SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  22
What does the Web remember of its deleted past?
An archival reconstruction of the Yugoslav Internet Domain
Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel
Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives.
Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015
YU
Web historiography taken to the extreme
Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel
Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives.
Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015
YU
Facts:
• The domain was completely removed from the live Web
• The Internet Archive is accessed using URLs
Problem:
• The archived snapshots of the .yu domain cannot be
retrieved from the Internet Archive if the Web does not
contain any URL of the domain
Question:
• Could the Web be used as a primary source for telling its
own history?
Argument
Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel
Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives.
Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015
YU
The live Web inscribes sovereignty and stability into Web
archives, thereby constituting and limiting national Web
histories:
a) The DNS re-enforces the UN list of recognised countries
and territories. New countries are added, while
dissolved countries are removed.
b) The Wayback Machine assumes temporal proximity with
	 the live Web.
The formal history of the .yu ccTLD
Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel
Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives.
Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015
YU
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
.yu domain delegated, maintained in Ljubljana
Breakup of Yugoslavia
Slovenia and Croatia declare independence
Croatian War
Sarajevo Siege
Bosnian War
The formal history of the .yu ccTLD
Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel
Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives.
Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015
YU
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
UN sanctions - .yu domain excluded from the academic network
ICANN delegates new domains to Slovenia, Macedonia, Croatia
ICANN re-assigns the .yu domain to Belgrade
Breakup of Yugoslavia
Nato Sanctions
International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia established
Serbia and Montenegro form FRY
Croatian War
Sarajevo Siege
Bosnian War
The formal history of the .yu ccTLD
Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel
Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives.
Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015
YU
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Dayton Agreement Signed
.yu domain maintained by Belgrade
University on a voluntary basis.
Registration is free, one Website per
institution
ICANN delegates a new domain to Bosnia
(Internet Archive Established)
Croatian War
Sarajevo Siege
Srebrenica Massacre
Bosnian War
The formal history of the .yu ccTLD
Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel
Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives.
Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015
YU
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
NATO bombing of Yugoslavia
Kosovo War
.yu domain maintained by Belgrade
University on a voluntary basis.
Registration is free, one Website per
institution.
“First Internet War”
f
EU freezes funds for FRY
Overthrow of Milosevic
The formal history of the .yu ccTLD
Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel
Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives.
Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015
YU
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Milosevic arrested
EC economic sanctions on FRY
Serbia and Montenegro form a Union State
With lack of
governmental
support -
domain
stagnated
ISO decides to keep the YU suffix for
Serbia and Montenegro until a new
suffix is found
The formal history of the .yu ccTLD
Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel
Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives.
Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015
YU
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Domain reform discussions
begin. ICANN delegates .yu
to RNIDS, until separate
ccTLD are delegated to
Serbia and Montenegro
Milosevic found dead in his cell
Serbia and Montenegro split
The formal history of the .yu ccTLD
Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel
Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives.
Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015
YU
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
.rs and .me delegated.
Transitional period begins
Kosovo unilaterally declares independence from Serbia
The formal history of the .yu ccTLD
Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel
Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives.
Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015
YU
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
.Yu deleted from the
Internet’s Root Zone
The archival reconstruction of the .yu domain
Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel
Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives.
Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015
YU
The archival reconstruction of the .yu domain
What’s in a list? (appraisal of sources)
Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel
Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives.
Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015
YU
Google
An index of .yu URLs on the last day of the domain
(scraping search results)
- 4761 unique URLs, 2010
Wikimedia project
A list of all .yu URLs referenced from pages of the Wikimedia project
- 3441 unique URLs, 2009
EUNET
A list of .yu URLs registered by the Serbian ISP
- 3441 unique URLs, 2010
PC Press (Magazine)
An annual list of the most popular .yu websites, curated and ranked by the computer magazine,
reconstructed from the Internet Archive
- 3441 unique URLs, 1997-2008
Total .yu URLs in all lists: 10333. Unique hosts after deduplication: 4867
The archival reconstruction of the .yu domain
Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel
Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives.
Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015
YU
Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel
Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives.
Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015
YU
PC Press - Top 5 suffixes
Com - 68
Co.yu - 55
Rs - 25
Org - 13
Net - 13
!
!
EUNET - Top 5 suffixes
Co.yu - 281
Org.yu - 23
Ac.yu - 21
Cg.yu - 7
Edu.yu - 2
!
!
Wikipedia - Top 5 suffixes
Co.yu - 1037
Org.yu - 789
Cg.yu - 185
Ac.yu - 155
Edu.yu - 125
!
!
Google - Top 5 suffixes
Co.yu - 605
Org.yu - 165
Edu.yu - 56
Ac.yu - 49
Gov.yu - 28
!
!
Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel
Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives.
Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015
YU
Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel
Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives.
Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015
YU
Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel
Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives.
Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015
YU
Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel
Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives.
Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015
YU
Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel
Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives.
Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015
YU
Conclusions
Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel
Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives.
Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015
YU
The evolution of the network cannot be explained without secondary sources
Reconstruction of a considerable, yet partial, portion of the deleted domain (53%)
Source lists generate different Web spaces and histories, Wikipedia stands out
as a robust primary source for archival reconstruction
Archival coverage greatly depends on the freshness of sources
The contours of the domain are shaped by national borders, consolidated after
sovereignty.
The Web privileges histories of sovereign states,
overwrites their unstable pasts
Thank you
Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel
Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives.
Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015
YU
!
@anatbd
Special thanks to RA Adam Amram, and to Nikola Smolenski, Ivan Manojlovic and Martin Klein

Contenu connexe

Similaire à What does the Web remember of its deleted past? An archival reconstruction of the Yugoslav Internet domain

JISC: Supporting The Future of Research
JISC: Supporting The Future of ResearchJISC: Supporting The Future of Research
JISC: Supporting The Future of ResearchJisc
 
BLANCKEMANE How to gurantee the coherence of collections when a linear medium
BLANCKEMANE How to gurantee the coherence of collections when a linear mediumBLANCKEMANE How to gurantee the coherence of collections when a linear medium
BLANCKEMANE How to gurantee the coherence of collections when a linear mediumFIAT/IFTA
 
Infrastructure - A necessary platform for user empowerment
Infrastructure - A necessary platform for user empowermentInfrastructure - A necessary platform for user empowerment
Infrastructure - A necessary platform for user empowermentRICHES
 
Discovering New Zealand Museums
Discovering New Zealand MuseumsDiscovering New Zealand Museums
Discovering New Zealand MuseumsPaul Rowe
 
OSDC 2011 | Open Source Software for Public Administration by Dr. George Kolo...
OSDC 2011 | Open Source Software for Public Administration by Dr. George Kolo...OSDC 2011 | Open Source Software for Public Administration by Dr. George Kolo...
OSDC 2011 | Open Source Software for Public Administration by Dr. George Kolo...NETWAYS
 
Athena web kathleen-van-damme
Athena web kathleen-van-dammeAthena web kathleen-van-damme
Athena web kathleen-van-dammeBrussels, Belgium
 
Europeana roadmap and satellite projects (Lizzy Komen)
Europeana roadmap and satellite projects (Lizzy Komen)Europeana roadmap and satellite projects (Lizzy Komen)
Europeana roadmap and satellite projects (Lizzy Komen)Kulturnett Sogn og Fjordane
 
Jewish Education Seminar In SA - 2010
Jewish Education Seminar In SA - 2010Jewish Education Seminar In SA - 2010
Jewish Education Seminar In SA - 2010Ariellah Rosenberg
 
Europeanav1.0 WP3: relationship with other projects
Europeanav1.0 WP3: relationship with other projectsEuropeanav1.0 WP3: relationship with other projects
Europeanav1.0 WP3: relationship with other projectsEuropeana
 
Europeana update, Aggregation, Collections and Project Shift - Strategies and...
Europeana update, Aggregation, Collections and Project Shift - Strategies and...Europeana update, Aggregation, Collections and Project Shift - Strategies and...
Europeana update, Aggregation, Collections and Project Shift - Strategies and...Europeana
 
The transformation of a Science Librarian: a 2.0 experience
The transformation of a Science Librarian: a 2.0 experienceThe transformation of a Science Librarian: a 2.0 experience
The transformation of a Science Librarian: a 2.0 experiencePavlinka Kovatcheva
 
Rio Info 2009 - Europeana - Bram van der Werf
Rio Info 2009 - Europeana - Bram van der WerfRio Info 2009 - Europeana - Bram van der Werf
Rio Info 2009 - Europeana - Bram van der WerfRio Info
 
Web@rchive Austria (Archiving Online Media)
Web@rchive Austria (Archiving Online Media)Web@rchive Austria (Archiving Online Media)
Web@rchive Austria (Archiving Online Media)Web@rchive Austria
 
D01L11 D Poletto - Taking Stock of BES Research Centres and Institutions in S...
D01L11 D Poletto - Taking Stock of BES Research Centres and Institutions in S...D01L11 D Poletto - Taking Stock of BES Research Centres and Institutions in S...
D01L11 D Poletto - Taking Stock of BES Research Centres and Institutions in S...SEENET-MTP
 
Promoting Peace via Cross-Cultural Online Projects in the Language Classroom
Promoting Peace via Cross-Cultural Online Projects in the Language ClassroomPromoting Peace via Cross-Cultural Online Projects in the Language Classroom
Promoting Peace via Cross-Cultural Online Projects in the Language ClassroomButhaina AlOthman
 
Post-Its and Placemarks
Post-Its and PlacemarksPost-Its and Placemarks
Post-Its and Placemarksaboutgeo
 

Similaire à What does the Web remember of its deleted past? An archival reconstruction of the Yugoslav Internet domain (20)

JISC: Supporting The Future of Research
JISC: Supporting The Future of ResearchJISC: Supporting The Future of Research
JISC: Supporting The Future of Research
 
BLANCKEMANE How to gurantee the coherence of collections when a linear medium
BLANCKEMANE How to gurantee the coherence of collections when a linear mediumBLANCKEMANE How to gurantee the coherence of collections when a linear medium
BLANCKEMANE How to gurantee the coherence of collections when a linear medium
 
Infrastructure - A necessary platform for user empowerment
Infrastructure - A necessary platform for user empowermentInfrastructure - A necessary platform for user empowerment
Infrastructure - A necessary platform for user empowerment
 
Discovering New Zealand Museums
Discovering New Zealand MuseumsDiscovering New Zealand Museums
Discovering New Zealand Museums
 
OSDC 2011 | Open Source Software for Public Administration by Dr. George Kolo...
OSDC 2011 | Open Source Software for Public Administration by Dr. George Kolo...OSDC 2011 | Open Source Software for Public Administration by Dr. George Kolo...
OSDC 2011 | Open Source Software for Public Administration by Dr. George Kolo...
 
3e Studiedag Webarchivering - Promise
3e Studiedag Webarchivering - Promise3e Studiedag Webarchivering - Promise
3e Studiedag Webarchivering - Promise
 
Athena web kathleen-van-damme
Athena web kathleen-van-dammeAthena web kathleen-van-damme
Athena web kathleen-van-damme
 
Europeana roadmap and satellite projects (Lizzy Komen)
Europeana roadmap and satellite projects (Lizzy Komen)Europeana roadmap and satellite projects (Lizzy Komen)
Europeana roadmap and satellite projects (Lizzy Komen)
 
Jewish Education Seminar In SA - 2010
Jewish Education Seminar In SA - 2010Jewish Education Seminar In SA - 2010
Jewish Education Seminar In SA - 2010
 
Open for learning workshop score in july 2011
Open for learning workshop score in july 2011Open for learning workshop score in july 2011
Open for learning workshop score in july 2011
 
Europeanav1.0 WP3: relationship with other projects
Europeanav1.0 WP3: relationship with other projectsEuropeanav1.0 WP3: relationship with other projects
Europeanav1.0 WP3: relationship with other projects
 
Europeana update, Aggregation, Collections and Project Shift - Strategies and...
Europeana update, Aggregation, Collections and Project Shift - Strategies and...Europeana update, Aggregation, Collections and Project Shift - Strategies and...
Europeana update, Aggregation, Collections and Project Shift - Strategies and...
 
The transformation of a Science Librarian: a 2.0 experience
The transformation of a Science Librarian: a 2.0 experienceThe transformation of a Science Librarian: a 2.0 experience
The transformation of a Science Librarian: a 2.0 experience
 
Jisc Mediahub: Preview + The Back Story
Jisc Mediahub: Preview + The Back StoryJisc Mediahub: Preview + The Back Story
Jisc Mediahub: Preview + The Back Story
 
Rio Info 2009 - Europeana - Bram van der Werf
Rio Info 2009 - Europeana - Bram van der WerfRio Info 2009 - Europeana - Bram van der Werf
Rio Info 2009 - Europeana - Bram van der Werf
 
Web@rchive Austria (Archiving Online Media)
Web@rchive Austria (Archiving Online Media)Web@rchive Austria (Archiving Online Media)
Web@rchive Austria (Archiving Online Media)
 
D01L11 D Poletto - Taking Stock of BES Research Centres and Institutions in S...
D01L11 D Poletto - Taking Stock of BES Research Centres and Institutions in S...D01L11 D Poletto - Taking Stock of BES Research Centres and Institutions in S...
D01L11 D Poletto - Taking Stock of BES Research Centres and Institutions in S...
 
Promoting Peace via Cross-Cultural Online Projects in the Language Classroom
Promoting Peace via Cross-Cultural Online Projects in the Language ClassroomPromoting Peace via Cross-Cultural Online Projects in the Language Classroom
Promoting Peace via Cross-Cultural Online Projects in the Language Classroom
 
Post-Its and Placemarks
Post-Its and PlacemarksPost-Its and Placemarks
Post-Its and Placemarks
 
Twenty Years with EDEN
Twenty Years with EDENTwenty Years with EDEN
Twenty Years with EDEN
 

Dernier

The Real Story Of Project Manager/Scrum Master From Where It Came?!
The Real Story Of Project Manager/Scrum Master From Where It Came?!The Real Story Of Project Manager/Scrum Master From Where It Came?!
The Real Story Of Project Manager/Scrum Master From Where It Came?!Loay Mohamed Ibrahim Aly
 
Machine learning workshop, CZU Prague 2024
Machine learning workshop, CZU Prague 2024Machine learning workshop, CZU Prague 2024
Machine learning workshop, CZU Prague 2024Gokulks007
 
Communication Accommodation Theory Kaylyn Benton.pptx
Communication Accommodation Theory Kaylyn Benton.pptxCommunication Accommodation Theory Kaylyn Benton.pptx
Communication Accommodation Theory Kaylyn Benton.pptxkb31670
 
Juan Pablo Sugiura - eCommerce Day Bolivia 2024
Juan Pablo Sugiura - eCommerce Day Bolivia 2024Juan Pablo Sugiura - eCommerce Day Bolivia 2024
Juan Pablo Sugiura - eCommerce Day Bolivia 2024eCommerce Institute
 
Dynamics of Professional Presentationpdf
Dynamics of Professional PresentationpdfDynamics of Professional Presentationpdf
Dynamics of Professional Presentationpdfravleel42
 
Burning Issue presentation of Zhazgul N. , Cycle 54
Burning Issue presentation of Zhazgul N. , Cycle 54Burning Issue presentation of Zhazgul N. , Cycle 54
Burning Issue presentation of Zhazgul N. , Cycle 54ZhazgulNurdinova
 
Communication Accommodation Theory Kaylyn Benton.pptx
Communication Accommodation Theory Kaylyn Benton.pptxCommunication Accommodation Theory Kaylyn Benton.pptx
Communication Accommodation Theory Kaylyn Benton.pptxkb31670
 
ISO 25964-1Working Group ISO/TC 46/SC 9/WG 8
ISO 25964-1Working Group ISO/TC 46/SC 9/WG 8ISO 25964-1Working Group ISO/TC 46/SC 9/WG 8
ISO 25964-1Working Group ISO/TC 46/SC 9/WG 8Access Innovations, Inc.
 

Dernier (8)

The Real Story Of Project Manager/Scrum Master From Where It Came?!
The Real Story Of Project Manager/Scrum Master From Where It Came?!The Real Story Of Project Manager/Scrum Master From Where It Came?!
The Real Story Of Project Manager/Scrum Master From Where It Came?!
 
Machine learning workshop, CZU Prague 2024
Machine learning workshop, CZU Prague 2024Machine learning workshop, CZU Prague 2024
Machine learning workshop, CZU Prague 2024
 
Communication Accommodation Theory Kaylyn Benton.pptx
Communication Accommodation Theory Kaylyn Benton.pptxCommunication Accommodation Theory Kaylyn Benton.pptx
Communication Accommodation Theory Kaylyn Benton.pptx
 
Juan Pablo Sugiura - eCommerce Day Bolivia 2024
Juan Pablo Sugiura - eCommerce Day Bolivia 2024Juan Pablo Sugiura - eCommerce Day Bolivia 2024
Juan Pablo Sugiura - eCommerce Day Bolivia 2024
 
Dynamics of Professional Presentationpdf
Dynamics of Professional PresentationpdfDynamics of Professional Presentationpdf
Dynamics of Professional Presentationpdf
 
Burning Issue presentation of Zhazgul N. , Cycle 54
Burning Issue presentation of Zhazgul N. , Cycle 54Burning Issue presentation of Zhazgul N. , Cycle 54
Burning Issue presentation of Zhazgul N. , Cycle 54
 
Communication Accommodation Theory Kaylyn Benton.pptx
Communication Accommodation Theory Kaylyn Benton.pptxCommunication Accommodation Theory Kaylyn Benton.pptx
Communication Accommodation Theory Kaylyn Benton.pptx
 
ISO 25964-1Working Group ISO/TC 46/SC 9/WG 8
ISO 25964-1Working Group ISO/TC 46/SC 9/WG 8ISO 25964-1Working Group ISO/TC 46/SC 9/WG 8
ISO 25964-1Working Group ISO/TC 46/SC 9/WG 8
 

What does the Web remember of its deleted past? An archival reconstruction of the Yugoslav Internet domain

  • 1. What does the Web remember of its deleted past? An archival reconstruction of the Yugoslav Internet Domain Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives. Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015 YU
  • 2. Web historiography taken to the extreme Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives. Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015 YU Facts: • The domain was completely removed from the live Web • The Internet Archive is accessed using URLs Problem: • The archived snapshots of the .yu domain cannot be retrieved from the Internet Archive if the Web does not contain any URL of the domain Question: • Could the Web be used as a primary source for telling its own history?
  • 3. Argument Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives. Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015 YU The live Web inscribes sovereignty and stability into Web archives, thereby constituting and limiting national Web histories: a) The DNS re-enforces the UN list of recognised countries and territories. New countries are added, while dissolved countries are removed. b) The Wayback Machine assumes temporal proximity with the live Web.
  • 4. The formal history of the .yu ccTLD Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives. Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015 YU 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 .yu domain delegated, maintained in Ljubljana Breakup of Yugoslavia Slovenia and Croatia declare independence Croatian War Sarajevo Siege Bosnian War
  • 5. The formal history of the .yu ccTLD Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives. Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015 YU 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 UN sanctions - .yu domain excluded from the academic network ICANN delegates new domains to Slovenia, Macedonia, Croatia ICANN re-assigns the .yu domain to Belgrade Breakup of Yugoslavia Nato Sanctions International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia established Serbia and Montenegro form FRY Croatian War Sarajevo Siege Bosnian War
  • 6. The formal history of the .yu ccTLD Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives. Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015 YU 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Dayton Agreement Signed .yu domain maintained by Belgrade University on a voluntary basis. Registration is free, one Website per institution ICANN delegates a new domain to Bosnia (Internet Archive Established) Croatian War Sarajevo Siege Srebrenica Massacre Bosnian War
  • 7. The formal history of the .yu ccTLD Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives. Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015 YU 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia Kosovo War .yu domain maintained by Belgrade University on a voluntary basis. Registration is free, one Website per institution. “First Internet War” f EU freezes funds for FRY Overthrow of Milosevic
  • 8. The formal history of the .yu ccTLD Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives. Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015 YU 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Milosevic arrested EC economic sanctions on FRY Serbia and Montenegro form a Union State With lack of governmental support - domain stagnated ISO decides to keep the YU suffix for Serbia and Montenegro until a new suffix is found
  • 9. The formal history of the .yu ccTLD Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives. Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015 YU 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Domain reform discussions begin. ICANN delegates .yu to RNIDS, until separate ccTLD are delegated to Serbia and Montenegro Milosevic found dead in his cell Serbia and Montenegro split
  • 10. The formal history of the .yu ccTLD Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives. Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015 YU 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 .rs and .me delegated. Transitional period begins Kosovo unilaterally declares independence from Serbia
  • 11. The formal history of the .yu ccTLD Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives. Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015 YU 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 .Yu deleted from the Internet’s Root Zone
  • 12. The archival reconstruction of the .yu domain Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives. Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015 YU
  • 13. The archival reconstruction of the .yu domain What’s in a list? (appraisal of sources) Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives. Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015 YU Google An index of .yu URLs on the last day of the domain (scraping search results) - 4761 unique URLs, 2010 Wikimedia project A list of all .yu URLs referenced from pages of the Wikimedia project - 3441 unique URLs, 2009 EUNET A list of .yu URLs registered by the Serbian ISP - 3441 unique URLs, 2010 PC Press (Magazine) An annual list of the most popular .yu websites, curated and ranked by the computer magazine, reconstructed from the Internet Archive - 3441 unique URLs, 1997-2008 Total .yu URLs in all lists: 10333. Unique hosts after deduplication: 4867
  • 14. The archival reconstruction of the .yu domain Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives. Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015 YU
  • 15. Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives. Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015 YU PC Press - Top 5 suffixes Com - 68 Co.yu - 55 Rs - 25 Org - 13 Net - 13 ! ! EUNET - Top 5 suffixes Co.yu - 281 Org.yu - 23 Ac.yu - 21 Cg.yu - 7 Edu.yu - 2 ! ! Wikipedia - Top 5 suffixes Co.yu - 1037 Org.yu - 789 Cg.yu - 185 Ac.yu - 155 Edu.yu - 125 ! ! Google - Top 5 suffixes Co.yu - 605 Org.yu - 165 Edu.yu - 56 Ac.yu - 49 Gov.yu - 28 ! !
  • 16. Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives. Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015 YU
  • 17. Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives. Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015 YU
  • 18. Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives. Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015 YU
  • 19. Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives. Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015 YU
  • 20. Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives. Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015 YU
  • 21. Conclusions Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives. Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015 YU The evolution of the network cannot be explained without secondary sources Reconstruction of a considerable, yet partial, portion of the deleted domain (53%) Source lists generate different Web spaces and histories, Wikipedia stands out as a robust primary source for archival reconstruction Archival coverage greatly depends on the freshness of sources The contours of the domain are shaped by national borders, consolidated after sovereignty. The Web privileges histories of sovereign states, overwrites their unstable pasts
  • 22. Thank you Anat Ben-David, The Open University of Israel Presented at the RESAW conference: Web Archives as Scholarly Sources: Issues, Practices and Perspectives. Aarhus, Denmark, June 8-10 2015 YU ! @anatbd Special thanks to RA Adam Amram, and to Nikola Smolenski, Ivan Manojlovic and Martin Klein