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Fuel type map of Europe: JRC approach
and current development
                      Andrea Camia, EC Joint Research Centre




Forest Fires 2012
New Forest, UK 22-24 May 2012
Outline
• Background (EFFIS)
• Wildland fuels
• Fuel mapping
• Method and current development of the Fuel
  Map of Europe
• Conclusions
European Forest Fire Information System
Input                            Models, data                                                                                                                                                             Output
                                          integration, analysis
                                                 Wind speed
                                                                                                                                                     Burned area vs Monthly Severity Rating in EUMed


                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Fire Danger Forecast
                                                                                                                                                               (June to October 1985-2005)
                                  Fine Fuel Moisture        Duff Moisture      Drought Code
                                                                                                                                       500,000
                                    Code (FFMC)             Code (DMC)             (DC)
                                                                                                                                       450,000            y = 2199.1e0.4099x
                                                                                                                                                             R2 = 0.7551




                                                                                              M o n th ly b u r n e d a r e a (h a )
                                                                                                                                       400,000

                 Remote                                                                                                                350,000
                                                                                                                                       300,000

                                                                        BUILD UP                                                       250,000
                                               INITIAL SPREAD
                 sensing                          INDEX (ISI)          INDEX (BUI)                                                     200,000
                                                                                                                                       150,000
                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Active Fire Detection
                                                                                                                                       100,000
                                                                                                                                        50,000
                                                                                                                                           -
                                                        FIRE WEATHER INDEX                                                                       0          2           4       6         8    10      12   14
                                                               (FWI)                                                                                                                MSR




                 Weather                                                                                                                                                                                            Fire Monitoring
                 forecast
                                   Av burned area (m2)
                                                                                                                                       Pre-fire Stage
                                                                                                                                                                                              fire               Damage Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                              Post-fire
                                                                                                                                                                                              Stage
                                             Bv biomass (g m-2)
                 Geo-datasets                                                                                                                                                                                       Fire Emissions
                                                                                                                                               CO2 = ∑Av × Bv × C × Ev
                                                       C burning efficiency (g g-1)                                                                                         v


                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Post-fire Soil Erosion
                                                                                                                                                     Regional estimates
          Data   Databases
       Data                                                                                                                                           of CO2 emissions
Data
                                   Evemission coefficient for CO2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   EU Fire Database



                                WEB mapping interface
                             (http://effis.jrc.ec.europa.eu)
30 May 2012   5
EFFIS on-going developments
Following the European Parliament Resolution of Sept. 2006 for the
further development of the European Forest Fire Information System
(EFFIS)

      1.   EFFIS rapid damage assessment (RDA) and damage
           assessment (DA) further development of the existing
           system;
      2.   Development of a fuel map of Europe
      3.   Forest fire causes determination and harmonization
      4.   Economic and social impacts of forest fires
      5.   Estimation of forest fire emissions and smoke dispersion
           modeling 3 million EUR and duration of 40 months
            Budget of
Wildland fuels
•Crown fuels
  Foliage, branches,
  Aerial lichens, mosses

•Surface fuels
  Shrubs, Herbs
  Litter, Slash

•Ground fuels
  duff


Physical properties: load, particle size, bulk density,
                     S/V ratio, depth…
Fuel characterization
 • Landscape

 • Stand

 • Groups

 • Individuals

 • Particles

 • Cells
Fuel Mapping challenges
Fuel classification
Fuel recognition
Fuel mapping


• High variability in time and space
• High cost of direct fuel measurements
• Vertical stratification of fuels
• Stand history
• Fuel models
Fuel Characteristic Classification System




Sandberg et al. 2007       http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/fera/jfsp/fcc/
Approaches to fuel mapping
1. Field survey
2. Direct fuel mapping with remote sensing
3. Indirect fuel mapping with remote sensing
4. Biophysical modeling and environmental gradients


(Keane et al. 2001)
Fuel mapping context
• Scale
  Continental, National, Regional, Local

• Application
  Fire behavior, fire potential, fire emissions, carbon
  budget, fuel management, fire effects, ecosystem
  modeling…

• Users
  fire managers, researchers, policy makers, systems
Fuel map of Europe
Basic requirements
 Fuel classification scheme suited to the European
 environments
 Fuel classes to fit the coarse scale and the heterogeneity of
 the European landscapes.
 Tool to support different assessments to be made at EU scale,
 through specific EFFIS modules:
 • fire potential (fire danger and fire risk mapping),
 • fire effects
 • fire emissions
 • biomass consumption.
 Baseline for initiating a novel system of classification of fuel
 complexes in Europe.
Land Use‐Land
 Ecoregions                                        Potential Vegetation
                    Cover          Select
                                  “Wildland
                                   Fuels”


                                                                  Potential
                                              Wildland
                                                                 Vegetation
                                               Fuels             Types (PVT)
        FUEL  Level 1 
                                                                      Classification rules


Method and main                               FUEL Level 2
                                              (Fuel Complexes)
                                                                       Actual vegetation: 
                                                                      conflicts & validation
data processing 
                                   Fire
flow for the Fuel               Parameters
Map of Europe                                  FUEL Level 3
                                                 (Fuel Types)
Step 1 (Fuel Level 1):
To define the basic set of vegetation land‐cover types by ecoregion

            FL1a                                  FL1b
          Ecoregions
   12 Environmental Zones (              Land Use‐Land Cover
      (Metzger et al. 2005)          CORINE 2000 (250 m) (EEA, 2002)
               +
                                                   +
  3 Biogeographical Regions
        Map of Europe            MGC‐MERIS (250 m) (Switzerland) (ESA, 2006)
       (Turkey, Cypruss)
        (Roekaerts 2002)
                                        Vegetation land‐cover types




                              FUEL LEVEL 1
Environmental Stratification of Europe
         (Metzger et al. 2005)
                                         15 Eco‐regions




Biogeographical Regions Map of Europe
      (Roekaerts et al. 2002)
FL1b MAP



Output of FL1: Wildland fire spatial domain and main fuel categories

                                                Pastures/ grasslands, 
                                                sparsely vegetated areas, 
                                                moors & heaths, 
                                                sclerophyllous vegt., 
                                                transitional woodlands, 
                                                forests (broadleaved, 
                                                coniferous, mixed), 
                                                agroforestry areas, 
                                                marshes, peatbogs.
Step 2 (Fuel Level 2):
To define Fuel Complexes (FC) by            Potential Vegetation Types (PVT)
combining FL1 Wildland fuels with                 BOHN (2000/2003)
                                                 COUNCIL MAP (1987) 
detailed information on Potential                (Anatolian Peninsula, Cyprus)
Vegetation Types                                RIVAS‐MARTINEZ (1987) MAP 
                                                    (Canary Islands, Spain)

                                                                   Reclassification criteria:
                 FL1                                               ‐ Physignomy
          Wildland Fuels (WF)                                      ‐ Structure:vertical strata
             by Ecoregion                                          ‐ Species composition

                                                   101 Potential
                                     Wildland       Vegetation
                                      Fuels         Types (PVT)



                                         Overlay
                                                                CLASSIFICATION RULES: 
                                                                  Expert opinion, CLC, 
                                                                   Bohn’s substitute 
                                       FUEL Level 2                  communities
                                     Extended FC list
Vegetation succession
101 PVT relevant for fuel characterization
Reclassification of PVTs relevant for fire
Example: Baetic Quercus ilex woodlands (S Spain) (Bohn et al. 2000/03)
Land Use‐Land
  Ecoregions                                        Potential Vegetation
                     Cover          Select
                                   “Wildland
                                    Fuels”


                                                                   Potential
                                               Wildland
                                                                  Vegetation
                                                Fuels             Types (PVT)
         FUEL  Level 1 
                                                                       Classification rules

Output of  Fuel Level 2:                       FUEL Level 2             Actual vegetation: 
                                               (Fuel Complexes)        conflicts & validation
209 Fuel Complexes (FC)
                                    Fire
                                 Parameters
                                                FUEL Level 3
                                                  (Fuel Types)
Fuel types of Europe

42 Fuel types in 9 groups:

1.   Peat bogs (2)
2.   Grasslands (4)
3.   Shrublands (6)
4.   Transitional Shrubland/Forest (7)
5.   Conifer forests (9)
6.   Broadleaved forests (6)
7.   Mixed forests (4)
8.   Marshes, riparial and coastal vegetation (3)
9.   Agro-forestry areas (1)
01.camia fuel map of europe
Grassland fuel types   3 Pastures
                       4 Sparse grasslands
                       5 Mediterranean grasslands and steppes
                       6 Temperate, Alpine and Northern grasslands
Shrubland fuel types
          7 Mediterranean moors and heathlands
          8 Temperate, Alpine and Northern moors and heathlands
          9 Mediterranean open shrublands (sclerophylous)
         10 Mediterranean shrublands (sclerophylous)
         11 Deciduous broadleaved shrublands (thermophilous)
         12 Alpine open shrublands (conifers)
Shrubland fuel types
                     7 Mediterranean moors and heathlands
                     8 Temperate, Alpine and Northern moors and heathlands
                     9 Mediterranean open shrublands (sclerophylous)
                   10 Mediterranean shrublands (sclerophylous)
  2010 Thermo‐Mediterranean xerophilous shrublands 
  2013 Palm (Phoenix theophrasti) alluvial shrublands 
                   11 Deciduous broadleaved shrublands (thermophilous)
  2018 Anatolian and aegean Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana shrublands 
                   12 Alpine open shrublands (conifers)
  2021 Juniperus thurifera open Mediterranean shrublands 
  2022 Montane presteppe Juniperus excelsa shrublands 
  2027 Mediterranean Quercus pyrenaica shrublands (partially with Sorbus spp., Acer spp.) 
  2028 Quercus pyrenaica‐ Quercus ilex shrublands 
  2029 Quercus canariensis shrublands 
  2030 Quercus trojana shrublands 
  2012 Mediterranean shrublands dominated by Quercus coccifera 
  2033 Luso‐extremadurian Quercus ilex open shrublands 
  2034 South Iberian Quercus ilex shrublands 
  2037 Quercus suber shrublands 
  2038 Quercus alnifolia shrublands 
Shrubland fuel types
                      7 Mediterranean moors and heathlands
                      8 Temperate, Alpine and Northern moors and heathlands
                      9 Mediterranean open shrublands (sclerophylous)
                     10 Mediterranean shrublands (sclerophylous)
  2019                 11 Deciduous broadleaved shrublands (thermophilous)
         Mediterranean Pinus brutia shrublands 
  2011   Mediterranean coastal shrublands (Ceratonia spp., Juniperus spp.) 
                       12 Alpine open shrublands (conifers)
  2031   Mediterranenan coastal Quercus ilex shrublands 
  2032   Central Iberian Quercus ilex shrublands 
  2035   East Iberian Quercus ilex shrublands 
  2036   South east european Quercus ilex shrublands 
  2039   Wild olive tree (Olea europaea) shrublands 
Transitional shrubland/forest fuel types
         13 Shrublands in Mediterranean conifer forests
         14 Shrublands in Mediterranean sclerophylous forests
         15 Shrublands in Mediterranean montane conifer forests
         16 Shrublands in thermophilous broadleaved forests
         17 Shrublands in beech and mesophytic broadleaved forests
         18 Northern open shrublands in broadleaved forests
         19 Shrublands in Alpine and Northern conifer forests
Conifer forest fuel types
      20 Mediterranean long needled conifer forest (mediterranean pines)
      21 Mediterranean scale‐needled open woodlands (juniperus, cupressus)
      22 Mediterranean montane long needled conifer forest (black and scots pines)
      23 Mediterranean montane short needled conifer forest (firs, cedar)
      24 Temperate conifer pantation
      25 Alpine long needled conifer forest (pines)
      26 Alpine short needled conifer forest (fir, alp. spruce)
      27 Northern long needled conifer forest (scots pine)
      28 Northern short needled conifer forest (spruce)
Broadleaved forest fuel types

       29 Mediterranean evergreen broadleaved forest
       30 Thermophilous broadleaved forest
       31 Mesophytic broadleaved forest
       32 Beech forest
       33 Montane beech forest 
       34 White birch boreal forest
Mixed forest fuel types

     35 Mixed mediterranean evergreen broadleaved with conifers forest
     36 Mixed thermophylous broadleaved with conifers forest
     37 Mixed mesophytic broadleaved with conifers forest
     38 Mixed beech with conifers forest
Aquatic vegetation fuel types
     39 Riparian vegetation
     40 Coastal and inland halophytic vegetation and dunes
     41 Aquatic Marshes



Agro-forestry areas fuel types
     42 Agro‐forestry areas


Peat bogs fuel types
     1 Peat bogs 
     2 Wooded peatbogs
01.camia fuel map of europe
01.camia fuel map of europe
Initial foreseen usage of the fuel map
in EFFIS
• Improve fire danger assessment

• Feed the new EFFIS fire emission and atmospheric
  dispersion module

• Input into long term fire risk map of Europe

• Study on climate change impact on forest fires
Conclusions
Fuel mapping is a challenging exercise, highly dependent
  upon the context and objectives
The Fuel Map of Europe has been developed with a method
  adapted to the coarse scale and the intended use of the
  product
The Fuel Types identified can constitute a baseline for future
  applications. Work is still on going to assess quantitative
  properties of fuel types
Fuel maps developed at finer scales may consider the
  reference fuel classification scheme but should follow
  methodologies focused on the local application

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01.camia fuel map of europe

  • 1. Fuel type map of Europe: JRC approach and current development Andrea Camia, EC Joint Research Centre Forest Fires 2012 New Forest, UK 22-24 May 2012
  • 2. Outline • Background (EFFIS) • Wildland fuels • Fuel mapping • Method and current development of the Fuel Map of Europe • Conclusions
  • 3. European Forest Fire Information System
  • 4. Input Models, data Output integration, analysis Wind speed Burned area vs Monthly Severity Rating in EUMed Fire Danger Forecast (June to October 1985-2005) Fine Fuel Moisture Duff Moisture Drought Code 500,000 Code (FFMC) Code (DMC) (DC) 450,000 y = 2199.1e0.4099x R2 = 0.7551 M o n th ly b u r n e d a r e a (h a ) 400,000 Remote 350,000 300,000 BUILD UP 250,000 INITIAL SPREAD sensing INDEX (ISI) INDEX (BUI) 200,000 150,000 Active Fire Detection 100,000 50,000 - FIRE WEATHER INDEX 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 (FWI) MSR Weather Fire Monitoring forecast Av burned area (m2) Pre-fire Stage fire Damage Assessment Post-fire Stage Bv biomass (g m-2) Geo-datasets Fire Emissions CO2 = ∑Av × Bv × C × Ev C burning efficiency (g g-1) v Post-fire Soil Erosion Regional estimates Data Databases Data of CO2 emissions Data Evemission coefficient for CO2 EU Fire Database WEB mapping interface (http://effis.jrc.ec.europa.eu)
  • 6. EFFIS on-going developments Following the European Parliament Resolution of Sept. 2006 for the further development of the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS) 1. EFFIS rapid damage assessment (RDA) and damage assessment (DA) further development of the existing system; 2. Development of a fuel map of Europe 3. Forest fire causes determination and harmonization 4. Economic and social impacts of forest fires 5. Estimation of forest fire emissions and smoke dispersion modeling 3 million EUR and duration of 40 months Budget of
  • 7. Wildland fuels •Crown fuels Foliage, branches, Aerial lichens, mosses •Surface fuels Shrubs, Herbs Litter, Slash •Ground fuels duff Physical properties: load, particle size, bulk density, S/V ratio, depth…
  • 8. Fuel characterization • Landscape • Stand • Groups • Individuals • Particles • Cells
  • 9. Fuel Mapping challenges Fuel classification Fuel recognition Fuel mapping • High variability in time and space • High cost of direct fuel measurements • Vertical stratification of fuels • Stand history • Fuel models
  • 10. Fuel Characteristic Classification System Sandberg et al. 2007 http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/fera/jfsp/fcc/
  • 11. Approaches to fuel mapping 1. Field survey 2. Direct fuel mapping with remote sensing 3. Indirect fuel mapping with remote sensing 4. Biophysical modeling and environmental gradients (Keane et al. 2001)
  • 12. Fuel mapping context • Scale Continental, National, Regional, Local • Application Fire behavior, fire potential, fire emissions, carbon budget, fuel management, fire effects, ecosystem modeling… • Users fire managers, researchers, policy makers, systems
  • 13. Fuel map of Europe Basic requirements Fuel classification scheme suited to the European environments Fuel classes to fit the coarse scale and the heterogeneity of the European landscapes. Tool to support different assessments to be made at EU scale, through specific EFFIS modules: • fire potential (fire danger and fire risk mapping), • fire effects • fire emissions • biomass consumption. Baseline for initiating a novel system of classification of fuel complexes in Europe.
  • 14. Land Use‐Land Ecoregions Potential Vegetation Cover Select “Wildland Fuels” Potential Wildland Vegetation Fuels Types (PVT) FUEL  Level 1  Classification rules Method and main  FUEL Level 2 (Fuel Complexes) Actual vegetation:  conflicts & validation data processing  Fire flow for the Fuel  Parameters Map of Europe FUEL Level 3 (Fuel Types)
  • 15. Step 1 (Fuel Level 1): To define the basic set of vegetation land‐cover types by ecoregion FL1a FL1b Ecoregions 12 Environmental Zones ( Land Use‐Land Cover (Metzger et al. 2005) CORINE 2000 (250 m) (EEA, 2002) + + 3 Biogeographical Regions Map of Europe MGC‐MERIS (250 m) (Switzerland) (ESA, 2006) (Turkey, Cypruss) (Roekaerts 2002) Vegetation land‐cover types FUEL LEVEL 1
  • 16. Environmental Stratification of Europe (Metzger et al. 2005) 15 Eco‐regions Biogeographical Regions Map of Europe (Roekaerts et al. 2002)
  • 17. FL1b MAP Output of FL1: Wildland fire spatial domain and main fuel categories Pastures/ grasslands,  sparsely vegetated areas,  moors & heaths,  sclerophyllous vegt.,  transitional woodlands,  forests (broadleaved,  coniferous, mixed),  agroforestry areas,  marshes, peatbogs.
  • 18. Step 2 (Fuel Level 2): To define Fuel Complexes (FC) by  Potential Vegetation Types (PVT) combining FL1 Wildland fuels with  BOHN (2000/2003) COUNCIL MAP (1987)  detailed information on Potential  (Anatolian Peninsula, Cyprus) Vegetation Types RIVAS‐MARTINEZ (1987) MAP  (Canary Islands, Spain) Reclassification criteria: FL1 ‐ Physignomy Wildland Fuels (WF) ‐ Structure:vertical strata by Ecoregion ‐ Species composition 101 Potential Wildland Vegetation Fuels Types (PVT) Overlay CLASSIFICATION RULES:  Expert opinion, CLC,  Bohn’s substitute  FUEL Level 2 communities Extended FC list
  • 21. Reclassification of PVTs relevant for fire Example: Baetic Quercus ilex woodlands (S Spain) (Bohn et al. 2000/03)
  • 22. Land Use‐Land Ecoregions Potential Vegetation Cover Select “Wildland Fuels” Potential Wildland Vegetation Fuels Types (PVT) FUEL  Level 1  Classification rules Output of  Fuel Level 2:  FUEL Level 2 Actual vegetation:  (Fuel Complexes) conflicts & validation 209 Fuel Complexes (FC) Fire Parameters FUEL Level 3 (Fuel Types)
  • 23. Fuel types of Europe 42 Fuel types in 9 groups: 1. Peat bogs (2) 2. Grasslands (4) 3. Shrublands (6) 4. Transitional Shrubland/Forest (7) 5. Conifer forests (9) 6. Broadleaved forests (6) 7. Mixed forests (4) 8. Marshes, riparial and coastal vegetation (3) 9. Agro-forestry areas (1)
  • 25. Grassland fuel types 3 Pastures 4 Sparse grasslands 5 Mediterranean grasslands and steppes 6 Temperate, Alpine and Northern grasslands
  • 26. Shrubland fuel types 7 Mediterranean moors and heathlands 8 Temperate, Alpine and Northern moors and heathlands 9 Mediterranean open shrublands (sclerophylous) 10 Mediterranean shrublands (sclerophylous) 11 Deciduous broadleaved shrublands (thermophilous) 12 Alpine open shrublands (conifers)
  • 27. Shrubland fuel types 7 Mediterranean moors and heathlands 8 Temperate, Alpine and Northern moors and heathlands 9 Mediterranean open shrublands (sclerophylous) 10 Mediterranean shrublands (sclerophylous) 2010 Thermo‐Mediterranean xerophilous shrublands  2013 Palm (Phoenix theophrasti) alluvial shrublands  11 Deciduous broadleaved shrublands (thermophilous) 2018 Anatolian and aegean Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana shrublands  12 Alpine open shrublands (conifers) 2021 Juniperus thurifera open Mediterranean shrublands  2022 Montane presteppe Juniperus excelsa shrublands  2027 Mediterranean Quercus pyrenaica shrublands (partially with Sorbus spp., Acer spp.)  2028 Quercus pyrenaica‐ Quercus ilex shrublands  2029 Quercus canariensis shrublands  2030 Quercus trojana shrublands  2012 Mediterranean shrublands dominated by Quercus coccifera  2033 Luso‐extremadurian Quercus ilex open shrublands  2034 South Iberian Quercus ilex shrublands  2037 Quercus suber shrublands  2038 Quercus alnifolia shrublands 
  • 28. Shrubland fuel types 7 Mediterranean moors and heathlands 8 Temperate, Alpine and Northern moors and heathlands 9 Mediterranean open shrublands (sclerophylous) 10 Mediterranean shrublands (sclerophylous) 2019 11 Deciduous broadleaved shrublands (thermophilous) Mediterranean Pinus brutia shrublands  2011 Mediterranean coastal shrublands (Ceratonia spp., Juniperus spp.)  12 Alpine open shrublands (conifers) 2031 Mediterranenan coastal Quercus ilex shrublands  2032 Central Iberian Quercus ilex shrublands  2035 East Iberian Quercus ilex shrublands  2036 South east european Quercus ilex shrublands  2039 Wild olive tree (Olea europaea) shrublands 
  • 29. Transitional shrubland/forest fuel types 13 Shrublands in Mediterranean conifer forests 14 Shrublands in Mediterranean sclerophylous forests 15 Shrublands in Mediterranean montane conifer forests 16 Shrublands in thermophilous broadleaved forests 17 Shrublands in beech and mesophytic broadleaved forests 18 Northern open shrublands in broadleaved forests 19 Shrublands in Alpine and Northern conifer forests
  • 30. Conifer forest fuel types 20 Mediterranean long needled conifer forest (mediterranean pines) 21 Mediterranean scale‐needled open woodlands (juniperus, cupressus) 22 Mediterranean montane long needled conifer forest (black and scots pines) 23 Mediterranean montane short needled conifer forest (firs, cedar) 24 Temperate conifer pantation 25 Alpine long needled conifer forest (pines) 26 Alpine short needled conifer forest (fir, alp. spruce) 27 Northern long needled conifer forest (scots pine) 28 Northern short needled conifer forest (spruce)
  • 31. Broadleaved forest fuel types 29 Mediterranean evergreen broadleaved forest 30 Thermophilous broadleaved forest 31 Mesophytic broadleaved forest 32 Beech forest 33 Montane beech forest  34 White birch boreal forest
  • 32. Mixed forest fuel types 35 Mixed mediterranean evergreen broadleaved with conifers forest 36 Mixed thermophylous broadleaved with conifers forest 37 Mixed mesophytic broadleaved with conifers forest 38 Mixed beech with conifers forest
  • 33. Aquatic vegetation fuel types 39 Riparian vegetation 40 Coastal and inland halophytic vegetation and dunes 41 Aquatic Marshes Agro-forestry areas fuel types 42 Agro‐forestry areas Peat bogs fuel types 1 Peat bogs  2 Wooded peatbogs
  • 36. Initial foreseen usage of the fuel map in EFFIS • Improve fire danger assessment • Feed the new EFFIS fire emission and atmospheric dispersion module • Input into long term fire risk map of Europe • Study on climate change impact on forest fires
  • 37. Conclusions Fuel mapping is a challenging exercise, highly dependent upon the context and objectives The Fuel Map of Europe has been developed with a method adapted to the coarse scale and the intended use of the product The Fuel Types identified can constitute a baseline for future applications. Work is still on going to assess quantitative properties of fuel types Fuel maps developed at finer scales may consider the reference fuel classification scheme but should follow methodologies focused on the local application