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Astronomy
Astronomy
 The scientific study of matter in
outer space, especially the positions,
dimensions, distribution, motion,
composition, energy, and evolution of
celestial bodies and phenomena.
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Forget the big bang, tune in to the big hum
THE big bang sounded more like a deep hum than a bang, according to an analysis of the radiation left over
from the cataclysm. Physicist John Cramer of the University of Washington in Seattle has created audio
files of the event which can be played on a PC. "The sound is rather like a large jet plane flying 100 feet
above your house in the middle of the night," he says. Giant sound waves propagated through the blazing hot
matter that filled the universe shortly after the big bang.
These squeezed and stretched matter, heating the compressed regions and cooling the rarefied ones. Even
though the universe has been expanding and cooling ever since, the sound waves have left their imprint as
temperature variations on the afterglow of the big bang fireball, the so-called cosmic microwave
background. Cramer was prompted to recreate the din- last heard13.7 billion years ago- by an11-year-old
boy who wanted to know what the big bang sounded like for a school project.
To produce the sound, Cramer took data from NASA's Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe. Launched in
2001, the probe has been measuring tiny differences in the temperature between different parts of the
sky. From these variations, he could calculate the frequencies of the sound waves propagating through the
universe during its first 760,000 years, when it was just 18 million light years across. At that time the
sound waves were too low in frequency to be audible. To hear them, Cramer had to scale the frequencies
100,000 billion billion times.
Nevertheless, the loudness and pitch of the sound waves reflect what happened in the early universe.
During the 100-second recording (http://www.npl.washington.edu/AV/BigBangSound_2.wav), the
frequencies fall because the sound waves get stretched as the universe expands. "It becomes more of a
bass instrument," says Cramer.
###
The universe started as a single point.
That point was extremely dense.
It became unstable and exploded outward.
Today the universe continues to expand.
The Universe
A massive explosion
occurred, between 12
–15 billion years ago,
and the universe has
been expanding ever
since
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Evidence for Expansion
 The Doppler Effect is used as
evidence that galaxies are moving
away from us.
 When light moves away, it’s
wavelength is expanded (gets longer),
meaning it becomes redder.
 This is called the redshift.
Doppler Effect
 All galaxies show redshift in their spectra,
meaning they are moving away from us.
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Measuring Distance
 Distances between celestial objects are extremely
large.
 Rather than miles, astronomers refer to a light-
year as a standard unit of distance.
 One light-year is the distance light travels in one
year.
 The speed of light is 186,000 mps (300,000 kps).
 Thus, one light-year is about 6 trillion miles.
 The nearest star to us (Proxima Centauri) is 4.2
light-years away.
Astronomical unit
 Another unit of distance is the
Astronomical Unit (AU).
 One AU is the distance from the
Earth to the Sun (93 million miles)
 Distances to other objects are given
in multiples of AU.
1. 384,000 km
2. 1 AU
3. 100 AU
4. 1 light year
5. 75,000 light years
What is (approximately) the
size of the solar system?
Remember:
1 AU = distance Sun – Earth = 150 million km
Galaxies
Galaxies
 A galaxy is a collection of millions or
billions of stars.
 Galaxies can be spiral, elliptical,
spherical or irregular in shape.
 The Sun is part of the Milky Way
galaxy, which is a spiral galaxy.
 The Sun is located on one of the
spiral arms, far from the galactic
center.
Put these in order of size:
galaxy solar system universe
universe galaxy solar system
Regents Question
Which sequence correctly lists the relative
sizes from smallest to largest?
(1)our solar system, universe, Milky Way
Galaxy
(2)our solar system, Milky Way Galaxy,
universe
(3)Milky Way Galaxy, our solar system,
universe
(4)Milky Way Galaxy, universe, our solar
system
Regents Answer
(2)our solar system, Milky Way Galaxy,
universe
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
 A star is a huge, shining ball in space that produces a large
amount of light and energy.
 Stars come in many sizes.
 About 75% are apart of groups that orbit each other.
 They are grouped in large structures called galaxies. (Milky
Way).
 Stars have life-cycles like humans.
 A stars color depends on surface temperature.
Stars
 Stars are burning masses of gas.
 Their energy is the result of nuclear
fusion, in which Hydrogen atoms
combine to form Helium atoms,
releasing energy.
 Electromagnetic energy is radiated by
stars.
Star Characteristics
 Stars vary in their size, mass,
density, temperature and composition.
 Luminosity – the actual brightness of
a star
 Luminosity depends only a star’s size
and temperature
Composition
 Stars are primarily made of Hydrogen
and Helium
 Many other elements are present in
stars in small amounts
 A star’s composition can be
determined by spectral analysis.
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Spectral Analysis
 Spectral analysis is the study of the
electromagnetic spectrum emitted by
a star, using a spectroscope.
 Each element emits radiation is a
specific set of wavelengths
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Color and Temperature
 A Star’s color depends upon its surface
temperature.
 As materials become hotter, their color
changes from:
– Red
– Orange
– Yellow
– Blue
ESRTs p15
ESRTs p15
What type of star is our
Sun classified as?
ESRT p15
Circle where it is on the chart
The H-R Diagram
 The Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R)
Diagram is a graph of stars,
comparing luminosity and
temperature.
 Stars are categorized according to
these two properties
The H-R Diagram
 Main Sequence – band into which most
stars fall
– High temperature, high luminosity
– Low temperature, low luminosity
 Red Giants and Supergiants – cooler,
very luminous stars that are very
large
 White Dwarfs – hotter, low luminosity
stars that are small
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Shade the chart where all of the
stars are hotter than our sun.
Draw a line on the chart which
separates those stars brighter
than our sun and those less bright.
ESRTs p15
The H-R Diagram
Regents Question
Which statement describes the general
relationship between the temperature
and the luminosity of main sequence
stars?
(1) As temperature decreases, luminosity
increases.
(2) As temperature decreases, luminosity
remains the same.
(3) As temperature increases, luminosity
increases.
(4) As temperature increases, luminosity
remains the same.
Regents Answer
(2) As temperature increases,
luminosity increases.
Regents Question
Compared to other groups of stars,
the group that has relatively low
luminosities and relatively low
temperatures is the
(1)Red Dwarfs (3)Red Giants
(2)White Dwarfs (4)Blue Supergiants
Regents Answer
(1)Red Dwarfs
Regents Question
Which list shows stars in order of
increasing temperature?
(1)Barnard’s Star, Polaris, Sirius, Rigel.
(2)Aldebaran, the Sun, Rigel, Procyon
B.
(3)Rigel, Polaris, Aldebaran, Barnard’s
Star.
(4)Procyon B, Alpha Centauri, Polaris,
Betelgeuse.
Regents Answer
(1)Barnard’s Star, Polaris,
Sirius, Rigel.
Star Life Cycles
 Stars are born in a cloud of gas and dust,
called a nebula.
 Most stars remain as main sequence stars,
until their hydrogen fuel is depleted
 An average star, like the sun, would go
through the Red Giant phase, eventually
becoming a White Dwarf.
 A large star would become a Supergiant,
then explode as a supernova. The result
may be a neutron star, pulsar or black hole.
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
 The sun is a star.
 A ball of hot glowing gases.
 It gets hotter as you go deeper.
 Central force that has a high
influence on planets orbits.
 Without the sun’s energy and heat
there would be no life on Earth.
 It holds everything in place by its
gravity.
 It contains about 99% of the mass of
the solar system.
Sun
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sun920607.j
Mythology
The Sun God. Greeks Called it
Hellos
Mass
333 400 times the mass of the
Earth
Diameter
1 392 000 km (109 x Earth’s
diameter)
Gravity 28 times that on Earth
Surface
Temperature
6000°C (average). From 4500 to
2000000°C up to 15000000°C
in the core.
Period of rotation
(day)
Equator 26 Earth days, poles 37
Earth days
Tilt of axis 122°
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Solar System Components
 The Solar System includes:
• The Sun, a medium size, middle-aged
star
• The eight planets and associated moons
• Asteroids – chunks of rock found mostly
in a belt between Mars and Jupiter
• Comets – mass of frozen gas and rock
• These are considered celestial objects
which appear in the sky during day and
night.
Formation of the Solar System
 4.6 Billion years ago a large cloud of gas, ice & dust
existed
 Began to contract & slowly rotate
– Contraction increased density & rotation
– Gravity began to pull material toward the center
– Density increases = increased rotation & gravity
– Begins to form disk with large center
– Central mass begins to heat up due to contraction
• Temperatures reach 10 million 0K
• Hydrogen atoms begin to fuse together forming
Helium
• Fusion occurs, driving the formation of our Sun
– The material outside the central mass forms planets
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
The Parts of Our Solar System
 The sun is the center of the Solar System
– Inner Planets: Also called Terrestrial planets: first
four planets. They are solid, rock like structures
– Asteroid belt: band of rocks orbiting the sun
– Outer Planets: Also called Jovian planets: The 4
planets farthest from the sun
• 4 are made up of mainly lighter element gases
• Last two are frozen materials
Two Kinds of Planets
Planets of our solar system can be divided into
two very different kinds:
Terrestrial (earthlike) planets:
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
Jovian (Jupiter-like) planets: Jupiter,
Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
Size of Terrestrial Planets
Compared to Jovian Planets
Terrestrial
Planets
Four inner
planets of the
solar system
Relatively small in
size and mass (Earth
is the largest and
most massive)
Rocky surface
Surface of Venus can not be seen
directly from Earth because of its
dense cloud cover.
The Jovian Planets
Much larger in mass
and size than terrestrial
planets
Much lower
average density
All have rings (not
only Saturn!)
Mostly gas; no
solid surface
Asteroids
The total mass of all the asteroids
is less than that of the Moon.
-rocky objects with round or
irregular shapes
lie in a belt between Mars and Jupiter
The Asteroid
Belt
(Distances and times reproduced to
Most asteroids
orbit the sun in a
wide zone between
the orbits of Mars
and Jupiter.
Asteroids
– Believed to be a planet that never formed
– Range in size from dust to almost Moon size
– Photographed by Galileo probe
• Some Named Asteroids:
– Ceres: 940 km (Largest known)
– Pallas: 523 km
– Vesta: 501 km
– Juno: 244 km
– Gaspra & Ida
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
only visible when
they are close to
the sun
Comets
Mostly objects in highly elliptical orbits,
occasionally coming close to the sun.
Icy nucleus, which evaporates
and gets blown into space by
solar wind pressure.
Comet Information:
 Comet Composition:
– Dust, rock, frozen methane, ammonia, and water
– Comets normally look like dirty snowballs
– When they get close to stars, they change
• They begin to vaporize & Glow
• Forms a coma (tail) from the nucleus (head)
– Coma: glowing trail of particles
– Always points away from the star
– Comets eventually break up into space debris
 Oort Cloud: large collection of comets beyond
Pluto
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Meteoroids
Small (mm – mm sized)
dust grains throughout the
solar system
If they collide with Earth,
they evaporate in the
atmosphere.
Visible as streaks of light
(“shooting stars”):
meteors.
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
LARGEST METEORITE TO
HIT EARTH – Namibia,
Africa
Meteoroids, Meteors, & Meteorites
 Meteoroids: chunks of rock
– Randomly moving through space
– Usually leftover comet or asteroid debris
 Meteor: Meteoroid that enters Earth’s atmosphere
– Heat up & begin to glow = shooting star
– Most burn up before reaching the surface
– Many meteors at one time = meteor shower
 Meteorite: Meteor that does not totally burn up, &
strikes the Earth’s surface
– Impact creates a crater
Cosmic Collision Video Clip
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
http://solarsystem.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/gallery/solarsys_scale
(Distance between objects not to scale)
How small are we?
source: Celestia (application)
(Distance between objects not to scale)
Earth
Earth
How small are we?
source: Celestia (application)
(Distance between objects not to scale)
Relative distance of planets
 Sun = 1300mm
diameter (blown
up garbage bag)
 Mercury = 4.5mm
(coffee bean) 54m
from Sun
 Venus = 11.3mm
(small blueberry)
101m from Sun
 Earth = 11.9mm
(small blueberry)
139m from Sun
 Mars = 6mm (pea)
213m from Sun
image source: Google
Earth
Relative distance of planets
 Jupiter = 133.5mm
(large grapefruit)
727m from Sun
 Saturn = 112.5mm
(large orange)
1332m from Sun
 Uranus = 47.7mm
(Kiwi) 2681m from
the Sun
 Neptune = 46.2mm
(nectarine) 4200m
from the Sun
 Pluto = 2mm (grain
of rice) 5522m
from the Sun
image source: Google
Earth
Relative distance of planets
 Jupiter = 133.5mm
(large grapefruit)
727m from Sun
 Saturn = 112.5mm
(large orange)
1332m from Sun
 Uranus = 47.7mm
(Kiwi) 2681m from
the Sun
 Neptune = 46.2mm
(nectarine) 4200m
from the Sun
 Pluto = 2mm (grain
of rice) 5522m
from the Sun
image source: Google
Earth
 A planetis a bodythat is in orbitaroundtheSun, has enough
massfor its self-gravityto overcome forces(nearlyround)
shape,and clearsthe neighborhoodarounditsorbit.
Planet order (closest to the sun to furthest):
MERCURY
VENUS
EARTH
MARS
JUPITOR
SATURN
URANUS
NEPTUNE
 Position: Closest planet to the Sun.
 Atmosphere: Like Earth’s moon, very little.
 Landscape: Many craters, a little ice. Cliffs
and valleys present.
 Temperatures: Super-heated by the sun in
the day. At night temperatures reach
hundreds of degrees below freezing. (Not as
warm as you would think).
 Year (Full rotation around the sun): 88 days.
 Moons: 0
 Rings: 0
Mercury
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Reprocessed_Mariner_10_image_of_Mercury
Mythology
God of travel, commerce and
thieves
Mass 0.056 times that of Earth
Moons None
Diameter
4878 km ( = 0.38 x Earth’s
diameter)
Surface Similar to Earth’s moon
Gravity 0.38 times that on Earth
Surface Temperature –170°C to 430°C
Period of rotation
(day)
59 Earth days
Tilt of axis 0°
Distance from Sun 0.39 AU (58 million kilometres)
Time to orbit Sun
(year)
88 Earth days
Position: 2nd planet from the sun.
Atmosphere: Thick enough to
trap heat, hurricane winds,
lightning, and acid clouds.
Landscape: Volcanoes and
deformed mountains.
Temperatures: Intense heat.
Year (Full rotation around the
sun): 225 Earth days.
Moons: 0
Venus
Venus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Venus-real.jp
Mythology Goddess of love and beauty
Mass 0.815 times that of Earth
Moons None
Diameter
12 103 km ( = 0.95 x Earth’s
diameter)
Surface
Extensive cratering, volcanic
activity.
Gravity 0.9 times that on Earth
Surface Temperature 460°C
Period of rotation
(day)
243 Earth days
Tilt of axis 30°
Distance from Sun
0.72 AU (108 million
kilometres)
Time to orbit Sun
(year)
225 Earth days
 Position: 3rd planet from the sun.
 Atmosphere: Suitable air pressure to
have life. Air is made of oxygen.
 Landscape: The only planet that has
liquid on the surface, rocky, land
formations.
 Temperatures: Suitable for life. Ranges
from locations on Earth.
 Year (Full rotation around the sun): 365
Earth days.
 Moons: 1
 Rings: 0
Earth
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.j
Mythology Gaia—mother Earth
Mass
1.0 times that of Earth (5 980
000 000 000 000 000 000 000
kg)
Moons One (‘the Moon’)
Diameter 12 756 km
Surface Two-thirds water, one-third land
Gravity 1.0 times that on Earth
Surface Temperature average 22°C
Period of rotation
(day)
1 Earth day
Tilt of axis 23.5°
Distance from Sun 1 AU (150 million kilometres)
Time for light to
reach Earth
8 minutes
Time to orbit Sun
(year)
365.25 Earth days
 Position:4th planet fromthe sun.
 Atmosphere:Thinner air thanEarth.
 Landscape:Frozen waterbelowthe surface,rocky,
dusty, and has craters.
 Temperatures:LikeEarth, but drier and colder
 Year (Fullrotation aroundthe sun):687 Earth
days.
 Moons:2
 Rings:0
Midnight
sun on
Mars
Mars
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:2005-1103mars-full.
Mythology God of war
Mass 0.107 times that of Earth
Moons
2 (Phobos—diameter 23 km,
Deimos—diameter 10 km)
Diameter
6794 km ( = 0.53 xEarth’s
diameter)
Surface
Soft red soil containing iron
oxide (rust). Cratered regions,
large volcanoes, a large
canyon and possible dried-up
water channels.
Gravity 0.376 times that on Earth
Surface Temperature –120°C to 25°C
Period of rotation
(day)
1.03 Earth days
Tilt of axis 25.2°
Distance from Sun
1.52 AU (228 million
kilometres)
Time to orbit Sun
(year)
687 Earth days
Time to reach Mars 9 months
 Position: 5th
planet from the
sun.
 Atmosphere:
Colorful clouds,
until it is squished
unto liquid. Cold
and windy, giant
storms.
 Landscape: Thick
super hot soup.
 Temperatures:
Extremely cold at
clouds. Extremely
hot and cold
radiation.
Jupiter
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Jupiter.jpg
Mythology Ruler of the Gods
Mass 318 times that of Earth
Moons
At least 28 moons and four
rings, including the four largest
moons: Io, Ganymede, Europa
and Callisto. These are known
as the ‘Galilean’ moons.
Diameter
142 984 km ( = 11.21 x Earth’s
diameter)
Surface Liquid hydrogen
Gravity 2.525 times that on Earth
Surface Temperature Cloud top –150°C
Period of rotation
(day)
9 hours 55 minutes
Tilt of axis 3.1°
Distance from Sun 5.2 AU (778 million kilometres)
Time to orbit Sun
(year)
11.8 Earth years
 Position: 6th planet from the sun.
 Atmosphere: Composed mostly of gas
with no solid surface. Cloud strips.
 Landscape: No solid surfaces, high
pressures turn gas into liquids.
 Temperatures: Rings made out of water
ice, really cold.
Saturn
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Saturn_from_Cassini_Orbiter_%282007-01-
19%29.jpg
Mythology God of agriculture
Mass 95.184 times that of Earth
Moons
At least 30 moons and rings in
seven bands
Diameter
120 536 km (= 9.45 x Earth’s
diameter)
Surface Liquid hydrogen
Gravity 1.064 times that on Earth
Surface Temperature –180°C
Period of rotation
(day)
10 hours 39 minutes
Tilt of axis 26.7°
Distance from Sun
9.6 AU (1400 million
kilometres)
Time to orbit Sun
(year)
29.5 Earth years
 Position: 7th planet from the sun.
 Atmosphere: Gets thicker and thicker,
until it is squished unto liquid. Cold and
windy.
 Landscape: Layer of superheated water
and gases that form bright clouds.
 Temperatures: Extremely cold at cloud
tops and superheated towards the
center.
Uranus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Uranusandrings.
Mythology Father of Saturn
Mass 14.54 times that of Earth
Moons At least 21 moons and 11 rings
Diameter
51 200 km (= 4.01 x Earth’s
diameter)
Surface
Likely to be frozen hydrogen
and helium
Gravity 0.903 times that on Earth
Surface Temperature –220°C
Period of rotation
(day)
17 hours 14 minutes
Tilt of axis 98°
Distance from Sun
19.2 AU (2875 million
kilometres)
Time to orbit Sun
(year)
84 Earth years
 Position:Furthestfromthesun(Cannotseewithouta Telescope). 8th planet.
 Atmosphere:VeryWindy, coldclouds,a layerofmethanegas(givingit a blue
color), stormsas largeEarth.
 Landscape:Scientistthinkit mayhavean oceanof superhot lava.
 Temperatures:Cold
Neptune
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Neptune.jpg
Mythology God of the sea
Mass 17.15 times that of Earth
Moons 8 moons and 5 rings
Diameter
49 528 km ( = 3.88 x Earth’s
diameter)
Surface Frozen hydrogen and helium
Gravity 1.135 times that on Earth
Surface Temperature –220°C
Period of rotation
(day)
16 hours 7 minutes
Tilt of axis 29.3°
Distance from Sun
30.1 AU (4500 million
kilometres)
Time to orbit Sun
(year)
165 Earth years
 Pluto is NOT
considered a planet
anymore!
 It is classified as a dwarf
planet.
 Temperatures: Extremely
cold, covered with frost.
 Year (Full rotation around
the sun): 248 Earth years.
 Moons: 3
 Pluto is very hard to
see, if with a really
powerful teloscope.
Think of Pluto as
Disney’s dog, NOT a
planet!
The planets to scale. The rings of the gas giants are not shown.
http://www.solarviews.com/cap/misc/obliquity.ht
Comparing tilt of axis
Draw a line across the table between
the terrestrial and jovian planets and label.
Which are more dense?
Jovian or terrestrial
Which have more moons ?
Jovian or terrestrial
Which have longer periods of revolution?
Jovian or terrestrial
Which are larger in size on average ?
Jovian or terrestrial
Which planet has the longest day?
Which planet has the longest year?
Regents Question
Which object in our solar
system has the greatest
density?
(1) Jupiter (3) the Moon
(2) Earth (4) the Sun
Regents Answer
(2) the Earth
1. What is the solar system (what objects make up
the Solar System?
2. Draw a diagram of planet placement and list the
planets in order from the closest to the furthest
from the sun.
3. When did the solar system form?
4. When did the universe form?
5. What is the difference between the Jovian and
Terrestrial planets?
6. What is the difference between a meteor,
meteoroid, and meteorite?
7. What is your favorite planet and why?
Planetary Orbits
Earth
Venus
Mercury
Do Now:
Make 3 observations
about this animation
(Distances and times reproduced to
http://solarsystem.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/gallery/vis_orb
http://solarsystem.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/gallery/outer_orb.
How the planets move
The four innermost planets
orbit the Sun in almost circular
orbits
The larger outer planets move
in more elliptical or oval orbits
All planets move in the same
plane (a large imaginary flat
surface)
Planetary Orbits
Earth
Venus
Mercury
All planets in almost
circular (elliptical)
orbits around the sun,
in approx. the same
plane (ecliptic).
Sense of revolution:
counter-clockwise
Sense of rotation:
counter-clockwise
(with exception of
Venus, Uranus, and
Pluto)
Orbits generally
inclined by no
more than 3.4o
Exceptions:
Mercury (7o)
Pluto (17.2o)
(Distances and times reproduced to
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Tipped over by
more than 900
Mercury and Pluto: Unusually highly inclined orbits
Planetary Orbits
Orbits
 Revolution – the movement of an
object around another object
 Orbit – the path taken by a revolving
object
 Celestial objects have elliptical orbits
Elliptical Orbit
 A circle has one central point, called a
focus.
 Ellipses have two points, called foci.
Eccentricity
 The eccentricity of an ellipse is how
much it varies from a true circle.
 The smaller the number, the closer
the orbit is to a perfect circle.
 Formula for eccentricity:
Eccentricity = distance between foci
length of major axis
Calculate the eccentricity
of the ellipse below:
Formula: eccentricity = distance between foci
length of major axis
length of major axis
Regents Question
Which object is located at one
foci of the elliptical orbit of
Mars?
(1)the Sun (3)Earth
(2)Betelgeuse (4)Jupiter
Regents Answer
(1)the Sun
Regents Question
The bar graph below shows one planetary characteristic,
identified as X, plotted for the planets of our solar
system.
Which characteristic of the planets in our solar system is
represented by X?
(1)mass (3)eccentricity of orbit
(2)density (4)period of rotation
Regents Answer
(3)eccentricity of orbit
Regents Question
Which planet has the least
distance between the two
foci of its elliptical orbit?
(1)Venus (3)Mars
(2)Earth (4)Jupiter
Regents Answer
(1)Venus
Laws of Planetary Motion
 Devised by German
astronomerJohannes Kepler:
1. The planets move in elliptical orbits,
with the Sun at one focus
2. The line joining the Sun and a planet
sweeps equal areas in equal intervals of
time
3. The square of the time of revolution
(T²) is proportional to the planet’s
mean distance from the Sun (R³)
Kepler’s First Law
•Planets move
around sun in
elliptical orbits.
•Sun is at one
focus point.
•Flatness called
eccentricity
•Formula in
ESRT.
Sun
Focus
points
Major
axis
Eccentricit
y =
Distance between
foci
Length of major
axis
The smaller the number, the closer the orbit is to a
perfect circle.
Kepler’s Second Law
Area of orange section is
Distance along orbit is not the same. But
the time covered is equal.
Planets moves faster when closer to
the Sun.
Planet moves slower when
farther away to the Sun.
Caused by gravitational pull of
the Sun.
eccentricity website
Kepler's Third Law
The greater
the distance
from the
sun, the
longer the
period of
revolution.
Not drawn to
Earth – 150 mill.
Km, 365 days
Mars – 228 mill.
km, 687 days
Two reasons
•Longer
orbits
•Slower
orbital
velocities.
Orbital Energy
 Gravitation – the force of attraction
between 2 objects
 Inertia – the tendency of an object in
motion to continue in motion along a
straight path
 The interaction of gravity and inertia
keep planets in orbit
Energy Transfer
 Energy is transferred between
potential and kinetic as a planet
orbits the Sun.
Orbital Velocity
 The Earth’s orbital velocity is highest
when kinetic energy is the highest.
 This occurs when the Earth is nearest
to the Sun in its orbit.
When
furthest
from Sun
When closest
to Sun
eccentricity website
Which planet has the least
perfectly circular orbit?
Which planet has the most
perfectly circular orbit?
Models of the Solar
System
 Based upon observations of the
apparent motion of celestial objects.
 Geocentric Model – Earth is the
center of the solar system, and all
objects revolve around it.
 Used epicycles (small sub-orbits) to
explain retrograde (backward) motion
of planets
Explain the difference
between
the geo- and helio-centric
models of the solar system.
Earth-
centered
Sun-
centered
Models of the Solar
System
 Heliocentric Model – The Sun is at
the center, and the planets revolve
around it
 The planets’ orbits are governed by
Kepler’s Laws:
• Elliptical orbits
• Velocity changes during revolution
• Planets further from Sun revolve slower
Geocentric vs. Heliocentric
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Shape of the Sky
•Dome
shaped
•Latitude =
Altitude of
Polaris (N.
star)
•You at
intersection •Zenith- directly above
Apparent Daily Motion
 Celestial objects appear to move in
the sky
 This is due to the Earth’s rotation
 Objects appear to move 15° per
hour, because Earth rotates 360° in
24 hours. 360/24 = 15
How long is one rotation of
Earth?
How long is one revolution of Earth?
Rising and Setting
of the Sun
Rising and Setting
of the Moon
The Seasons
Changing
Constellations
Movement of Stars
through the sky
Regents Question
Which observation provides the best
evidence that Earth revolves around the
Sun?
(1)The constellation Orion is only visible in
the night sky for part of the year.
(2)The North Star, Polaris, is located above
the North Pole for the entire year.
(3)The sun appears to move across Earth’s
sky at a rate of 15
○
/hr.
(4)The Coriolis effect causes Northern
Hemisphere winds to curve to the right.
Regents Answer
(1)The constellation Orion is
only visible in the night sky
for part of the year.
One rotation = 360°
Time for one rotation = 24 hours
360° ÷ 24 = 15°/hr
Regents Question
Earth’s rate of rotation is
approximately
(1)1
○
per day (3) 180
○
per
day
(2)15
○
per day (4) 360
○
per
day
Regents Answer
(1)15
○
per day
Star trails looking North
Polaris
Stars are so far
away the appear
stationary (not
moving).
Why do they
have this
pattern?
Earth is
rotating.
Constellations are groupings of stars that make an
imaginary image in the night sky. They have been named
after mythological characters, people, animals and objects.
In different parts of the world, people have made up
different shapes out of the same groups of bright stars. It is
like a game of connecting the dots. In the past
constellations have became useful for navigating at night
and for keeping track of the seasons.
Regents Question
Which object is closest to Earth?
(1)The Sun (3)the moon
(2)Venus (4)Mars
Regents Answer
(3)the moon
Apparent Solar Motion
 The sun appears to move across the sky,
like all celestial objects.
 The sun’s apparent path in the sky
varies by latitude and season.
Regents Question
If Earth’s axis were tilted less
than 23.5
○
, which seasonal
average temperature change
would occur in New York State?
(1)Spring and fall would be cooler.
(2)Spring and fall would be warmer.
(3)Winter would be cooler.
(4)Summer would be cooler.
Regents Answer
(4)Summer would be cooler.
How many degrees did the stars move
from diagram 1 to
diagram 2?
30° (2 hours x 15°)
How can you find
Polaris?
It’s the only one that didn’t move
What hemisphere
must you be in?
Why?
Northern
Because Polaris can only been seen in
the North
What direction must
you be looking?
North
What direction do
the stars appear to
move?
What causes the
stars appear to move?
Regents Question
In the Northern Hemisphere, planetary
winds blowing from north to south are
deflected, or curved, toward the west.
This deflection is caused by the
(1)unequal heating of land and water
surfaces.
(2)movement of low-pressure weather
systems.
(3)orbiting of Earth around the Sun.
(4)spinning of Earth on its axis.
Regents Answer
(4) spinning of Earth on its axis.
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Regents Question
Earth’s rate of rotation is
approximately
(1)1
○
per day (3) 180
○
per
day
(2)15
○
per day (4) 360
○
per
day
Regents Answer
(1)15
○
per day
Regents Question
Regents Question
The diagram below shows how Earth is
illuminated [lighted] by the Sun as viewed
from above the North Pole.
In which orbital position would Earth be
illuminated as shown?
(1)A (3) C
(2)B (4) D
Regents Answer
(1)A
Four Seasons
Name the four seasons and
their starting date.
•Summer Solstice– June 21
•Autumn Equinox–
September 21
•Winter Solstice– December
21
What changes do we
observe during seasons?
Sun’s
altitude
changes
with the
season.
Highest – June 21, Lowest – Dec.
21, But NEVER overhead at our
What changes do we
observe during seasons?
Sun rise and
Sun set
positions
change with
the seasons.
South of
E/W in fall
and winter. North of E/W in
spring and
Sun rise in DC
What changes do we
observe during seasons?
Day length
– Duration
of
Insolation
Longest on Summer Solstice, June
Shortest on
Winter Solstice,
Dec. 21
12 hours on
Equinox for
all.
What changes do we
observe during seasons?
What to know about the Summer So
1.June 21, longest day of the
year.
2.Sun at highest altitude at
noon.
3.24 hrs of daylight at North
Pole.
What changes do we
observe during seasons?
What to know about the Winter
Solstice.
1.Dec. 21, shortest day of the
year.
2.Sun at lowest altitude at noon.
3.24 hrs. of darkness at North
Pole.
4.Direct sun ray at 23.5° south
What changes do we
observe during seasons?
What to know about the Equinox.
1.Sept. 21 and March 21.
2.12 hrs of daylight, 12 hrs of
night.
3.Direct sun ray at Equator.
4.Sun rise – E, Sun set – W.
Is distance important to
seasonal change?
NO!
Farthe
st
away
on
July
4,
Closest
on
Earth’s orbit is an
Reasons for the Seasons Video Clip
Regents Question
Regents Question
Which position of Earth
represents the first day of
summer in the Northern
Hemisphere?
(1)A (3) C
(2)B (4) D
Regents Answer
(3) C
Regents Question
Regents Question
How many degrees will the
Sun’s vertical rays shift on
Earth’s surface as Earth
travels from position C to
position D?
(1)15
○
(3) 47
○
(2)23.5
○
(4) 365
○
Regents Answer
(2) 23.5
○
The Moon
The Moon
 The Moon is Earth’s only natural
satellite
 It is estimated to be about 4.5 billion
years old
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Features
 The Moon’s interior is thought to
have layers, similar to earth
 The Moon’s surface is covered with
craters, caused by meteor impacts.
The Moon’s Surface
 Dark areas called Maria (from Latin
mare, meaning sea). These are
ancient lava flows.
 Light areas are Lunar Highlands,
which are mountain ranges made of
lighter color rocks.
Moon Rocks
 Rocks on the Moon are made of
minerals similar to those on Earth.
Rotation and Revolution
 The Moon’s periods of rotation and
revolution are both 27.33 days. The
result is that the same side of the
Moon always faces Earth (the near
side).
 However, it takes 29.5 days for the
Moon to completely revolve around
the Earth
Why Two More Days?
Moon’s
orbit
Earth
moving
around
Sun.
Eart Moon
Moon has to
revolve for 2
more days to
get back to
the new moon
phase.
This occurs
because the
Earth is revolving
around the Sun.
Dark Side/Light Side
Changes in Shape
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Phases
 Moon Phases are apparent changes in shape
due to the position of the Moon in its orbit.
 Phase names:
– New
– Crescent
– Quarter
– Gibbous
– Full
 Waxing – becoming more visible
 Waning – becoming less visible
Phases Of The Moon
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
ESRTs p15
Regents Question
Which sequence of Moon phases could be observed
from Earth during a 2-week period?
Regents Answer
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
because as the Earth
rotates, the moon
revolves
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
How many hours is the
moon visible each day?
Approximate Times of Moonrise and Moonset
moonrise moonset
new moon 06:00 AM 06:00 PM
waxing crescent 09:00 AM 09:00 PM
first quarter 12:00 PM 12:00 AM
waxing gibbous 03:00 PM 03:00 AM
full moon 06:00 PM 06:00 AM
waning gibbous 09:00 PM 09:00 AM
third quarter 12:00 AM 12:00 PM
waning crescent 03:00 AM 03:00 PM
new moon 06:00 AM 06:00 PM
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Moon’s Effect on Tides
 Tides are the periodic rise and fall of
the ocean surface
 Tides are caused by the gravitational
attraction of the Moon and the Sun
on ocean water
 High tide will occur when the Moon is
overhead, as well as on the opposite
side of the Earth.
Tides
Eart
h
Hig
h
High
Low
Low
Caused by
Moon’s gravity
pulling Earth’s
water.
Two of each
because the
Earth
rotates.
Tides always
High in line
with Moon.
Regents Question
The change in the tides as shown
on the graph is primarily the
result of
(1) Earth’s rotation and the Moon’s
revolution
(2) Earth’s rotation and revolution
(3) The Moon’s rotation and Earth’s
revolution
(4) The Moon’s rotation and revolution
Regents Answer
(1) Earth’s rotation and the Moon’s
revolution
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Phases and Tides
 The alignment of the Moon with the Sun
affect tides.
 At the full and new moon phase, both are in
line, causing a higher high tide and a lower
low tide. This is called the Spring Tide.
 At the quarter phases, the Sun and Moon
work against each other, resulting in
weaker tides, called Neap Tides.
Spring and Neap Tides
Eart
h
Earth
Sun
Sun
Neap Tide
Spring Tide
Quarter Phase
– not a large
change from
high to low
tide.
New and Full
Phase – big
change from
high to low tide.
Water
being
pulled in
two
directions.
Moon and Sun’s gravity pulling in one
direction.
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Regents Question
What is the main reason that the
gravitational attraction between
Earth and the Moon changes each
day?
(1) Earth’s axis is tilted at 23.5○
.
(2) Earth’s rotational speed varies
with the seasons.
(3) The moon has an elliptical orbit.
(4) The moon has a spherical shape.
Regents Answer
(1) The moon has an elliptical
orbit.
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Eclipses and Conclusions Video Clip
Eclipses
 An eclipse occurs when the Sun’s light
is blocked from either the Earth or
the Moon.
 Since the orbit of the Earth and the
Moon are along different planes,
eclipses don’t happen frequently.
What’s the
difference between
solar and lunar eclipses?
Earth goes
into moon’s
shadow
moon goes
into Earth’s
shadow
Solar Eclipse
 Solar Eclipse – occurs when the Moon
blocks the Sun’s rays from reaching Earth.
It occurs only at new moon phase.
Solar Eclipse
Sun’s Rays
Penumbra
Umbra
•Only occurs during the new moon phase.
•Only total eclipse if in the umbra. Only a few
people see it.
•Moon blocks light to the Earth. Occur less often
Solar Eclipse
Photo
Lunar Eclipse
 Lunar Eclipse – occurs when the Earth
blocks the Sun’s rays from reaching the
Moon. Only occurs at full moon phase.
Lunar Eclipse
Umbr
a
Penumbra
Sun’
s
Rays
•Can only occur during the full moon
phase.
•Earth blocks light to the moon.
•Moon must be in Umbra for a Total Lunar
Every one
on the
night side
sees the
eclipse.
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Unit 8 astronomy 09 10
Why don’t we have
solar and lunar eclipses
every month?
The moon’s orbit is
tilted 5° from the
Earth’s orbit.
Are We Alone?
Home Sweet Home
You are here!

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Unit 8 astronomy 09 10

  • 2. Astronomy  The scientific study of matter in outer space, especially the positions, dimensions, distribution, motion, composition, energy, and evolution of celestial bodies and phenomena.
  • 5. Forget the big bang, tune in to the big hum THE big bang sounded more like a deep hum than a bang, according to an analysis of the radiation left over from the cataclysm. Physicist John Cramer of the University of Washington in Seattle has created audio files of the event which can be played on a PC. "The sound is rather like a large jet plane flying 100 feet above your house in the middle of the night," he says. Giant sound waves propagated through the blazing hot matter that filled the universe shortly after the big bang. These squeezed and stretched matter, heating the compressed regions and cooling the rarefied ones. Even though the universe has been expanding and cooling ever since, the sound waves have left their imprint as temperature variations on the afterglow of the big bang fireball, the so-called cosmic microwave background. Cramer was prompted to recreate the din- last heard13.7 billion years ago- by an11-year-old boy who wanted to know what the big bang sounded like for a school project. To produce the sound, Cramer took data from NASA's Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe. Launched in 2001, the probe has been measuring tiny differences in the temperature between different parts of the sky. From these variations, he could calculate the frequencies of the sound waves propagating through the universe during its first 760,000 years, when it was just 18 million light years across. At that time the sound waves were too low in frequency to be audible. To hear them, Cramer had to scale the frequencies 100,000 billion billion times. Nevertheless, the loudness and pitch of the sound waves reflect what happened in the early universe. During the 100-second recording (http://www.npl.washington.edu/AV/BigBangSound_2.wav), the frequencies fall because the sound waves get stretched as the universe expands. "It becomes more of a bass instrument," says Cramer. ###
  • 6. The universe started as a single point. That point was extremely dense. It became unstable and exploded outward. Today the universe continues to expand.
  • 7. The Universe A massive explosion occurred, between 12 –15 billion years ago, and the universe has been expanding ever since
  • 12. Evidence for Expansion  The Doppler Effect is used as evidence that galaxies are moving away from us.  When light moves away, it’s wavelength is expanded (gets longer), meaning it becomes redder.  This is called the redshift.
  • 13. Doppler Effect  All galaxies show redshift in their spectra, meaning they are moving away from us.
  • 16. Measuring Distance  Distances between celestial objects are extremely large.  Rather than miles, astronomers refer to a light- year as a standard unit of distance.  One light-year is the distance light travels in one year.  The speed of light is 186,000 mps (300,000 kps).  Thus, one light-year is about 6 trillion miles.  The nearest star to us (Proxima Centauri) is 4.2 light-years away.
  • 17. Astronomical unit  Another unit of distance is the Astronomical Unit (AU).  One AU is the distance from the Earth to the Sun (93 million miles)  Distances to other objects are given in multiples of AU.
  • 18. 1. 384,000 km 2. 1 AU 3. 100 AU 4. 1 light year 5. 75,000 light years What is (approximately) the size of the solar system? Remember: 1 AU = distance Sun – Earth = 150 million km
  • 20. Galaxies  A galaxy is a collection of millions or billions of stars.  Galaxies can be spiral, elliptical, spherical or irregular in shape.  The Sun is part of the Milky Way galaxy, which is a spiral galaxy.  The Sun is located on one of the spiral arms, far from the galactic center.
  • 21. Put these in order of size: galaxy solar system universe universe galaxy solar system
  • 22. Regents Question Which sequence correctly lists the relative sizes from smallest to largest? (1)our solar system, universe, Milky Way Galaxy (2)our solar system, Milky Way Galaxy, universe (3)Milky Way Galaxy, our solar system, universe (4)Milky Way Galaxy, universe, our solar system
  • 23. Regents Answer (2)our solar system, Milky Way Galaxy, universe
  • 25.  A star is a huge, shining ball in space that produces a large amount of light and energy.  Stars come in many sizes.  About 75% are apart of groups that orbit each other.  They are grouped in large structures called galaxies. (Milky Way).  Stars have life-cycles like humans.  A stars color depends on surface temperature.
  • 26. Stars  Stars are burning masses of gas.  Their energy is the result of nuclear fusion, in which Hydrogen atoms combine to form Helium atoms, releasing energy.  Electromagnetic energy is radiated by stars.
  • 27. Star Characteristics  Stars vary in their size, mass, density, temperature and composition.  Luminosity – the actual brightness of a star  Luminosity depends only a star’s size and temperature
  • 28. Composition  Stars are primarily made of Hydrogen and Helium  Many other elements are present in stars in small amounts  A star’s composition can be determined by spectral analysis.
  • 30. Spectral Analysis  Spectral analysis is the study of the electromagnetic spectrum emitted by a star, using a spectroscope.  Each element emits radiation is a specific set of wavelengths
  • 32. Color and Temperature  A Star’s color depends upon its surface temperature.  As materials become hotter, their color changes from: – Red – Orange – Yellow – Blue
  • 35. What type of star is our Sun classified as? ESRT p15 Circle where it is on the chart
  • 36. The H-R Diagram  The Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) Diagram is a graph of stars, comparing luminosity and temperature.  Stars are categorized according to these two properties
  • 37. The H-R Diagram  Main Sequence – band into which most stars fall – High temperature, high luminosity – Low temperature, low luminosity  Red Giants and Supergiants – cooler, very luminous stars that are very large  White Dwarfs – hotter, low luminosity stars that are small
  • 39. Shade the chart where all of the stars are hotter than our sun. Draw a line on the chart which separates those stars brighter than our sun and those less bright. ESRTs p15
  • 41. Regents Question Which statement describes the general relationship between the temperature and the luminosity of main sequence stars? (1) As temperature decreases, luminosity increases. (2) As temperature decreases, luminosity remains the same. (3) As temperature increases, luminosity increases. (4) As temperature increases, luminosity remains the same.
  • 42. Regents Answer (2) As temperature increases, luminosity increases.
  • 43. Regents Question Compared to other groups of stars, the group that has relatively low luminosities and relatively low temperatures is the (1)Red Dwarfs (3)Red Giants (2)White Dwarfs (4)Blue Supergiants
  • 45. Regents Question Which list shows stars in order of increasing temperature? (1)Barnard’s Star, Polaris, Sirius, Rigel. (2)Aldebaran, the Sun, Rigel, Procyon B. (3)Rigel, Polaris, Aldebaran, Barnard’s Star. (4)Procyon B, Alpha Centauri, Polaris, Betelgeuse.
  • 46. Regents Answer (1)Barnard’s Star, Polaris, Sirius, Rigel.
  • 47. Star Life Cycles  Stars are born in a cloud of gas and dust, called a nebula.  Most stars remain as main sequence stars, until their hydrogen fuel is depleted  An average star, like the sun, would go through the Red Giant phase, eventually becoming a White Dwarf.  A large star would become a Supergiant, then explode as a supernova. The result may be a neutron star, pulsar or black hole.
  • 49.  The sun is a star.  A ball of hot glowing gases.  It gets hotter as you go deeper.  Central force that has a high influence on planets orbits.  Without the sun’s energy and heat there would be no life on Earth.  It holds everything in place by its gravity.  It contains about 99% of the mass of the solar system.
  • 50. Sun http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sun920607.j Mythology The Sun God. Greeks Called it Hellos Mass 333 400 times the mass of the Earth Diameter 1 392 000 km (109 x Earth’s diameter) Gravity 28 times that on Earth Surface Temperature 6000°C (average). From 4500 to 2000000°C up to 15000000°C in the core. Period of rotation (day) Equator 26 Earth days, poles 37 Earth days Tilt of axis 122°
  • 53. Solar System Components  The Solar System includes: • The Sun, a medium size, middle-aged star • The eight planets and associated moons • Asteroids – chunks of rock found mostly in a belt between Mars and Jupiter • Comets – mass of frozen gas and rock • These are considered celestial objects which appear in the sky during day and night.
  • 54. Formation of the Solar System  4.6 Billion years ago a large cloud of gas, ice & dust existed  Began to contract & slowly rotate – Contraction increased density & rotation – Gravity began to pull material toward the center – Density increases = increased rotation & gravity – Begins to form disk with large center – Central mass begins to heat up due to contraction • Temperatures reach 10 million 0K • Hydrogen atoms begin to fuse together forming Helium • Fusion occurs, driving the formation of our Sun – The material outside the central mass forms planets
  • 56. The Parts of Our Solar System  The sun is the center of the Solar System – Inner Planets: Also called Terrestrial planets: first four planets. They are solid, rock like structures – Asteroid belt: band of rocks orbiting the sun – Outer Planets: Also called Jovian planets: The 4 planets farthest from the sun • 4 are made up of mainly lighter element gases • Last two are frozen materials
  • 57. Two Kinds of Planets Planets of our solar system can be divided into two very different kinds: Terrestrial (earthlike) planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars Jovian (Jupiter-like) planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
  • 58. Size of Terrestrial Planets Compared to Jovian Planets
  • 59. Terrestrial Planets Four inner planets of the solar system Relatively small in size and mass (Earth is the largest and most massive) Rocky surface Surface of Venus can not be seen directly from Earth because of its dense cloud cover.
  • 60. The Jovian Planets Much larger in mass and size than terrestrial planets Much lower average density All have rings (not only Saturn!) Mostly gas; no solid surface
  • 61. Asteroids The total mass of all the asteroids is less than that of the Moon. -rocky objects with round or irregular shapes lie in a belt between Mars and Jupiter
  • 62. The Asteroid Belt (Distances and times reproduced to Most asteroids orbit the sun in a wide zone between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
  • 63. Asteroids – Believed to be a planet that never formed – Range in size from dust to almost Moon size – Photographed by Galileo probe • Some Named Asteroids: – Ceres: 940 km (Largest known) – Pallas: 523 km – Vesta: 501 km – Juno: 244 km – Gaspra & Ida
  • 65. only visible when they are close to the sun
  • 66. Comets Mostly objects in highly elliptical orbits, occasionally coming close to the sun. Icy nucleus, which evaporates and gets blown into space by solar wind pressure.
  • 67. Comet Information:  Comet Composition: – Dust, rock, frozen methane, ammonia, and water – Comets normally look like dirty snowballs – When they get close to stars, they change • They begin to vaporize & Glow • Forms a coma (tail) from the nucleus (head) – Coma: glowing trail of particles – Always points away from the star – Comets eventually break up into space debris  Oort Cloud: large collection of comets beyond Pluto
  • 69. Meteoroids Small (mm – mm sized) dust grains throughout the solar system If they collide with Earth, they evaporate in the atmosphere. Visible as streaks of light (“shooting stars”): meteors.
  • 71. LARGEST METEORITE TO HIT EARTH – Namibia, Africa
  • 72. Meteoroids, Meteors, & Meteorites  Meteoroids: chunks of rock – Randomly moving through space – Usually leftover comet or asteroid debris  Meteor: Meteoroid that enters Earth’s atmosphere – Heat up & begin to glow = shooting star – Most burn up before reaching the surface – Many meteors at one time = meteor shower  Meteorite: Meteor that does not totally burn up, & strikes the Earth’s surface – Impact creates a crater
  • 76. How small are we? source: Celestia (application) (Distance between objects not to scale) Earth
  • 77. Earth How small are we? source: Celestia (application) (Distance between objects not to scale)
  • 78. Relative distance of planets  Sun = 1300mm diameter (blown up garbage bag)  Mercury = 4.5mm (coffee bean) 54m from Sun  Venus = 11.3mm (small blueberry) 101m from Sun  Earth = 11.9mm (small blueberry) 139m from Sun  Mars = 6mm (pea) 213m from Sun image source: Google Earth
  • 79. Relative distance of planets  Jupiter = 133.5mm (large grapefruit) 727m from Sun  Saturn = 112.5mm (large orange) 1332m from Sun  Uranus = 47.7mm (Kiwi) 2681m from the Sun  Neptune = 46.2mm (nectarine) 4200m from the Sun  Pluto = 2mm (grain of rice) 5522m from the Sun image source: Google Earth
  • 80. Relative distance of planets  Jupiter = 133.5mm (large grapefruit) 727m from Sun  Saturn = 112.5mm (large orange) 1332m from Sun  Uranus = 47.7mm (Kiwi) 2681m from the Sun  Neptune = 46.2mm (nectarine) 4200m from the Sun  Pluto = 2mm (grain of rice) 5522m from the Sun image source: Google Earth
  • 81.  A planetis a bodythat is in orbitaroundtheSun, has enough massfor its self-gravityto overcome forces(nearlyround) shape,and clearsthe neighborhoodarounditsorbit. Planet order (closest to the sun to furthest): MERCURY VENUS EARTH MARS JUPITOR SATURN URANUS NEPTUNE
  • 82.  Position: Closest planet to the Sun.  Atmosphere: Like Earth’s moon, very little.  Landscape: Many craters, a little ice. Cliffs and valleys present.  Temperatures: Super-heated by the sun in the day. At night temperatures reach hundreds of degrees below freezing. (Not as warm as you would think).  Year (Full rotation around the sun): 88 days.  Moons: 0  Rings: 0
  • 83. Mercury http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Reprocessed_Mariner_10_image_of_Mercury Mythology God of travel, commerce and thieves Mass 0.056 times that of Earth Moons None Diameter 4878 km ( = 0.38 x Earth’s diameter) Surface Similar to Earth’s moon Gravity 0.38 times that on Earth Surface Temperature –170°C to 430°C Period of rotation (day) 59 Earth days Tilt of axis 0° Distance from Sun 0.39 AU (58 million kilometres) Time to orbit Sun (year) 88 Earth days
  • 84. Position: 2nd planet from the sun. Atmosphere: Thick enough to trap heat, hurricane winds, lightning, and acid clouds. Landscape: Volcanoes and deformed mountains. Temperatures: Intense heat. Year (Full rotation around the sun): 225 Earth days. Moons: 0 Venus
  • 85. Venus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Venus-real.jp Mythology Goddess of love and beauty Mass 0.815 times that of Earth Moons None Diameter 12 103 km ( = 0.95 x Earth’s diameter) Surface Extensive cratering, volcanic activity. Gravity 0.9 times that on Earth Surface Temperature 460°C Period of rotation (day) 243 Earth days Tilt of axis 30° Distance from Sun 0.72 AU (108 million kilometres) Time to orbit Sun (year) 225 Earth days
  • 86.  Position: 3rd planet from the sun.  Atmosphere: Suitable air pressure to have life. Air is made of oxygen.  Landscape: The only planet that has liquid on the surface, rocky, land formations.  Temperatures: Suitable for life. Ranges from locations on Earth.  Year (Full rotation around the sun): 365 Earth days.  Moons: 1  Rings: 0
  • 87. Earth http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.j Mythology Gaia—mother Earth Mass 1.0 times that of Earth (5 980 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 kg) Moons One (‘the Moon’) Diameter 12 756 km Surface Two-thirds water, one-third land Gravity 1.0 times that on Earth Surface Temperature average 22°C Period of rotation (day) 1 Earth day Tilt of axis 23.5° Distance from Sun 1 AU (150 million kilometres) Time for light to reach Earth 8 minutes Time to orbit Sun (year) 365.25 Earth days
  • 88.  Position:4th planet fromthe sun.  Atmosphere:Thinner air thanEarth.  Landscape:Frozen waterbelowthe surface,rocky, dusty, and has craters.  Temperatures:LikeEarth, but drier and colder  Year (Fullrotation aroundthe sun):687 Earth days.  Moons:2  Rings:0 Midnight sun on Mars
  • 89. Mars http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:2005-1103mars-full. Mythology God of war Mass 0.107 times that of Earth Moons 2 (Phobos—diameter 23 km, Deimos—diameter 10 km) Diameter 6794 km ( = 0.53 xEarth’s diameter) Surface Soft red soil containing iron oxide (rust). Cratered regions, large volcanoes, a large canyon and possible dried-up water channels. Gravity 0.376 times that on Earth Surface Temperature –120°C to 25°C Period of rotation (day) 1.03 Earth days Tilt of axis 25.2° Distance from Sun 1.52 AU (228 million kilometres) Time to orbit Sun (year) 687 Earth days Time to reach Mars 9 months
  • 90.  Position: 5th planet from the sun.  Atmosphere: Colorful clouds, until it is squished unto liquid. Cold and windy, giant storms.  Landscape: Thick super hot soup.  Temperatures: Extremely cold at clouds. Extremely hot and cold radiation.
  • 91. Jupiter http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Jupiter.jpg Mythology Ruler of the Gods Mass 318 times that of Earth Moons At least 28 moons and four rings, including the four largest moons: Io, Ganymede, Europa and Callisto. These are known as the ‘Galilean’ moons. Diameter 142 984 km ( = 11.21 x Earth’s diameter) Surface Liquid hydrogen Gravity 2.525 times that on Earth Surface Temperature Cloud top –150°C Period of rotation (day) 9 hours 55 minutes Tilt of axis 3.1° Distance from Sun 5.2 AU (778 million kilometres) Time to orbit Sun (year) 11.8 Earth years
  • 92.  Position: 6th planet from the sun.  Atmosphere: Composed mostly of gas with no solid surface. Cloud strips.  Landscape: No solid surfaces, high pressures turn gas into liquids.  Temperatures: Rings made out of water ice, really cold.
  • 93. Saturn http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Saturn_from_Cassini_Orbiter_%282007-01- 19%29.jpg Mythology God of agriculture Mass 95.184 times that of Earth Moons At least 30 moons and rings in seven bands Diameter 120 536 km (= 9.45 x Earth’s diameter) Surface Liquid hydrogen Gravity 1.064 times that on Earth Surface Temperature –180°C Period of rotation (day) 10 hours 39 minutes Tilt of axis 26.7° Distance from Sun 9.6 AU (1400 million kilometres) Time to orbit Sun (year) 29.5 Earth years
  • 94.  Position: 7th planet from the sun.  Atmosphere: Gets thicker and thicker, until it is squished unto liquid. Cold and windy.  Landscape: Layer of superheated water and gases that form bright clouds.  Temperatures: Extremely cold at cloud tops and superheated towards the center.
  • 95. Uranus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Uranusandrings. Mythology Father of Saturn Mass 14.54 times that of Earth Moons At least 21 moons and 11 rings Diameter 51 200 km (= 4.01 x Earth’s diameter) Surface Likely to be frozen hydrogen and helium Gravity 0.903 times that on Earth Surface Temperature –220°C Period of rotation (day) 17 hours 14 minutes Tilt of axis 98° Distance from Sun 19.2 AU (2875 million kilometres) Time to orbit Sun (year) 84 Earth years
  • 96.  Position:Furthestfromthesun(Cannotseewithouta Telescope). 8th planet.  Atmosphere:VeryWindy, coldclouds,a layerofmethanegas(givingit a blue color), stormsas largeEarth.  Landscape:Scientistthinkit mayhavean oceanof superhot lava.  Temperatures:Cold
  • 97. Neptune http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Neptune.jpg Mythology God of the sea Mass 17.15 times that of Earth Moons 8 moons and 5 rings Diameter 49 528 km ( = 3.88 x Earth’s diameter) Surface Frozen hydrogen and helium Gravity 1.135 times that on Earth Surface Temperature –220°C Period of rotation (day) 16 hours 7 minutes Tilt of axis 29.3° Distance from Sun 30.1 AU (4500 million kilometres) Time to orbit Sun (year) 165 Earth years
  • 98.  Pluto is NOT considered a planet anymore!  It is classified as a dwarf planet.  Temperatures: Extremely cold, covered with frost.  Year (Full rotation around the sun): 248 Earth years.  Moons: 3  Pluto is very hard to see, if with a really powerful teloscope. Think of Pluto as Disney’s dog, NOT a planet!
  • 99. The planets to scale. The rings of the gas giants are not shown.
  • 101. Draw a line across the table between the terrestrial and jovian planets and label.
  • 102. Which are more dense? Jovian or terrestrial
  • 103. Which have more moons ? Jovian or terrestrial
  • 104. Which have longer periods of revolution? Jovian or terrestrial
  • 105. Which are larger in size on average ? Jovian or terrestrial
  • 106. Which planet has the longest day?
  • 107. Which planet has the longest year?
  • 108. Regents Question Which object in our solar system has the greatest density? (1) Jupiter (3) the Moon (2) Earth (4) the Sun
  • 110. 1. What is the solar system (what objects make up the Solar System? 2. Draw a diagram of planet placement and list the planets in order from the closest to the furthest from the sun. 3. When did the solar system form? 4. When did the universe form? 5. What is the difference between the Jovian and Terrestrial planets? 6. What is the difference between a meteor, meteoroid, and meteorite? 7. What is your favorite planet and why?
  • 111. Planetary Orbits Earth Venus Mercury Do Now: Make 3 observations about this animation (Distances and times reproduced to
  • 114. How the planets move The four innermost planets orbit the Sun in almost circular orbits The larger outer planets move in more elliptical or oval orbits All planets move in the same plane (a large imaginary flat surface)
  • 115. Planetary Orbits Earth Venus Mercury All planets in almost circular (elliptical) orbits around the sun, in approx. the same plane (ecliptic). Sense of revolution: counter-clockwise Sense of rotation: counter-clockwise (with exception of Venus, Uranus, and Pluto) Orbits generally inclined by no more than 3.4o Exceptions: Mercury (7o) Pluto (17.2o) (Distances and times reproduced to
  • 117. Tipped over by more than 900 Mercury and Pluto: Unusually highly inclined orbits Planetary Orbits
  • 118. Orbits  Revolution – the movement of an object around another object  Orbit – the path taken by a revolving object  Celestial objects have elliptical orbits
  • 119. Elliptical Orbit  A circle has one central point, called a focus.  Ellipses have two points, called foci.
  • 120. Eccentricity  The eccentricity of an ellipse is how much it varies from a true circle.  The smaller the number, the closer the orbit is to a perfect circle.  Formula for eccentricity: Eccentricity = distance between foci length of major axis
  • 121. Calculate the eccentricity of the ellipse below: Formula: eccentricity = distance between foci length of major axis length of major axis
  • 122. Regents Question Which object is located at one foci of the elliptical orbit of Mars? (1)the Sun (3)Earth (2)Betelgeuse (4)Jupiter
  • 124. Regents Question The bar graph below shows one planetary characteristic, identified as X, plotted for the planets of our solar system. Which characteristic of the planets in our solar system is represented by X? (1)mass (3)eccentricity of orbit (2)density (4)period of rotation
  • 126. Regents Question Which planet has the least distance between the two foci of its elliptical orbit? (1)Venus (3)Mars (2)Earth (4)Jupiter
  • 128. Laws of Planetary Motion  Devised by German astronomerJohannes Kepler: 1. The planets move in elliptical orbits, with the Sun at one focus 2. The line joining the Sun and a planet sweeps equal areas in equal intervals of time 3. The square of the time of revolution (T²) is proportional to the planet’s mean distance from the Sun (R³)
  • 129. Kepler’s First Law •Planets move around sun in elliptical orbits. •Sun is at one focus point. •Flatness called eccentricity •Formula in ESRT. Sun Focus points Major axis Eccentricit y = Distance between foci Length of major axis The smaller the number, the closer the orbit is to a perfect circle.
  • 130. Kepler’s Second Law Area of orange section is Distance along orbit is not the same. But the time covered is equal. Planets moves faster when closer to the Sun. Planet moves slower when farther away to the Sun. Caused by gravitational pull of the Sun. eccentricity website
  • 131. Kepler's Third Law The greater the distance from the sun, the longer the period of revolution. Not drawn to Earth – 150 mill. Km, 365 days Mars – 228 mill. km, 687 days Two reasons •Longer orbits •Slower orbital velocities.
  • 132. Orbital Energy  Gravitation – the force of attraction between 2 objects  Inertia – the tendency of an object in motion to continue in motion along a straight path  The interaction of gravity and inertia keep planets in orbit
  • 133. Energy Transfer  Energy is transferred between potential and kinetic as a planet orbits the Sun.
  • 134. Orbital Velocity  The Earth’s orbital velocity is highest when kinetic energy is the highest.  This occurs when the Earth is nearest to the Sun in its orbit.
  • 137. Which planet has the least perfectly circular orbit?
  • 138. Which planet has the most perfectly circular orbit?
  • 139. Models of the Solar System  Based upon observations of the apparent motion of celestial objects.  Geocentric Model – Earth is the center of the solar system, and all objects revolve around it.  Used epicycles (small sub-orbits) to explain retrograde (backward) motion of planets
  • 140. Explain the difference between the geo- and helio-centric models of the solar system. Earth- centered Sun- centered
  • 141. Models of the Solar System  Heliocentric Model – The Sun is at the center, and the planets revolve around it  The planets’ orbits are governed by Kepler’s Laws: • Elliptical orbits • Velocity changes during revolution • Planets further from Sun revolve slower
  • 144. Shape of the Sky •Dome shaped •Latitude = Altitude of Polaris (N. star) •You at intersection •Zenith- directly above
  • 145. Apparent Daily Motion  Celestial objects appear to move in the sky  This is due to the Earth’s rotation  Objects appear to move 15° per hour, because Earth rotates 360° in 24 hours. 360/24 = 15
  • 146. How long is one rotation of Earth? How long is one revolution of Earth?
  • 147. Rising and Setting of the Sun Rising and Setting of the Moon The Seasons Changing Constellations Movement of Stars through the sky
  • 148. Regents Question Which observation provides the best evidence that Earth revolves around the Sun? (1)The constellation Orion is only visible in the night sky for part of the year. (2)The North Star, Polaris, is located above the North Pole for the entire year. (3)The sun appears to move across Earth’s sky at a rate of 15 ○ /hr. (4)The Coriolis effect causes Northern Hemisphere winds to curve to the right.
  • 149. Regents Answer (1)The constellation Orion is only visible in the night sky for part of the year.
  • 150. One rotation = 360° Time for one rotation = 24 hours 360° ÷ 24 = 15°/hr
  • 151. Regents Question Earth’s rate of rotation is approximately (1)1 ○ per day (3) 180 ○ per day (2)15 ○ per day (4) 360 ○ per day
  • 153. Star trails looking North Polaris Stars are so far away the appear stationary (not moving). Why do they have this pattern? Earth is rotating.
  • 154. Constellations are groupings of stars that make an imaginary image in the night sky. They have been named after mythological characters, people, animals and objects. In different parts of the world, people have made up different shapes out of the same groups of bright stars. It is like a game of connecting the dots. In the past constellations have became useful for navigating at night and for keeping track of the seasons.
  • 155. Regents Question Which object is closest to Earth? (1)The Sun (3)the moon (2)Venus (4)Mars
  • 157. Apparent Solar Motion  The sun appears to move across the sky, like all celestial objects.  The sun’s apparent path in the sky varies by latitude and season.
  • 158. Regents Question If Earth’s axis were tilted less than 23.5 ○ , which seasonal average temperature change would occur in New York State? (1)Spring and fall would be cooler. (2)Spring and fall would be warmer. (3)Winter would be cooler. (4)Summer would be cooler.
  • 160. How many degrees did the stars move from diagram 1 to diagram 2? 30° (2 hours x 15°)
  • 161. How can you find Polaris? It’s the only one that didn’t move
  • 162. What hemisphere must you be in? Why? Northern Because Polaris can only been seen in the North
  • 163. What direction must you be looking? North
  • 164. What direction do the stars appear to move?
  • 165. What causes the stars appear to move?
  • 166. Regents Question In the Northern Hemisphere, planetary winds blowing from north to south are deflected, or curved, toward the west. This deflection is caused by the (1)unequal heating of land and water surfaces. (2)movement of low-pressure weather systems. (3)orbiting of Earth around the Sun. (4)spinning of Earth on its axis.
  • 167. Regents Answer (4) spinning of Earth on its axis.
  • 169. Regents Question Earth’s rate of rotation is approximately (1)1 ○ per day (3) 180 ○ per day (2)15 ○ per day (4) 360 ○ per day
  • 172. Regents Question The diagram below shows how Earth is illuminated [lighted] by the Sun as viewed from above the North Pole. In which orbital position would Earth be illuminated as shown? (1)A (3) C (2)B (4) D
  • 174. Four Seasons Name the four seasons and their starting date. •Summer Solstice– June 21 •Autumn Equinox– September 21 •Winter Solstice– December 21
  • 175. What changes do we observe during seasons? Sun’s altitude changes with the season. Highest – June 21, Lowest – Dec. 21, But NEVER overhead at our
  • 176. What changes do we observe during seasons? Sun rise and Sun set positions change with the seasons. South of E/W in fall and winter. North of E/W in spring and Sun rise in DC
  • 177. What changes do we observe during seasons? Day length – Duration of Insolation Longest on Summer Solstice, June Shortest on Winter Solstice, Dec. 21 12 hours on Equinox for all.
  • 178. What changes do we observe during seasons? What to know about the Summer So 1.June 21, longest day of the year. 2.Sun at highest altitude at noon. 3.24 hrs of daylight at North Pole.
  • 179. What changes do we observe during seasons? What to know about the Winter Solstice. 1.Dec. 21, shortest day of the year. 2.Sun at lowest altitude at noon. 3.24 hrs. of darkness at North Pole. 4.Direct sun ray at 23.5° south
  • 180. What changes do we observe during seasons? What to know about the Equinox. 1.Sept. 21 and March 21. 2.12 hrs of daylight, 12 hrs of night. 3.Direct sun ray at Equator. 4.Sun rise – E, Sun set – W.
  • 181. Is distance important to seasonal change? NO! Farthe st away on July 4, Closest on Earth’s orbit is an
  • 182. Reasons for the Seasons Video Clip
  • 184. Regents Question Which position of Earth represents the first day of summer in the Northern Hemisphere? (1)A (3) C (2)B (4) D
  • 187. Regents Question How many degrees will the Sun’s vertical rays shift on Earth’s surface as Earth travels from position C to position D? (1)15 ○ (3) 47 ○ (2)23.5 ○ (4) 365 ○
  • 190. The Moon  The Moon is Earth’s only natural satellite  It is estimated to be about 4.5 billion years old
  • 192. Features  The Moon’s interior is thought to have layers, similar to earth  The Moon’s surface is covered with craters, caused by meteor impacts.
  • 193. The Moon’s Surface  Dark areas called Maria (from Latin mare, meaning sea). These are ancient lava flows.  Light areas are Lunar Highlands, which are mountain ranges made of lighter color rocks.
  • 194. Moon Rocks  Rocks on the Moon are made of minerals similar to those on Earth.
  • 195. Rotation and Revolution  The Moon’s periods of rotation and revolution are both 27.33 days. The result is that the same side of the Moon always faces Earth (the near side).  However, it takes 29.5 days for the Moon to completely revolve around the Earth
  • 196. Why Two More Days? Moon’s orbit Earth moving around Sun. Eart Moon Moon has to revolve for 2 more days to get back to the new moon phase. This occurs because the Earth is revolving around the Sun.
  • 200. Phases  Moon Phases are apparent changes in shape due to the position of the Moon in its orbit.  Phase names: – New – Crescent – Quarter – Gibbous – Full  Waxing – becoming more visible  Waning – becoming less visible
  • 201. Phases Of The Moon
  • 204. Regents Question Which sequence of Moon phases could be observed from Earth during a 2-week period?
  • 207. because as the Earth rotates, the moon revolves
  • 209. How many hours is the moon visible each day? Approximate Times of Moonrise and Moonset moonrise moonset new moon 06:00 AM 06:00 PM waxing crescent 09:00 AM 09:00 PM first quarter 12:00 PM 12:00 AM waxing gibbous 03:00 PM 03:00 AM full moon 06:00 PM 06:00 AM waning gibbous 09:00 PM 09:00 AM third quarter 12:00 AM 12:00 PM waning crescent 03:00 AM 03:00 PM new moon 06:00 AM 06:00 PM
  • 218. Moon’s Effect on Tides  Tides are the periodic rise and fall of the ocean surface  Tides are caused by the gravitational attraction of the Moon and the Sun on ocean water  High tide will occur when the Moon is overhead, as well as on the opposite side of the Earth.
  • 219. Tides Eart h Hig h High Low Low Caused by Moon’s gravity pulling Earth’s water. Two of each because the Earth rotates. Tides always High in line with Moon.
  • 220. Regents Question The change in the tides as shown on the graph is primarily the result of (1) Earth’s rotation and the Moon’s revolution (2) Earth’s rotation and revolution (3) The Moon’s rotation and Earth’s revolution (4) The Moon’s rotation and revolution
  • 221. Regents Answer (1) Earth’s rotation and the Moon’s revolution
  • 225. Phases and Tides  The alignment of the Moon with the Sun affect tides.  At the full and new moon phase, both are in line, causing a higher high tide and a lower low tide. This is called the Spring Tide.  At the quarter phases, the Sun and Moon work against each other, resulting in weaker tides, called Neap Tides.
  • 226. Spring and Neap Tides Eart h Earth Sun Sun Neap Tide Spring Tide Quarter Phase – not a large change from high to low tide. New and Full Phase – big change from high to low tide. Water being pulled in two directions. Moon and Sun’s gravity pulling in one direction.
  • 229. Regents Question What is the main reason that the gravitational attraction between Earth and the Moon changes each day? (1) Earth’s axis is tilted at 23.5○ . (2) Earth’s rotational speed varies with the seasons. (3) The moon has an elliptical orbit. (4) The moon has a spherical shape.
  • 230. Regents Answer (1) The moon has an elliptical orbit.
  • 233. Eclipses  An eclipse occurs when the Sun’s light is blocked from either the Earth or the Moon.  Since the orbit of the Earth and the Moon are along different planes, eclipses don’t happen frequently.
  • 234. What’s the difference between solar and lunar eclipses? Earth goes into moon’s shadow moon goes into Earth’s shadow
  • 235. Solar Eclipse  Solar Eclipse – occurs when the Moon blocks the Sun’s rays from reaching Earth. It occurs only at new moon phase.
  • 236. Solar Eclipse Sun’s Rays Penumbra Umbra •Only occurs during the new moon phase. •Only total eclipse if in the umbra. Only a few people see it. •Moon blocks light to the Earth. Occur less often Solar Eclipse Photo
  • 237. Lunar Eclipse  Lunar Eclipse – occurs when the Earth blocks the Sun’s rays from reaching the Moon. Only occurs at full moon phase.
  • 238. Lunar Eclipse Umbr a Penumbra Sun’ s Rays •Can only occur during the full moon phase. •Earth blocks light to the moon. •Moon must be in Umbra for a Total Lunar Every one on the night side sees the eclipse.
  • 243. Why don’t we have solar and lunar eclipses every month? The moon’s orbit is tilted 5° from the Earth’s orbit.
  • 245. Home Sweet Home You are here!

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. http://www.astronomycafe.net/qadir/q2811.html time to reach Mars
  2. Visible Planet Orbits This diagram shows the relative size of the orbits of the seven planets visible to the naked eye. All the orbits are nearly circular (but slightly elliptical) and nearly in the same plane as Earth's orbit (called the ecliptic). The diagram is from a view out of the ecliptic plane and away from the perpendicular axis that goes through the Sun.
  3. Outer Planet Orbits This shows the relative sizes and positions of the orbits of the planets farther from the Sun than Earth. All the planets have orbits that are ellipses with the Sun at one of the foci, and the ellipses are in different planes. However, in a perspective view of the orbits such as this one, only Pluto has a noticeably noncircular orbit that lies in a different plane from the other planets.