Ms. Fuentes AP Art History Class

1. http://videos.howstuffworks
.com/discovery/7164-images-from-pompeii-video.
How do we know so much about Roman art, especially
the wall paintings? Why did they survive when Greek
paintings did not?
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2. Ancient Rome I:
Etruscan Kingdom
Same time as Greek heroic age
Most important culture in Western
Mediterranean.. 750-510 BCE
http://www.artic.edu/cleo/index.html

4. APOLLO or APOLLO OF VEII
Artist: Master sculptor Vulca (?)
Medium: Painted terra cotta
Size: height 5'10"
Date: c. 510–500 BCE
•Etruscan Period
•Part of a group of 4 statues located on top of
a temple.
•Technically difficult to create a life size terra
cotta (fired clay) statue
•Best surviving rooftop statue
•Energy, excitement, etc,..
•But influence of Greek archaic statuary there
in hair, smile
FLASHCARD IMAGE

5. How are they same? How are they different?

6. •Typical Etruscan Temple at Veii; ground plan similar to the Greeks
•Apollo appeared on the roof, not the pediment (Who had sculpture friezes in pediment?)
•SITING: Faced south, ENTRANCE: only enter from that way, and built on a podium
•Tuscan order - columns spaced wide, looks heavier due to shorter columns than classical Greek temples
•Eaves projected out to protect the clay - terra cotta walls
•Statues appeared on roofline
•Close to ground, not like Acropolis on hills above Athens

7. Etruscan Sarcophagus,
520 BCE
Terracotta
Life sized
Latest hair styles, lively
hand gestures
How does this compare
to Egyptian funerary
art?
Inner Coffin of Tutankhamun’s
Sarcophagus,
1332 BCE

8. Etruscan Tomb Art movie

9. Fowling Scene, Tomb of Nebamum, 1400 BCE
(New King.), fragment of wall painting, British
Museum
•How does this
compare to the tomb
paintings of the
Etruscans?
Remember Nebamum?

10. She-Wolf, Artist n/a, Bronze, 500 BCE (Twins added during Renaissance),
FLASHCARD
Mix of
naturalism &
stylized details
May represent
the she-wolf
that raised
Romulus &
Remus of
Greek
mythology
(founded Rome)
Ferocious yet
object of
sympathy at the
same time.
Roman
Republic
People saw
themselves as
heroic,
attributed to
descendants of
gods

11. How did Romans view artists in their society?

12. Romans used both bronze
casting & marble for
sculpture.
Here is an example of the
lost wax casting method.
Lost Wax Casting Method
Weary Hercules, bronze statuette, Roman Empire
http://www.artic.
edu/cleo/herc/hercMovie
.html

13. Can anyone give an example of an adopted Greek
God or Goddess from your readings?

14. http://www.artic.edu/cleo/index.html
Etruscans preceded Roman kingdom, republic and empire in the Tuscany area.
Traders with the Greeks. Bronze Age through about 510 BCE (overthrow)
Rome lasted for 2200 years … 753 BCE to 1453 AD
1. I. Kingdom: 753-510 BCE. Greek heroic age; Rome eventually threw out
Etruscan Kings. Paralleled/influenced by Greece.
2. II. Republic - 509-27 BCE, until assassination of Julius Caesar- Pont du Gard
bridge & building campaigns
3. III. Empire - 27 BCE - 1453 AD.
 First emperor was Augustus Caesar (fka Octavius, J. Caesar’s nephew
Brought in Pax Romana, years of peace & prosperity.
 Julio-Claudian era with Nero (crazy emperor)-overthrown by Vespasian
(built Colosseum). (14-69 CD)
 High Empire - included Trajan & Hadrian (Hadrians wall, Trajan’s
column) 96-192 CE
 Late Empire - Septimus Severus, Caracalla, Diocletian, Constantine.
Constantine built the Basilica, and made Christianity the offical religion.
Etruscan and Roman Timeline of Key Rulers

15. Ancient Rome II
The Roman Republic
509-27 BCE
Threw out the Etruscans
Continued until Julius Caesar
assassinated

16. Title: Head of a man
(known as Brutus)
Medium: Bronze,
eyes of painted ivory
Size: height 12½"
(31.8 cm)
Date: c. mid-3rd
century BCE
Republic period
Appears world-
weary, he reminds
you of????

17. Head of Senusret III
Yellow quartzite
17¾ X 13½ X 17"
Middle Kingdom
Twelfth Dynasty, c. c.
1836–1818 BCE
More realistic
Looks tired,
older
Dynamic King
who led 4
expeditions into
Nubia;
overhauled
administration

18. Orator (Aulus Metellus)
80 BCE (Republican period)
Bronze, 5’11” high
Careful observation & rendering
Completed by an Etruscan artist
Toga worn by Roman officials
According to Pliny the Elder,
statues like these were often on
top of columns as memorials.
flashcard

19. Initiation Rites of Cult of Bacchus or Dionysus Mystery Painting,
60 BCE Wall Painting from Pompeii, “Villa of Mysteries”
Cult of Bacchus/Dionysus (god of wine).. Rites on his behalf in private homes… deep red
(Pompeiian re) background, scene around walls…flashcard… one of best known wall paintings

20. Still Life, detail
from wall
painting in 4th
style
Beautifully
rendered glass
Shadows make
objects appear
real and
actually in
space rather
than flat
shapes

21. Reconstructed bedroom
from Pompeii
Late 1st century BCE
Floor mosaic-priest
offers a basket w/ a
snake to a cult image of
Isis…
Again initiation rites
Wall paintings city
scapes like stage
backdrops in intuitive
perspective
What are some initiation rites you might see today in our
society? In common religions today? On a college
campus?

22. Detail from
reconstructed
bedroom
Intuitive perspective:
objects smaller, less
detailed,diagonal
lines suggest parallel
lines receding in the
distance
No single point of
view though.

23. This wall painting from Livia’s villa shows atmospheric perspective…Trompe l’oeil, trick
the eye.
Idealized view of the world, distant objects are WHAT????

24. Wow what a
bloodthirsty bunch
those emperors
were…
Young Woman
WRITING
Wall painting from
Pompeii
Pointed stylus to
write on wax
coated tablet,
easy to “erase”
and start over
before using $$
papyrus
Used by kids of
homework too.
Why were these
paintings so well
preserved?

25. Temple of Fortunus, Republic Period, Rome
(flashcard)
Front columns are Greek, side columns are engaged
Closed in block and podium is Etruscan in influence
Vetruvius admired this temple; wrote 10 books on it.. Also influenced state capitol in Virginia
Romans found
common ground
with conquered
peoples’ religions
Did require
sacrifices to town
gods, part of
community
activities that they
promoted
This temple
illustrates that
common ground

26. Plan of Temple Forum
Boarium (Cattle Market),
Rome
Note
engaged
columns
and
podiums
How was
this similar
to classical
Greek
temples?

27. Highly sophisticated architecture/engineering

28. Pont Du Gard (flashcard), Nimes, France. 100 BCE
REPUBLIC PERIOD
Provided 100 gallons of water a day per family, from Uzes spring 30 miles away.
•Rhythmic
harmony &
balance
•3 stacked arcades
•Concrete
•Originally
aqueduct
•Still used as
bridge today
•Fits surroundings
with natural
unadorned blocks
•ROMAN ARCH
INVENTED!!!

29. Why was the invention of concrete so important?

31. Denarius with
portrait of
Julius Caesar
Republican period
Silver coin, widely
used
Propaganda value
First time living ruler
shown!!
Venus on reverse
Realistic portrait,
shows receding hair
line
Flashcard Image

32. II. Early Roman Empire….
//videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/9798-living-in-the-roman-
http:
Massive empire
More cohesive than Greece
Physical-military superiority, built garrisons &
roads
Organizational - system of laws and
administration
Psychological - fear of harsh punishment,
entertainment for the masses
What are some of Rome’s contributions to the
West?
Art - copied from Greece!!!!
Used art/architecture as propaganda
(instrumentalism)

34. Maison Carree, Nimes France, 20 BCE (or 10 AD) Early
Imperial Period…(flashcard)
Front columns are Greek, side columns are engaged
Closed in block and podium is Etruscan in influence
Vetruvius admired this temple; wrote 10 books on it.. Also influenced state capitol in Virginia
Romans found
common ground
with conquered
peoples’ religions
Did require
sacrifices to town
gods, part of
community
activities that they
promoted
This temple
illustrates that
common ground

35. Octavius became Caesar
Augustus, 1st emperor.-EARLY
EMPIRE--Nephew of Julius Caesar
What happened to J. Caesar? (Et
tu, Brute?)
Also given title Maximus - High
Priest as well as emperor.
Ruled for 60 years w/wife Livia, laid
foundation for the Pax Romana
(peace, stability, prosperity).
Skilled administrator. During Pax
Romana, lots of building programs
to improve quality of life for the
Empire. “I found Rome a city of
brick, and left it a city of Marble.”

36. Augustus of Primaporta, 20 BCE
Marble, 6’11” (maybe copy of a
bronze) flashcard
•Ushered in Roman Empire (1st
emperor-Pax Romana)
•Not veristic portraits like Republic..
More like classical Greek style
•Addressing troops like the Orator
•Cloak in folds (Hellenistic)..ties to
Cupid (Venus’ son)
•Breastplate shows peaceful
negotiation w/Parthians, Sun God, etc
•Now at Vatican in Rome

37. Augustus, color restored
Political messages
Divinity of Emperor
(became a God)
Cult of the Emperor
Mother nature, sky God
shown on Breastplate,
Apollo & Diana
Augustus ruled for 60
years, but is always
shown as young and
promoting peaceful
negotiation.
Who was the patron here?

38. Altar of
Augustan
Peace, 13
BCE (Ari
Pacis)
Early Imperial
flashcard
Celebrates
Augustus as both
warrior &
peacemaker
Triumphal return to
Rome after victory
in Gaul and
Hispania
Marble
10 m x 11 m
Where are Gaul and Hispania today?
Relief sculptures showing procession and allegory of peace.
Shows Greek influence on figures
Restored by Mussolini 2000 yrs later
Similar to Parthenon frieze from 5th century BCE

39. Read about these characters in the book.. South side relief
1st- showing children to promote family life & potential heirs

40. Allegory of Peace, from Ara Pacis, 5’2” high
Goddess of Peace (Pax) nurtures cherubs representing Roman
people, goddesses of sea and land winds look on representing
Roman sea and land bounties
Earth and Sea Personified
Greek columns frame scene; pattern border of Greek key motif
How are the
forms
(figures)
similar to
Greek relief
sculptures?
Minute details
of leaves,
natural
elements
typical of
Roman
sculpture

45. Flavian Amphitheatre, 80 CE, Rome, Flashcard
KNOW SIGNIFICANCE/RECOGNIZE/DISCUSS

46. Flavian Ampitheatre

47. •Built by Emperor Vespasian -shrewd political move.
During the Julio Claudian period, where there were
abuses by Nero and Claudius…
•Drained a lake to build; grand place for public displays
& entertainment (gladiators, exotic animals imported
from their huge empire)
•Give public land back to public.
•Still represents Italy & Rome.