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Monte Carlo comparison study of the radiation
absorption of scintillators for use in Diagnostic
Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Applications.

Authors:
T. J. Sevvosa, A. A. Fotopoulosa, E. M.Vlamakisa, X. A.Argyrioua,
N. N. Chatzisavvasa,A. Efdaimona, K. Vagennasa,
P. H. Yannakopoulosa, I. Valaisb, I. Kandarakisb and D. Nikolopoulos
a.TEI of Pireaus b.TEI of Athens
Team:env-hum-comp-res.teipir.gr
AIM
X-ray absorption and x-ray fluorescence
properties of medical imaging scintillating
screens via Monte Carlo methods.
Introduction
Scintillators are materials which are used as
radiation sensors in medical representation.
Scintillators which were studied:


 Scintillator   Density
                (g cm3)
Gd2SiO (GSO)     4.15
YAlO3 (YAP)      7.40
LuSiO5 (LSO)     6.71
LuAlO3 (LuAP)    7.34
Materials and Methods 1
Adequate EGSnrcMP codes were generated
together with other self-developed and validated
Monte-Carlo software.

Parameters studied were (a) scintillator material
and (b) energy of exposure. Energy value studied
was 511 keV. This is the characteristic energy for
positron emission tomography(PET).
Materials and Methods 2

EGS
The EGS (Electron–Gamma–Shower) platform is
a general purpose package for the Monte Carlo
simulation of the coupled transport of electrons
and photons in an arbitrary geometry for particles
with energies above a few keV up to several
hundreds of GeV.
Materials and Methods 3
Phenomena for EGS simulations:
 ● Compton scattering
●   Coherent (Rayleigh) scattering
●   Multiple scattering of charged particles
●   Møller and Bhabha scattering
●   Continuous energy loss of charged particle tracks between
    discrete interactions
●   Pair production
●   Bremsstrahlung production
●   Positron annihilation in flight and at rest
●   Relaxation of excited atoms after vacancies are created
Materials and Methods 4
    PEGS4 code
    Generation of mortran codes (Fortran pre
    processor) for the input of simulation
    parameters
●   pegs4dat:definition if the charasteristics of the
    material(name,structure etc)
●   egsinp:definition of the parameters for how the
    simulation is going to be.
Materials and Methods 5
The scintillators were modelled as blocks of various
thickness values. A series of thickness values ranging
from 0 to 50 mm were investigated.
Modeled scintillators were considered to be exposed to
x-ray initiating from a point source located at the central
axis of the entrance area of the scintillator block at pencil
beam geometry.

                        z
Materials and Methods 6
    Parameters were studied from simulations:
●   Quantum Detection Efficiency (QDE) from
    every block of scintillator
●   Energy Absorption Efficiency(EAE) from every
    block of scintillator
●   Efficiency of Absorption of Incident Energy
    (EAIE)
Results and Discussion 1
                                           For the LSO, GSO and LuAP
                                           crystals:
                                                 Overall     Absorbed-EAIE
                                           increases with increasing crystal
                                           thickness tending to form a
                                           plateau above at 40 mm
                                           thickness. For these crystals this
                                           EAIE at the 10 mm thickness had
                                           the values of 44.8%, 36.9% and
                                           45.7% respectively and 96.4%,
                                           93.2% and 96.9% at the 50 mm
                                           thickness.

                                           For the YAP crystals:
Overall absorbed-EAIE at 511 keV for the         Overall     Absorbed-EAIE
four scintillators under study.            increases continuously in the
                                           whole of the examined thickness
                                           range. The Overall Absorbed-
                                           EAIE of the YAP crystals
                                           presented the values of 16.8% at
                                           the 10 mm crystal thickness and
                                           68.1 % at the 50 mm thickness
                                           respectively.
Results and Discussion 2
                                             The    Scatter    and      Reabsorbed-EAIE
                                             increases with crystal thickness.
   30
                                             Scatter and Reabsorbed-EAIE:
                                             For LSO crystals:
                                             12.8% 10 mm thickness
   20
                                     LSO     59.9%  50 mm thickness
                                     GSO     57-59%  plateau area (40mm)
(%)




                                     YAP
   10
                                             For the GSO crystals:
                                     LuAP
                                             22.3%  10 mm thickness
                                             63.5%  50 mm thickness
    0                                        59-63%  plateau area (40mm)
      0     10      20       30    40     50
                                             For the YAP crystals:
                  Thickness (mm)             15.2%  10 mm thickness
                                             26.2% 50 mm thickness
Scatter and Reabsorbed-EAIE at 511keV for 52-63% plateau area (40mm)
the four scintillators under study           For the LuAP crystals:
                                             62.9%  10 mm thickness
                                             61.6%  50 mm thickness
                                             58-61%  plateau area (40mm)
Results and Discussion 3

                                          For the LSO, GSO, YAP and
                                          LuAP:
                                          QDE was found to be:
                                          10mm
                                          LSO:54.9%
                                          GSO:48.8%
                                          YAP:37.4%
                                          LuAP:56.8%
                                          50mm
QDE at 511 keV for           the   four   LSO:96.4%
scintillators under study.                GSO:95.4%
                                          YAP:89.9%
                                          LuAP:96.9%
Results and Discussion 4




The shapes of the QDE curves presented similarities to
the corresponding curves of the overall absorbed-EAIE
but they are shifted up to higher values.
This was more strongly observed for the YAP scintillator.
Results and Discussion 5
●   Results indicated that x-ray absorption and x-ray
    fluorescence are affected by the incident photon
    energy and the thickness.
●   X-ray absorption and fluorescence was found to
    exhibit very intense changes near the corresponding
    K-edge of the heaviest element in the scintillator.
●   Thicker scintillators exhibited higher x-ray absorption
    and x-ray fluorescence.
●   A significant fraction of the generated x-ray fluorescent
    quanta was found to escape from the studied
    scintillators.This increased with increase in thickness.
Results and Discussion 6
●   Most of the incident photons were found to be absorbed
    via one-hit photoelectric effect.
●   Differences in x-ray absorption and x-ray fluorescence
    were found among the various scintillators studied.
●   LSO scintillator was found to be the most attractive
    material for use in many applications, exhibiting the best
    absorption properties in the largest part of the energy
    studied.
●   Y based scintillators were also found of significant
    absorption performance within the low energy ranges.
References
●   Comparative study using Monte Carlo methods of the radiation detection
    efficiency of LSO, LuAP, GSO and YAP scintillators for use in positron
    emission imaging (PET) ,Dimitrios Nikolopoulos, Ioannis Kandarakis,
    Xenophon Tsantilas, Ioannis Valais, Dionisios Cavouras, Anna Louizi
●   Monte Carlo study of the Detection Efficiency of various scintillators for use
    in positron emission imaging (PET) ,D. Nikolopoulos, I. Valais, P.Gonias, N.
    Bertsekas, S. David, C. Michail D. Cavouras, G.S. Panayiotakis, I.
    Kandarakis

●   J.M. Boone, J.A. Seibert, J.M. Sabol, M. Tecotzky, Med. Phys. 26 (6) (1999) 905.

●   I. Kandarakis, D. Cavouras, Eur. Radiol. 11 (2001) 1083.

●   J.M. Bonne, V.N. Cooper, Med. Phys. 27 (8) (2000) 1818.

●   J.M. Boone, X-ray production, interaction, and detection in diagnostic imaging, in:
    J. Beutel, H.L. Kundel, R.L. Van Metter (Eds.), Handbook of Medical Imaging,
    Physics and Psycophysics, vol. 1, SPIE Press, Bellingham, 2000, p. 40.

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Monte Carlo comparison study of the radiation absorption of scintillators for use in Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Applications

  • 1. Monte Carlo comparison study of the radiation absorption of scintillators for use in Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Applications. Authors: T. J. Sevvosa, A. A. Fotopoulosa, E. M.Vlamakisa, X. A.Argyrioua, N. N. Chatzisavvasa,A. Efdaimona, K. Vagennasa, P. H. Yannakopoulosa, I. Valaisb, I. Kandarakisb and D. Nikolopoulos a.TEI of Pireaus b.TEI of Athens Team:env-hum-comp-res.teipir.gr
  • 2. AIM X-ray absorption and x-ray fluorescence properties of medical imaging scintillating screens via Monte Carlo methods.
  • 3. Introduction Scintillators are materials which are used as radiation sensors in medical representation. Scintillators which were studied: Scintillator Density (g cm3) Gd2SiO (GSO) 4.15 YAlO3 (YAP) 7.40 LuSiO5 (LSO) 6.71 LuAlO3 (LuAP) 7.34
  • 4. Materials and Methods 1 Adequate EGSnrcMP codes were generated together with other self-developed and validated Monte-Carlo software. Parameters studied were (a) scintillator material and (b) energy of exposure. Energy value studied was 511 keV. This is the characteristic energy for positron emission tomography(PET).
  • 5. Materials and Methods 2 EGS The EGS (Electron–Gamma–Shower) platform is a general purpose package for the Monte Carlo simulation of the coupled transport of electrons and photons in an arbitrary geometry for particles with energies above a few keV up to several hundreds of GeV.
  • 6. Materials and Methods 3 Phenomena for EGS simulations: ● Compton scattering ● Coherent (Rayleigh) scattering ● Multiple scattering of charged particles ● Møller and Bhabha scattering ● Continuous energy loss of charged particle tracks between discrete interactions ● Pair production ● Bremsstrahlung production ● Positron annihilation in flight and at rest ● Relaxation of excited atoms after vacancies are created
  • 7. Materials and Methods 4 PEGS4 code Generation of mortran codes (Fortran pre processor) for the input of simulation parameters ● pegs4dat:definition if the charasteristics of the material(name,structure etc) ● egsinp:definition of the parameters for how the simulation is going to be.
  • 8. Materials and Methods 5 The scintillators were modelled as blocks of various thickness values. A series of thickness values ranging from 0 to 50 mm were investigated. Modeled scintillators were considered to be exposed to x-ray initiating from a point source located at the central axis of the entrance area of the scintillator block at pencil beam geometry. z
  • 9. Materials and Methods 6 Parameters were studied from simulations: ● Quantum Detection Efficiency (QDE) from every block of scintillator ● Energy Absorption Efficiency(EAE) from every block of scintillator ● Efficiency of Absorption of Incident Energy (EAIE)
  • 10. Results and Discussion 1 For the LSO, GSO and LuAP crystals: Overall Absorbed-EAIE increases with increasing crystal thickness tending to form a plateau above at 40 mm thickness. For these crystals this EAIE at the 10 mm thickness had the values of 44.8%, 36.9% and 45.7% respectively and 96.4%, 93.2% and 96.9% at the 50 mm thickness. For the YAP crystals: Overall absorbed-EAIE at 511 keV for the Overall Absorbed-EAIE four scintillators under study. increases continuously in the whole of the examined thickness range. The Overall Absorbed- EAIE of the YAP crystals presented the values of 16.8% at the 10 mm crystal thickness and 68.1 % at the 50 mm thickness respectively.
  • 11. Results and Discussion 2 The Scatter and Reabsorbed-EAIE increases with crystal thickness. 30 Scatter and Reabsorbed-EAIE: For LSO crystals: 12.8% 10 mm thickness 20 LSO 59.9%  50 mm thickness GSO 57-59%  plateau area (40mm) (%) YAP 10 For the GSO crystals: LuAP 22.3%  10 mm thickness 63.5%  50 mm thickness 0 59-63%  plateau area (40mm) 0 10 20 30 40 50 For the YAP crystals: Thickness (mm) 15.2%  10 mm thickness 26.2% 50 mm thickness Scatter and Reabsorbed-EAIE at 511keV for 52-63% plateau area (40mm) the four scintillators under study For the LuAP crystals: 62.9%  10 mm thickness 61.6%  50 mm thickness 58-61%  plateau area (40mm)
  • 12. Results and Discussion 3 For the LSO, GSO, YAP and LuAP: QDE was found to be: 10mm LSO:54.9% GSO:48.8% YAP:37.4% LuAP:56.8% 50mm QDE at 511 keV for the four LSO:96.4% scintillators under study. GSO:95.4% YAP:89.9% LuAP:96.9%
  • 13. Results and Discussion 4 The shapes of the QDE curves presented similarities to the corresponding curves of the overall absorbed-EAIE but they are shifted up to higher values. This was more strongly observed for the YAP scintillator.
  • 14. Results and Discussion 5 ● Results indicated that x-ray absorption and x-ray fluorescence are affected by the incident photon energy and the thickness. ● X-ray absorption and fluorescence was found to exhibit very intense changes near the corresponding K-edge of the heaviest element in the scintillator. ● Thicker scintillators exhibited higher x-ray absorption and x-ray fluorescence. ● A significant fraction of the generated x-ray fluorescent quanta was found to escape from the studied scintillators.This increased with increase in thickness.
  • 15. Results and Discussion 6 ● Most of the incident photons were found to be absorbed via one-hit photoelectric effect. ● Differences in x-ray absorption and x-ray fluorescence were found among the various scintillators studied. ● LSO scintillator was found to be the most attractive material for use in many applications, exhibiting the best absorption properties in the largest part of the energy studied. ● Y based scintillators were also found of significant absorption performance within the low energy ranges.
  • 16. References ● Comparative study using Monte Carlo methods of the radiation detection efficiency of LSO, LuAP, GSO and YAP scintillators for use in positron emission imaging (PET) ,Dimitrios Nikolopoulos, Ioannis Kandarakis, Xenophon Tsantilas, Ioannis Valais, Dionisios Cavouras, Anna Louizi ● Monte Carlo study of the Detection Efficiency of various scintillators for use in positron emission imaging (PET) ,D. Nikolopoulos, I. Valais, P.Gonias, N. Bertsekas, S. David, C. Michail D. Cavouras, G.S. Panayiotakis, I. Kandarakis ● J.M. Boone, J.A. Seibert, J.M. Sabol, M. Tecotzky, Med. Phys. 26 (6) (1999) 905. ● I. Kandarakis, D. Cavouras, Eur. Radiol. 11 (2001) 1083. ● J.M. Bonne, V.N. Cooper, Med. Phys. 27 (8) (2000) 1818. ● J.M. Boone, X-ray production, interaction, and detection in diagnostic imaging, in: J. Beutel, H.L. Kundel, R.L. Van Metter (Eds.), Handbook of Medical Imaging, Physics and Psycophysics, vol. 1, SPIE Press, Bellingham, 2000, p. 40.