1. Science Warm ups:<br />Week 1 Biology<br />1. What are the steps of the scientific method? Answer: making observations, forming hypothesis, experimenting and drawing conclusions <br />Continued Below...<br />2. What do the following scientific prefixes mean?bio, entomo, exo, gen, micro, ornitho, zooAnswer: bio-life, entomo-insect, exo-outside, gen-beginning or origin, micro-small, ornitho-bird, zoo-animal3. What is the standard unit of measurement in the International System of Measurement?Answer: Meter4. What is the difference between weight and mass?Answer: Weight is the measure of gravitational force one object has on another. Weight can change based on the amount of gravity. Mass is the amount of matter in an object. Mass is constant.5. What is the standard unit of volume?Answer: Liter<br />Week 2 Biology<br />1. What is the hypothesis of biogenesis? <br />Answer: It states that living things can only come from living things. Francisco Redi(1626-1697) did experiments with flies and meat to support this hypothesis.<br />2. Name three scientists that did experiments related to the hypothesis of biogenesis?Answer: Francisco Redi (1626-1697), John Needham (1713-1781), Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799), Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)3. What are the characteristics of living things?Answer: Life is cellular, uses energy, grows, metabolizes, reproduces, responds to the environment and moves.4. What are the two types of reproduction?Answer: Asexual reproduction and Sexual reproduction5. Describe one way in which a plant responds to stimuli?Answer: A plant can angle or move towards a light source. Some sensitive plants will actually curl their leaves after being touched.<br />Week 3 Basic Chemistry<br />1. What are the three main subatomic particles of the atom? Answer: proton, neutron and electron2. What is an ion?Answer: An atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons. This gives the atom a positive or negative charge.3. A compound is matter composed of two or more elements chemically bonded. What is the difference between a covalent bond and an ionic bond?Answer: covalent - electrons are shared; ionic - electrons are transferred.4. A mixture is two or more distinct substances that are mixed together but are not chemically bonded. What is the difference between a homogenous mixture and a heterogeneous mixture?Answer: homogenous - The substances are evenly distributed throughout the mixture. An example would be a solution. heterogeneous - The substances are not evenly distributed throughout the mixture. An example would be a suspension. 5. If household ammonia has a pH of 12, is it an acid or a base?Answer: base<br />Week 4 Basic Chemistry<br />1. What is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds? Answer: Organic compounds have carbon.2. What are the three elements that are in the organic compounds called carbohydrates?Answer: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen3. What are the building blocks of proteins?Answer: amino acids4. State the Law of Conservation of Mass and Energy.Answer: Mass is neither created or destroyed. Energy is niether created or destroyed. 5. When does a skydiver have the greatest potential energy? When does a skydiver have the greatest kinetic energy?Answer: Potential - when he is leaning out of the plane about to jump.Kinetic - when he is plummeting to the earth.Week 5 Cell Biology<br />1. Which scientist is given credit for being the first to observe and identify cells? Answer: Robert Hooke2. What types of cells do not contain membrane-bound organelles and are the oldest known forms of life?Answer: Prokaryotes3. Which organelle controls a cell's activities?Answer: Nucleus4. Which organelles are known as the powerhouses of the cell because they produce energy?Answer: Mitochondria 5. Which organelle is responsible for the production of protein? Answer: Ribosomes<br />Week 6 Cell and Cellular Transport<br />1. In the plant cell, what organelle is responsible for the production of food? Answer: Chloroplasts2. What is the main purpose of the cell membrane?Answer: It helps to regulate the passage of materials between the wall and its environment.3. What do we call the process when a sugar cube dissolves in a cup of water?Answer: Diffusion4. Osmosis is a type of diffusion. However, what is being diffused in osmosis?Answer: Water 5. What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis? Answer: Endocytosis - the process that cells use to take in large molecules that can not fit through the cell membrane. Exocytosis - the process that cells use to expel large molecules from the cell.<br />Week 7 Cell Chemistry<br />1. Would you classify human beings as autotrophs or heterotrophs? Answer: We are heterotrophs because we gain our food from other sources.2. What do we collectively call all the reactions taking place in a cell?Answer: Metabolism3. What is the difference between anabolic and catabolic reactions?Answer: Anabolic - simple substances join to make more complex ones. Catabolic - complex substances are broken down to make simpler ones.4. Is the burning of wood an endergonic or exergonic reaction? Explain why.Answer: The burning of wood is an exergonic reaction because energy is given off or released in the form of heat. An endergonic reaction uses energy. 5. What are enzymes? Answer: They are special proteins that act as catalysts in a chemical reaction.Week 8 Cellular Energy<br />1. What is the main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Answer: Aerobic respiration is a type of cellular respiration that requires oxygen. Anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen.2. Glycolysis occurs when glucose is changed into this acid. What is the acid? Answer: Pyruvic Acid3. What is the main difference between ATP and ADP?Answer: ATP or adenosine triphosphate has one more phosphate group than adenosine diphosphate.4. Most autotrophs use this process to make food. The process literally translated means 'putting together light'. What do we call this process?Answer: photosynthesis 5. What is the green pigment in the cells of plants called? Answer: chlorophyll<br />Week 9 Mitosis and Meiosis<br />1. Name the five phases of mitosis. Answer: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, interphase2. What do we call the division of the cytoplasm? Answer: cytokinesis3. In what type of cell division does the chromosome number reduce by one half and gametes form?Answer: meiosis4. Name the male and female gametes and the process that creates each of them.Answer: female gametes - ova or eggs - oogenesismale gametes - sperm - spermatogenesis 5. Explain the differences between mitosis and meiosis in relation to the daughter cells. Answer: mitosis - two daughter cells that are identical to each other and the parent cellmeiosis - four daughter cells that contain a varying combination of chromosomes and that are not identical to the parent cells<br />Week 10 DNA and RNA<br />1. Nucleotides are the basis of the DNA molecule. Name the components of a nucleotide. Answer: Phosphate groups, deoxyribose (a five carbon sugar) and nitrogenous bases.2. What is the spiral shape of a DNA molecule called? Answer: double helix3. Name the four nitrogenous bases and correctly pair them with one another. Answer: Adenine always bonds with thymine.Cytosine always bonds with guanine. 4. What is the process that produces RNA from the information in DNA?Answer: transcription5. RNA contains the base uracil. What base does it replace from DNA?Answer: thymine Week 11 Genetics<br />1. Name the Austrian Monk that laid the foundation for the study of modern genetics. Answer: Gregor Mendel2. What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous? Answer: Homozygous - occurs when the two genes for a trait are the same.Heterozygous - occurs when the two genes for a trait are different, also known as a hybrid.3. What is the difference between dominant and recessive genes?Answer: Dominant - genes that prevent the expression of another gene.Recessive - genes that are suppressed. 4. What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?Answer: Genotype is the genetic makeup of the organism.Phenotype is the outward appearance of the organism.5. In a particular flower, red is dominant over white. If a heterozygous plant is crossed with another heterozygous plant, what will be the genotypic and phenotypic ratios? You may use a Punnett square to find your answer.Answer: genotypic ratio = 1/4 RR, 1/2 Rr, 1/4 rrphenotypic ratio = 3/4 Red, 1/4 White<br />Week 12 Applied Genetics<br />1. What do we call the changes in hereditary material? Answer: mutations2. What are the two basic types of mutations? Answer: chromosomal alteration and gene mutation3. What is the common name for the condition trisomy 21 which occurs because a person has an extra chromosome?Answer: Down Syndrome 4. What do we call the process of crossing animals or plants with desirable characteristics to produce offspring with the same desirable characteristics?Answer: selective breeding5. The process of forming genetically identical offspring from a single cell is in the news a great deal. What do we call this process. Also, explain if you think it is a good thing.Answer: cloning; answers will vary<br />Week 13 Evolution<br />1. What do we call the process of new life evolving from pre-existing lifeforms? Answer: evolution2. What organism is often classified as a transitional form between reptiles and birds? Answer: Archaeopteryx3. What French scientist of the early nineteenth century put forth the hypothesis of use and disuse to explain evolution?Answer: Jean Baptiste Lamarck 4. What islands off the coast of Ecuador were the topic of study for Charles Darwin?Answer: Galapagos Islands5. An adaptation is an inherited trait that makes an organism better able to survive. Name three types of adaptations.Answer: morphological, physiological, behavioral<br />Week 14 History of Life<br />1. What is chemical evolution? Answer: The process by which inorganic and simple organic compounds change into more complex compounds.2. Name the three periods of the Mesozoic period. Answer: Cretaceous, Jurassic, Triassic3. Adaptive radiation is the rapid expansion of many new species. What group probably experienced adaptive radiation at the beginning of the Paleocene epoch?Answer: mammals 4. There are two competing ideas to explain the mass extinction of dinosaurs. Name the two ideas.Answer: meteor impact hypothesis and climate change hypothesis5. Horses, donkeys and zebras have a common ancestor in the Pliohippus. Over time these species have become different from each other. What is this pattern of evolution called?Answer: divergence<br />Week 15 Classification Classification<br />1. What is the term for the science of classification? Answer: taxonomy2. Name the Greek philosopher that introduced the term species. Answer: Aristotle3. Name the scientist that created a classification system using species, genus and kingdom. Also tell what he called his naming system.Answer: Carolus Linnaeus; binomial nomenclature 4. According to the hierarchical system of classification there are seven major categories. Name them in order from largest to smallest.Answer: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species5. What are the five kingdoms?Answer: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia<br />