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Interpreting Geologic History
THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIFORMITY: ,[object Object],Looking  at features  of rocks and rock outcrops
Uniformitarianism (Principle of   ,[object Object],[object Object],Uniformity) crust
[object Object],[object Object],past active ** THE KEY TO THE PAST IS THE PRESENT**
Relative Dating Techniques
5 Basic Laws:  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Principle of Original Horizontality ,[object Object],[object Object]
Law of Original Horizontality ,[object Object],Grand Canyon Western Iran Steeply Inclined
THE LAW OF SUPERPOSITION: ,[object Object],bottom before disturbed uplifted
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],older relative oldest youngest
oldest youngest
Law of Superposition ,[object Object]
Law of Inclusions ,[object Object],[object Object],fragments older clast
Law of Inclusions Which is older the Granite or the Sandstone? In figure A?  In figure B?  Sandstone is older Granite is older
Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships ,[object Object],Igneous rock fault
[object Object],older
Some Processes Include: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sedimentary layers (the law of original horizontality)
Sedimentary layers
Sedimentary layers
Sedimentary layers
Sedimentary layers
The fault came after  the rock was formed
Sedimentary layers The tilt came after the  the rock was formed
The intrusion came after the rock was formed 1 2 3 4 5 Contact metamorphism
1 2 3 4 5 6 The extrusion came after the lower layers were formed but…. Before the top layer
1 2 3 4 5 This intrusion came after all the layers
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],extrusion
[object Object],extrusion older
[object Object],intrusions magma
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Intrusions younger
[object Object],[object Object],Folds folding older younger
 
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Faults Faults
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Faults Faults
[object Object],[object Object],older
[object Object],[object Object],cracks veins natural cement
 
[object Object],fragments older
Law of Original Lateral Continuity ,[object Object],deposition
Law of Original Lateral Continuity
Law of Original Lateral Continuity ,[object Object],erosion
[object Object],Fossils
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Sedimentary rock Heat & pressure in  igneous and metamorphic  rock destroys them
FOSSILS GIVE US INFORMATION ABOUT THE ANCIENT ENVIRONMENT  AND CLIMATE
CORRELATION OF ROCK STRATA: ,[object Object],Matching similar rock strata at different locations  to see  if they formed at the same time
Ways to correlate rock formations: ,[object Object],[object Object],Walking from  end to end
[object Object],continuity
You can match the rock strata in one location with rock strata in more distant locations by Comparing ,  c o l o r texture composition sequence of layers
Time correlation compares ____________ contained in the rock strata index fossils 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 3
The best index fossils: ,[object Object],[object Object],Exist for a brief  period of time are widespread
Which fossil would  make the best index fossil? Found in only 1 layer (short lived) Found in all samples (widespread)
Another way of correlating layers by time is through ___________________ Volcanic ash falls
These ash falls are very ________ events. A single layer of ______ can be   found over a large area, this allows geologists to make a__________________ from one location to another at the position of a common ash fall. brief ash time correlation
GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE: ,[object Object],formations
[object Object],formations above below
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],relative  time  scale oldest youngest
[object Object],Characteristic  fossil Example: Devon fossil  “ Devonian ”  found in  Devon England
[object Object],[object Object],Geologic  time  scale
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Inferred positions of Earth’s Landmasses  Major Geologic Events (ex. Ice ages & Orogenys)
[object Object],[object Object],Orogeny
 
 
GEOLOGIC EVENTS OF THE PAST: ,[object Object],Erosion MISSING LAYERS
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Eroded, unconformity
NEW BOTTOM LAYER  APPEARS (EMERGES)
LAYER C IS MISSING EROSION
EROSION
THE UNCONFORMITY IS THE BURIED EROSIONAL SURFACE BETWEEN B AND D
 
 
ACTIVITY WHICH IS OLDER
VII. RADIOACTIVE DATING: ,[object Object],relative
[object Object],geologic absolute radioactivity
[object Object],absolute  age
[object Object],isotopes
[object Object],Different number of  neutrons  (unstable)
EX. C C 6 6 12 14 6 protons  6 protons 6 neutrons unstable 8 neutrons
EX. C C 6 6 12 14 6 protons  6 protons 6 neutrons  8 neutrons unstable
D. If the nucleus has more or fewer than the normal number of  ____________, the isotope may be  ____________ neutrons radioactive (unstable)
[object Object],[object Object],decay  product (stable)
[object Object],[object Object],C 14 K 40 U 238 N 14 Ar 40 Pb 206
[object Object],half  life
HALF-LIFE: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],fewer
[object Object],[object Object],older decay product ratio
Original=100% Decay product=0% 100/0
Original=50% Decay product=50% 50/50 After one Half-life:
Original=25% Decay product=75% 25/75 After two Half-lives:
Original=12.5% Decay product=87.5% 12.5/87.5 After three Half-lives:
Original=6.25% Decay product=93.75% 6.25/93.75 After four Half-lives:
N 14 Ar 40 Pb 206 Sr 87 5.7 x 10 3 1.3 x 10 9 4.5 x 10 9 4.9 x 10 10 Element  Decay Product  Half-life
[object Object],[object Object]
One half life has gone by ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],50% 25% 12.5%
[object Object],25% or  2.5 grams 1/4 of the original  amount
I. Selecting the Best Radioactive Element: ,[object Object],[object Object],Use Carbon-14 Use Uranium-238
* Add to your notes: ,[object Object],[object Object]
 

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Interpreting Geologic History Power Point