region 2 only (with some exceptions)
2.400 GHz 2.500 GHz 100 MHz 2.450 GHz Worldwide
61.000 GHz 61.500 GHz 500 MHz 61.250 GHz Subject to local acceptance
122.000 GHz 123.000 GHz 1 GHz 122.500 GHz Subject to local acceptance
244.000 GHz 246.000 GHz 2 GHz 245.000 GHz Subject to local acceptance

PRACTICAL PARAMETERS
BALLOON:
Polyethylene plastic envelops manufactured by Raven Aerostat: $4,000
Helium gas per loon per flight: $2,000
100W solar panels (5ft × 5ft): $500
Navigation control system: $1000
Equipment box (circuit boards, radio antennae, GPS, weather instruments and batteries):
$12,000
Re-launch fee for a used balloon: $3,000

GROUND STATION CONNECTED TO BACKBONE INTERNET:
Station construction and equipment installation: $1.2 million
Maintenance: equipment cost is $30,000/year and land cost depends on local market.
Need dedicated personnel to conduct regular maintenance and troubleshooting. Labour cost
varies at different location.

BALLOON LAUNCHING AND COLLECTING POINTS:
All the installation, maintenance costs depend on local land cost and human resource
cost. Due to properties of wind in the stratosphere, balloon moves along latitude line with a ±
5o latitude range, so please be aware of coverage limitation of balloons from one balloon
station.

ANTENNA FOR USERS:
Antenna: $500
Assume it could be installed easily so no extra labour fee.

THE LOON HOSTING
In 2008, Google had considered contracting with or acquiring Space Data Corp., a
company that sends balloons carrying small base stations about 20 miles (32 km) up in the air
for providing connectivity to truckers and oil companies in the southern United States, but
didn't do so.
Unofficial development on the project began in 2011 under incubation in Google X with
a series of trial runs in California's Central Valley. The project was officially announced as a
Google project on 14 June 2013.

On 16 June 2013, Google began a pilot experiment in New Zealand where about 30
balloons were launched in coordination with the Civil Aviation Authority from the Tekapo area
in the South Island. About 50 local users in and around Christchurch and the Canterbury Region
tested connections to the aerial network using special antennas. After this initial trial, Google
plans on sending up 300 balloons around the world at the 40th parallel south that would
provide coverage to New Zealand, Australia, Chile, and Argentina. Google hopes to eventually
have thousands of balloons flying in the stratosphere.
EXPANSION OF LOON
Project Loon began with a pilot test in June 2013, when thirty balloons were launched from New
Zealand’s South Island and beamed Internet to a small group of pilot testers. The pilot test has since
expanded to include a greater number of people over a wider area. Looking ahead, Project Loon will
continue to expand the pilot, with the goal of establishing a ring of uninterrupted connectivity at
latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere, so that pilot testers in these latitudes can receive continuous
service via balloon-powered Interne

CURRENT PROGRESS
The Project Loon pilot test began in June 2013 on the 40th parallel south*. Thirty
balloons, launched from New Zealand’s South Island, beamed Internet to a small group of pilot
testers. The experience of these pilot testers is now being used to refine the technology and
shape the next phase of Project Loon.
Pilot test project in New Zealand.

Long distance tracking experiment of loon on 40th parallel south
There are many rules regarding airspace and who controls it, and also disagreements as
to how far (up) such control extends. Floating in the stratosphere means that almost certainly,
Google will always be required to seek permission from any government whose airspace the
balloons float into. In addition, while this project uses unlicensed spectrum, there's no
guarantee that will always be the case. Luckily for Google, approximately 70,000 weather
balloons are launched every year, which may mitigate some, though not all, of the legal and
regulatory issues.

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
 The price of Internet data in many parts of the world continues to be unaffordable for
the majority of global citizens.
 “Project Loon” will offer worldwide access to information to everyone, including those
who today are beyond the geographic reach of the internet or can’t afford it.”
 Project Loon will guarantee this right by taking a practical approach to information
delivery.
 Project Loon‘s near-term goal is to provide the entire world with broadcast data,
Internet access for everyone.
 Wireless connection to the Web available for free to every person in the world.
 Project Loon will also offer a humanitarian communications system, relaying public
service transmissions during emergencies in places where there is no access to
conventional communications networks due to natural disasters or man-made
restrictions on the free-flow of information.
 Project Loon will use a network of balloons to transmit selected internet data – audio,
video, text and applications – to any Wi-Fi-enabled device, including mobile phones,
anywhere in the world.

LIMITATIONS
 “Cost” was high as we have to take permission, buy antenna and fix it in home.
 “Maintenance” cost will be very high as the total equipment is very costly and
complicated.
 “Balloons” must be replaced for every two to three weeks. As they must be refilled the
gas and should correct the balloon’s equipment if any damages occurs when they are
moving at stratosphere.
 Every technology has both advantages and disadvantages. So loon also has above
disadvantages. Experiments are advancing so that they can avoid above disadvantages.

FUTURE ASPECTS
MDIF plans to formally request NASA to use the International Space Station to test
their technology in September 2014. Manufacturing and launching of satellites would begin in
early 2015, and Outer net is planned to begin broadcasting in June 2015. Indian company
Specify Inc. is the first private non-profit company which is working with outernet to provide
global free Wi-Fi access. Forget the Internet - soon there will be the OUTERNET: Company plans
to beam free Wi-Fi to every person on Earth from space.
The New York Company plans to ask NASA to test their Outernet technology on
the International Space. An ambitious project known as Outernet is aiming to launch hundreds
of miniature satellites into low Earth orbit by June 2015. Each satellite will broadcast the
Internet to phones and computers giving billions of people across the globe free online access.
Citizens of countries like China and North Korea that have censored online activity could be
given free and unrestricted cyberspace. You might think you have to pay through the nose at
the moment to access the Internet. But one ambitious organisation called the Media
Development Investment Fund (MDIF) is planning to turn the age of online computing on its
head by giving free web access to every person on Earth. Known as Outernet, MDIF plans to
launch hundreds of satellites into orbit by 2015. And they say the project could provide
unrestricted Internet access to countries where their web access is censored, including China
and North Korea.
The ISS could be a test bed for Outer net technology+3 Could our Internet one
day be delivered from space?+3 Using something known as data casting technology, which
involves sending data over wide radio waves, the New York-based company says they'll be able
to broadcast the Internet around the world. The group is hoping to raise tens of millions of
dollars in donations to get the project on the road. The Outernet team claim that only 60% of
the world's population currently have access to the wealth of knowledge that can be found on
the Internet. This is because, despite a wide spread of Wi-Fi devices across the globe, many
countries are unable or unwilling to provide people with the infrastructure needed to access
the web. The company's plan is to launch hundreds of low-cost miniature satellites, known as
cubesats, into low Earth orbit. Here, each satellite will receive data from a network of ground
stations across the globe.
Using a technique known as User Datagram Protocol (UDP) multitasking,
which is the sharing of data between users on a network, Outernet will beam information to
users. Much like how you receive a signal on your television and flick through channels,
Outernet will broadcast the Internet to you and allow you to flick through certain websites. THE
OUTERNET PROJECT TIMELINE By June of this year the Outernet project aims to begin deploying

prototype satellites to test their technology. In September 2014 they will make a request to
NASA to test their technology on the International Space Station.
By early 2015 they intend to begin manufacturing and launching their
satellites. And in June 2015 the company says they will begin broadcasting the Outernet from
space. 'We have a very solid understand of the costs involved, as well as experience working on
numerous spacecraft,' said Project Lead of Outernet Syed Karim, who fielded some questions
on Reddit. 'There isn't a lot of raw research that is being done here; much of what is being
described has already been proven by other small satellite programs and experiments. "There's
really nothing that is technically impossible to this" But at the prospect of telecoms operators
trying to shut the project down before it gets off the ground, Karim said: 'We will fight... and
win.' If everything goes to plan, the Outernet project aims to ask NASA for permission to test
the technology on the International Space Station. And their ultimate goal will be to beginning
deploying the Outernet satellites into Earth orbit, which they say can begin in June 2015.

CONCLUSION
The balloon envelopes used in the project are made by Raven Aerostar, and are
composed of polyethylene plastic about 3 mil or 0.076 mm (0.0030 in) thick. The balloons are
super pressure balloons filled with helium, stand 15 m (49 ft) across and 12 m (39 ft) tall when
fully inflated, and carry a custom air pump system dubbed the "Croce" that pumps in or
releases air to ballast the balloon and control its elevation. A small box weighing 10 kg (22 lb)
containing each balloon's electronic equipment hangs underneath the inflated envelope. This
box contains circuit boards that control the system, radio antennae and a Ubiquity Networks
Rocket M2 to communicate with other balloons and with Internet antennae on the ground, and
batteries to store solar power so the balloons can operate during the night. Each balloon’s
electronics are powered by an array of solar panels that sit between the envelope and the
hardware. In full sun, the panels produce 100 watts of power, which is sufficient to keep the
unit running while also charging a battery for use at night. A parachute attached to the top of
the envelope allows for a controlled descent and landing when a balloon is ready to be taken
out of service. In the case of an unexpected failure, the parachute deploys automatically. The
balloons typically have a maximum life of about 55 days, although Google claims that its
tweaked design can enable them to stay aloft for more than 100 days.

QUESTIONNAIRE
WHAT ARE PROJECT LOON BALLOONS?
Project Loon is a global network of high altitude balloons. The balloons ascend like weather
balloons until they reach the stratosphere, where they drift higher than 18 km (60,000 ft),
safely above the altitudes used for aviation. While weather balloons burst after only a few
hours in the air, Loon balloons are superpressure, allowing them to last much longer. Loon
balloons are also unique in that they can ride the wind to travel where they need to go, they
can coordinate with other balloons to provide stable coverage on the ground, and their
electronics are entirely solar powered.
HOW DO I RECEIVE INTERNET SERVICE FROM THE BALLOONS?
Signals are transmitted from the balloons to a specialized Internet antenna mounted to the side
of a home or workplace, or directly to LTE-enabled devices. Web traffic that travels through the
balloon network is ultimately relayed to our local telecommunications partners’ ground
stations, where it connects to pre-existing Internet infrastructure.
HOW HIGH DO THE BALLOONS FLY?
We are flying in the stratosphere well above commercial air traffic and weather events, at
around 18 - 27 km or 60,000 - 90,000 feet.
HOW LONG WILL A BALLOON STAY UP IN THE AIR?
We’re working on creating a balloon design that can reliably last for 100+ days at a time in the
stratosphere. During our initial tests, flight durations will be shorter.
HOW WILL THE BALLOONS COME DOWN?
We control the balloons by raising and lowering them to an altitude with winds blowing in the
desired direction of travel. We plan to take our balloons down over preselected, safe recovery
zones so we can easily collect them to reuse and recycle their parts. In the event of an
unexpected landing, every Loon balloon is equipped with a parachute to slow its descent.
HOW DO YOU COLLECT THE BALLOONS AFTER THEY HAVE LANDED?
The Project Loon team includes several recovery specialists who track down and collect landed
balloons. We track our balloons continuously in the air using GPS and we take note of their
location when they land. Once the landing location is known, the recovery team will be on their
way. Ultimately, we plan to land the balloons in various collection points around the world.

IS THERE RISK OF AIRPLANES HITTING THE BALLOONS?
At their floating altitude, Loon balloons fly almost twice as high as commercial jetliners, so they
are well out of the way. We coordinate with local air-traffic control when balloons are launched
and when they descend.
IS IT POSSIBLE TO SEE THE BALLOONS FROM THE GROUND?
In certain weather conditions it may be possible to see a Loon balloon from the ground. Most of
the time they will be very difficult to see with the naked eye.
WHERE HAS PROJECT LOON CONDUCTED PILOT TESTS?
Project Loon began with a pilot test in June 2013, when thirty balloons were launched from
New Zealand’s South Island and beamed Internet to a small group of pilot testers. The pilot test
has since expanded to include a greater number of people over a wider area including
California’s Central Valley, and a connectivity test in Northeast Brazil.
Looking ahead, Project Loon will continue to expand testing around the world throughout 2014.
DO YOU NEED PERMISSION TO FLY THESE BALLOONS?
The laws applicable to high altitude balloon flight and telecommunications services differ from
country to country, and we will comply with all applicable laws as required. There’s a precedent
for this: approximately 70,000 weather balloons are launched per year.
WHAT HAPPENS IF A BALLOON LANDS IN WATER?
We intend to avoid water landings, but when we make a controlled landing in the water there
will be some extra gas in the balloon that will act as a flotation device and make the balloon
easier to find and retrieve.
WHAT STEPS IS PROJECT LOON TAKING TO BE ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE?
They are taking several steps to ensure Project Loon is environmentally responsible:
They are working to guide all balloons to collection points upon descent, so we can reuse,
recycle, or responsibly dispose of their parts.
When balloons do not make it to one of these collection points, we send our recovery team out
to collect them.
The balloons’ electronics are entirely solar powered.
They are working to make our stratospheric wind data available to the environmental science
community so it can be used to improve weather and climate models.

HOW DO YOU DEAL WITH THE EXTREME CONDITIONS IN THE STRATOSPHERE?
Situated on the edge of space, between 10 km and 60 km in altitude, the stratosphere presents
unique engineering challenges: air pressure is 1% that at sea level, and this thin atmosphere
offers less protection from UV radiation and dramatic temperature swings. By carefully
designing the balloon envelope to withstand these conditions, Project Loon is able to take
advantage of the stratosphere’s steady winds and remain well above weather events, wildlife
and airplanes.
WHAT ELECTRONICS ARE ON THE BALLOON?
In addition to the specialized radios that provide Internet service to users on the ground, Loon
balloons carry instruments to monitor the weather and ambient environmental conditions, as
well as GPS units to keep track of their flight patterns. The electronics are powered by solar
panels, and excess power is stored in a rechargeable battery so service can continue through
the night.
WHAT COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT IS ON A BALLOON?
There are two main radio transceivers on each balloon: a broad-coverage LTE base station (or
“eNodeB”), and a high-speed directional link used to connect back to the Internet. There is also
a third backup radio that can be used to communicate with the balloons from the ground if the
others fail or go out of range.
WILL THE BALLOONS HAVE CAMERAS OR CAPTURE ANY IMAGERY OF THE GROUND?
We use cameras on some of our test flights to observe how various components of the balloon
are functioning, but our production balloons will not be equipped with downward-facing
cameras.
HOW FAST IS BALLOON-POWERED INTERNET?
We expect Internet speeds to be comparable to 3G.
HOW DOES THE LOON NETWORK INTERACT WITH LTE NETWORKS?
Project Loon plans to partner with telecommunications companies in each country we operate
in to share and coordinate use of LTE spectrum. Frequency bands that are difficult to use for
broad coverage from terrestrial towers are great for balloon coverage.
HOW MANY PEOPLE CAN ONE BALLOON SERVE?
Each balloon can provide coverage to a ground area about 40 km in diameter, and hundreds of
people can connect to each balloon at once.

HOW ARE THE BALLOONS POWERED?
The equipment on the balloons is charged using solar panels during the day and a rechargeable
battery during the night.
WHAT KIND OF SPECTRUM WILL BE USED?
Loon partners with telcos to utilize spectrum acquired in the local region.
HOW DO YOU PRESERVE THE SECURITY AND INTEGRITY OF DATA TRANSMITTED OVER THE
LOON NETWORK?
Data is automatically encrypted while transiting the balloon network. In addition, only devices
with specially provisioned Loon SIM cards can access the network. In the future we will
integrate with the core networks of partners so data transmitted will have the same levels of
encryption and authentication as those networks.
HOW IS THE MOVEMENT OF THESE BALLOONS CONTROLLED?
The positioning of the Loon fleet is adjusted and controlled from Loon Mission Control, using a
combination of automatic planning and human oversight. In addition, the individual balloon
vehicles perform some automatic flight control functions, such as venting gas to prevent a burst
or parachute deployment in case the balloon descends too quickly.

BIBLOGRAPHY
http://www.google.co.in/loon/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Loon
http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users/

Loon project

Recommandé

Recommandé

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Tendances (20)

En vedette

En vedette (17)

Similaire à Loon project

Similaire à Loon project (20)

Dernier

Dernier (20)

Loon project