1. *
Peter Knight's Photos of Landscapes and
Glaciers
(Keele University)

2. FORMS OF ICE
• GLACIER – a moving mass of ice on a land surface
• NICHE ICE – ice which has accumulated in a hollow high up
on the mountain side
• CIRQUE GLACIER – deepened hollow filled with ice
• ICE CAP – large area of ice, which has spread outwards
from a central area.
• VALLEY GLACIER – large mass of ice from a cirque or ice
field, which follows existing valleys
• ICE SHEET – huge areas of ice which spread outwards from
central domes

3. Niche glaciers
The smallest scale of
glaciation: Niche glaciers
and ice aprons in the Grand
Tetons, Wyoming, USA.
Small glaciers such as these
are often the most sensitive
to local climate change.

4. The summit ice cap of the volcano,
Cotopaxi, Ecuador
The ice cap extends further on one side of the mountain. The side
of the mountain facing the moisture-bearing winds has higher
snowfall and hence more extensive glaciation. The deep channels
carved by meltwater and by volcanic mudflows (lahars) caused by
melting of snow and ice during eruptions.

5. VALLEY GLACIER
RUTH GLACIER, MOUNT MC KINLEY

6. ICE SHEET
A
B
West Greenland

7. August 67N
Greenland
April 67N
Greenland

8. Snout or
Ice Front
Russell Glacier
Ice Front

9. *
CREVASSE
ICE CAVE
SUPRAGLACIAL STREAM

10. Subglacial
stream
Ice cliff

11. 1954 Franz Josef Glacier, located in New Zealand 1958
1960 retreated dramatically in the twentieth century 1964

12. *
Clean ice sliding on bedrock
Ice scoured
topography

13. GLACIAL DEPOSITION
MOUNT MC KINLEY
A
B C
Athabasca
Glacier

14. Striations
Erratics

15. As a glacier slides over its bed, it picks up rock fragments that
act as abrasive and scouring agents. As a result bedrock
surfaces, such as this limestone outcrop, commonly bear
polished and scratched (‘striated’) surfaces, as well as various
gouge-marks.!!!!!

16. 1 2
1
3
4
1
1

17. Lateral and terminal
moraines, Bylot
Island, Canada
End moraine,
Bylot Island,
Canada

18. Moraines of
different ages *
Ice Front

19. ESKERS

20. KAMES
BOULDER CLAY

21. DRUMLIN
DRUMLIN SWARM OR
‘BASKET OF EGGS’
TOPOGRAPHY

22. OUTWASH
PLAINS
BRAIDED CHANNEL

23. ICELAND
CAIRNGORMS
KETTLE HOLE

24. Proglacial
zone
Ice-dammed
lake

25. RAISED BEACH, W. SCOTLAND