Adapted from serveral other powerpoints by Mr. Craig McKee, Mr. Greg Izzo and others

1. Interpreting Geologic History

2. If the history of our planet was condensed to only one year , when would the “important” events in our history have taken place? Earth’s History in One Year

18. It’s snack time!!! AHHH!!!

30. What Will the New Year Bring?

31. Welcome Back! Please complete the pre-test when you come in!

32. The Grand Canyon, AZ Geologic History A Journey Through Time Please take out your Earth's History Notes Packet

33. Geologic History Intro and Relative Dating Absolute Dating Fossils & Rock Correlations Geologic Time Life and Evolution “Do Now’s” and HW

34. Who’s Younger? How Do You Know??

35. “ in a Nutshell” Geologic History of the Earth

36. Origins of our Solar System Video Clip

38. Creation of the Earth

40. Earth's first atmosphere 4.6 billion years ago was most likely comprised of hydrogen and helium (two most abundant gases found in the universe!) Through the process of outgassing, the outpouring of gases from the earth's interior, many other gases were injected into the atmosphere. These include: water vapor (produced rain - rivers, lakes, oceans) carbon dioxidenitrogenAs outgassing occurred over a period of millions of years, the atmosphere evolved to its current state

41. Life and Evolution Diverse Ordovician Sea-Life Video Clip

49. Stromatolites Formed from the trapping of sediment in layers by Blue-Green Algae (Cyanobacteria)

51. Cambrian Life

52. Silurian Life

53. Eurypterid (Sea Scorpion) Fossil Largest fossil with human for scale

55. Eurypterid in Action

56. Devonian Life

57. Phacops Trilobite of the Devonian

58. Carboniferous Forests – formed extensive coal deposits

59. Evolution of Amphibian from Lobe-Finned Fish (Devonian)

62. Triassic Plateosaurs

64. Iguanodons

66. Cretaceous T-Rex

67. Impact Event

69. Early Hominids Mastodonts

71. ESRT, p. 8-9

80. Relative Dating Techniques

86. What has happened to this rock strata?

87. Did it happen before or after the rock had formed? What has happened to this rock strata?

90. oldest youngest

94. Younger  Older   Oldest

95. Grand Canyon, Sequence of Strata Oldest Youngest Which rock unit is the youngest? oldest?

96. Grand Canyon, Sequence of Strata

98. Older Younger Sheep Rock, Central OR

101. Law of Inclusions Which is older the Granite or the Sandstone? In figure A? In figure B? Sandstone is older Granite is older

102. What's the oldest part of this rock? Youngest?

106. FOSSILS GIVE US INFORMATION ABOUT THE ANCIENT ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE

107. ESRT pp. 8-9

133. Rock Fragments (or Inclusions) that are contained in another rock are older than the rocks in which they are found Unconformity

138. Fault Fold Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships

139. How does the age of the fault compare to the age of the rock layers?

140. Folded Rock Strata

141. How does the age of the crack compare to the age of the rock?

143. Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships

144. Sedimentary layers (the law of original horizontality)

145. Sedimentary layers

146. Sedimentary layers

147. Sedimentary layers

148. Sedimentary layers

149. The fault came after the rock was formed

150. Sedimentary layers The tilt came after the the rock was formed

151. The extrusion came after the rock was formed 1 2 3 4 5 Contact metamorphism

152. 1 2 3 4 5 6 The extrusion came after the lower layers were formed but…. Before the top layer

153. 1 2 3 4 5 This intrusion came after all the layers

167. The following diagram represents a cross-sectional view of a portion of Earth’s crust. What is the relative age of the igneous rock? The igneous rock is older than the … The igneous rock is younger than the …

169. Folding of strata (rock layers) over upon itself Possible Exceptions to the Law of Superposition

170. Strata is displaced by a Fault ( Thrust Fault ) Possible Exceptions to the Law of Superposition

171. Law of Original Lateral Continuity

173. Let’s follow the progression of geological events that formed the sequence below.

174. Step One Deposition of rock units A-E

175. Step Two Area is uplifted, and is intruded by rock unit D (Sill)

176. Step Three Intrusion of rock unit F (Dike)

177. Step Four The rock sequence is tilted and then eroded, setting the stage for an angular unconformity

178. Step Five Area subsides, followed by the deposition of rock units G-K

179. Step Six Area is uplifted and the upper surface begins to undergo erosion

181. That is the story behind this rock sequence

182. Fossils & Rock Correlations

188. Grand Canyon Stratigraphy

195. Correlation using Index Fossils

198. You can match the rock strata in one location with rock strata in more distant locations by Comparing , c o l o r texture composition sequence of layers

199. Time correlation compares ____________ contained in the rock strata index fossils 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 3

201. Which fossil would make the best index fossil? Found in only 1 layer (short lived) Found in all samples (widespread)

202. Another way of correlating layers by time is through ___________________ Volcanic ash falls

203. These ash falls are very ________ events. A single layer of ______ can be found over a large area, this allows geologists to make a__________________ from one location to another at the position of a common ash fall. brief ash time correlation

206. Rock Correlation Activity

207. Rock Correlation Activity

220. NEW BOTTOM LAYER APPEARS (EMERGES)

221. LAYER C IS MISSING EROSION

222. EROSION

223. THE UNCONFORMITY IS THE BURIED EROSIONAL SURFACE BETWEEN B AND D

226. Who’s Younger? How Do You Know??

229. What were some of the techniques used to determine absolute time prior to the discovery of radioactivity. Tree Rings Varves

232. Mass spectrometer – instrument used in the detection and study of isotopes

239. Let’s review the structure of an atom The basic building block of matter Basic Chemistry Review

243. ISOTOPE: An unstable element with different number of neutrons than a normal (stable) element. (Its unstable so wants to change to stable)

244. EX. C C 6 6 12 14 6 protons 6 protons 6 neutrons Unstable 8 neutrons

245. EX. C C 6 6 12 14 6 protons 6 protons 6 neutrons 8 neutrons unstable

246. D. If the nucleus has more or fewer than the normal number of ____________, the isotope may be ____________ neutrons radioactive (unstable)

248. This process is called… Radioactive Decay

259. Original=100% Decay product=0% 100/0 Or 1 to 0

260. Original=50% Decay product=50% 50/50 Or 1 to 1 After one Half-life:

261. Original=25% Decay product=75% 25/75 Or 1:3 After two Half-lives:

262. Original=12.5% Decay product=87.5% 12.5/87.5 After three Half-lives:

263. Original=6.25% Decay product=93.75% 6.25/93.75 After four Half-lives:

267. “ Daughter Product” “ Parent Material”

268. Carbon Dating 0 Half-Life Key Other C 14 N 14

269. Carbon Dating 1 Half-Life (5,700 years) Key Other C 14 N 14

270. Carbon Dating 2 Half-Lives (11,400 years) Key Other C 14 N 14

271. Carbon Dating 3 Half-Lives (17,100 years) Key Other C 14 N 14

272. Carbon Dating 4 Half-Lives (22,800 years) Key Other C 14 N 14

273. Carbon Dating 5 Half-Lives (28,500 years) Key Other C 14 N 14

274. Carbon Dating 5 Half-Lives (28,500 years) Key Other C 14 N 14

275. (ESRT, pg. 1) Which isotope has the shortest half life? Longest?

276. 1/16 1/32 1/64 22,800 28,500 34,200 Old REGENTS Questions

277. Do Now How many Potassium-40 half lives have passed if there are 3 times more Argon-40 atoms than Potassium-40 atoms? What if there are 3 times as many Potassium-40 atoms?

280. Decay of U-238 If this rock were to be found today, and contained a 1:1 ratio, equal quantities of both U 238 to Pb 206 , it would be concluded that the rock formed 4.5 b.y. How old would the sample be if it had a 1:3 ratio of U-238 to Pb-206?

283. Let’s examine the breakdown of Carbon-14

284. N 14 Ar 40 Pb 206 Sr 87 5.7 x 10 3 1.3 x 10 9 4.5 x 10 9 4.9 x 10 10 Element Decay Product Half-life

292. State the best isotope to use to discover the age of the individual “caught off guard” in the cartoon below. Why?

293. DO NOW Please pick up a copy of the Absolute Dating Lab!

294. Do Now’s

295. The following diagram represents a cross-sectional view of a portion of Earth’s crust showing sedimentary rock layers that have not been overturned. The letters identify the specific layers. Which rock layer is the oldest? Youngest? DO NOW

296. What is represented by line A-B?

297. List the rock layers from oldest to youngest. A D C E B B A, D, C, E, B Do Now Take out your HW!!!

298. C D E B A G F H I Dating the Lunar Surface

299. C D E A H I G F B

300. Do we remember this stuff... What is the evidence that indicates the fault is the most recent geologic event to have occurred in this area?

301. What is the evidence that indicates rock layer B is younger than layers A and C? Earth Science Review Concepts

302. How does the age of the igneous intrusion [B] compare with the age of the shale [F]?

303. The most apparent buried erosional surface is found between which rock units?

304. E D B A C Can you figure this out?

306. Do Now Which letter (A,B,C) represents one half-life?

307. Do Now How much time is represented by letter B?

308. Take out your HW

309. Do Now Which isotope (A, B, C, D) has the shortest half-life?

310. Do Now Which isotope is represented by line B? (use your ESRT, p. 1)

311. Do Now Take out your HW

312. DO NOW Please take out your Absolute Dating Lab

313. Do Now Clear your desks and get ready for the Quest!!!

314. Decay and Growth Curve of Isotopes Take out your HW! Notes Packet, p. 13 - Radon decays into radioactive solids - Half -Life of 4.5 days - Generated during the decay of Uranium - Inhalation of Radon or decay products may cause lung cancer Radon Facts

315. Explain how radioactive isotopes are used to find the absolute age of a rock, bone, fossil?

316. State the name of the isotopes in the graph.

317. Which rock layer is the oldest?

318. Which is older, rock layer F or rock layer D?

319. What is an unconformity?

321. Take out your Marsium Lab DO NOW 1 half-life Sample Data

322. Which rock layer is the oldest? _______ _____

323. What evidence suggests that rock layer D is older than layer C?

324. Which is older, rock layer F or rock layer D?

325. E D B A C State the age of the rocks in order from oldest to youngest.

326. How does the age of the igneous intrusion [B] compare with the age of the shale [F]?

327. What is represented by line A-B?

328. What is an unconformity?

329. What evidence indicates that an unconformity exists between layers A and B?

330. The most apparent buried erosional surface is found between which rock units?

331. Explain why radioactive isotopes are used to find the absolute age of a rock, bone, fossil? _______ _____

332. How many half-lives are represented by letter A, B, & C?

333. State the name of the isotopes in the graph.

334. Which isotopes are represented by the following graphs (A, B, C)? A B C

335. Ms. Gill’s Baby Picture Clear your desks and get ready for the Quest!!!

336. What is the story here? 1

337. What is the story here? 2

338. What is the story here? 3

339. What is the story here? 4

340. What is the story here? 5

341. What is the story here? 6

342. What is the story here? 7

343. What is the story here? 8

344. What is the story here? 9

345. What is the story here? 10

346. What is the story here? 11

348. Thanks to the collective resources of ESPRIT for contributing images Design via Threadless

349. Practice: what happened here?

351. Practice: what happened here?

353. Practice: what happened here?

355. Practice Geologic Profiles Look at the geologic profiles, write down what you think is the correct sequence of events. Then click the mouse to advance the presentation. Repeat this process for each of the profiles.

361. Exposed volcanic ash layers in Alaska provide an excellent unit for correlation and establishing ages for geologic units and events

362. Rock Correlation Activity Create a full sequence of strata from these four different outcrops.

363. Rock Correlation Activity

364. Rock Correlation Activity

365. What can you infer happened in this area based on these footprints (trace fossils)?

366. Geologic Timeline

368. _ __

369. _ __

370. _ __ Take out your HW Notes, p. 16-17

371. Take out a pencil, ESRT and calc. QUIZ TIME!

373. Which geologic period ended with the extinction of many kinds of marine animals, including trilobites? Which orogeny was caused by the collision of North America and Africa along a transform margin creating Pangaea? The Permian Period The Appalachian (Alleghanian) Orogeny _ __ Use your ESRT to complete the following Questions

374. The Devonian aged siltstone shown in the photograph below occurs as surface bedrock in Hamilton, NY. What does the presence of the fossil suggest about the environment of Hamilton during the Devonian? _ __

375. Earth's History Notes Packet, p. 23

376. _ __ Use your ESRT [p. 8-9] to complete the following question

377. _ __ Mr. Gill's Baby Picture Please take out your ESRT

378. The table below gives information about the radioactive decay of carbon-14. Part of the table has been deliberately left blank for student use. After how many years will 1/128 of the original carbon-14 remain?

379. What is the correct order of development from the original (oldest) stage to the most recent (youngest) stage? DO NOW Work with a partner

380. Constructed Response Questions State one method used to correlate rock layers… State one piece of evidence why the limestone is the most resistant rock layer in the outcrops. Comparing rock texture / composition, looking for index fossils, examining sequencing of strata The limestone unit extends the furthest out of the outcrop (cliff)

381. Constructed Response Questions What does the discovery of Ordovician aged fossil corals in the surface bedrock of NYS cause you to infer? Parts of NYS were once in a shallow, warm marine envrionment