Anthropology REFERENCES: Ember, C. (2007). Anthropology. Singapore: Pearson Educational South Asia. Ember, C., Ember, M., & Peregrine, P. (2009). Human evolution and culture: Highlights of anthropology. (6th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Ervin, A. (2005). Applied anthropology: Tools and perspectives for contemporary practice. Boston: Pearson. Kottak, C. (2011). Anthropology: Appreciating cultural diversity. New York: Mc Graw-Hill. Kottak, C. (2008). Anthropology: The explanation of human diversity. Boston: Mc Graw-Hill. Launda, R. (2010). Core concepts in cultural anthropology. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Nanda, S. (2007). Cultural anthropology. Belmont, California: Walsworth/Thomson Learning.

1. Ethics in Doing Research
Ethnography: Anthropology's
Distinctive Strategy
Archeology

2. Ethics in Doing Research
Ask permission before doing research
(confidential reasons)
Do not offend them by asking
offensive questions
Informants must have a pseudo name
Report what is true and what you see
Report objectively

3. Ethnography:
Anthropology's Distinctive Strategy
 Simple societies:
• Informants (people you interview)
• Conversation interviews
Informants(people you talk to from time to time)
Key informants (people you always talk to)
 Observation
• Participant observation
You don’t just observe but you do the activities they hold
Rapport (befriend the people), Culture, Language,
Professional distance

4. Ethnography:
Anthropology's Distinctive Strategy
 Genealogical method
• deals with the principles of kinship, descent and
marriage to reconstruct history and understand reaps.
• Ex. Use of symbols.
Male
Male
Female Or Marriage Divorced
Female
 Life histories
• provides more info about the study
• Ex. (witchcraft)

5. Survey Research
• large, populous societies
• respondents
• sampling, impersonal data collection and statistical
analysis
• limitation?
 Margin of error- you don’t get the opinion of the whole
population
 Just given out, not sure if the participation is guaranteed or
if the questionnaire is returned
 Not a 100% reliable- some people don't take it seriously

6. Goals of Archaeology
• Reconstruction of the past; culture history
• Test specific explanations about evolution
and behavior
• Identify trends and patterns in human
biological cultural evolution

7. Evidence to learn the past
 Artifacts
• Lithics (stone tools)
• Ceramics (baked clay)
 Ecofacts natural objects used by human
• Bones of animals; pollen; remains of pets and insects
 Fossils hardened remains of skeletal system
(humans)
 Features intrinsic feature of the site (cannot move)
• Pits, Floors, Building

8. How sites are created
Volcanic Activity
• Mt. Pinatubo
Dirt Accumulation and erosion
Taphonomy
• Study of the processes of site disturbance and
destruction
• exercise caution: might damage the site

9. How sites are found
ByAccident
Pedestrian Survey
Remote Sensing
• examines the earth's magnetic or
gravitational field

10. Excavation Goals
 Dating
• Relative Dating -determine the age relative to another
specimen or deposit; based on stratography (record
of evidences)
• Absolute Dating or Chronometric Dating -ex. C14
dating
 Putall materials in context
 The deeper the artifact the older it is

11. References:
 Ember, C. (2007). Anthropology. Singapore: Pearson Educational South Asia.
 Ember, C., Ember, M., & Peregrine, P. (2009). Human evolution and culture: Highlights
of anthropology. (6th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
 Ervin, A. (2005). Applied anthropology: Tools and perspectives for contemporary
practice. Boston: Pearson.
 Kottak, C. (2011). Anthropology: Appreciating cultural diversity. New York: Mc Graw-
Hill.
 Kottak, C. (2008). Anthropology: The explanation of human diversity. Boston: Mc Graw-
Hill.
 Launda, R. (2010). Core concepts in cultural anthropology. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher
Education.
 Nanda, S. (2007). Cultural anthropology. Belmont, California: Walsworth/Thomson
Learning.