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Realism
1.
2. “Power” man’s control over the minds and
actions of other men
Relational Power – directed towards
something or someone
Relative Power – considers the other actors
capabilities
“Survival” precondition for attaining other goals
Anarchic” absence of an overarching central
authority
3. Proponents of “Raison de tat”
Dual Moral Standards
One Moral Standard for individual citizens
living inside the state
Different standard for the state in its
external relations with other states
4. Thucydides: Peloponnesian War
International Law is driven by an endless struggle
for power that has its roots in human nature
Median Dialogue: The strong will do what it has
the power to do and the weak accept what it has
to accept
5. Machiavelli: The Prince
Political realism recognizes that
principles are subordinate to policies
The end justifies the means
It is better to be feared than loved
6. Morgenthau: Politics among
nations
Politics is governed by laws that are
created by human nature
The main signpost of political realism is
the concept of interest defined in terms
of power
7. Thucydides Representation of power politics
as a law of human behavior
Drive for power and will to dominate are held
to be fundamental aspects of human nature
Human Nature explains International Politics
Nature for man: competition, fear, and war
explained
The Struggle for belonging, a struggle is
often violent
8. Rousseu: The State of War
It is not human nature but the anarchical
system that factors fear, jealousy, suspicion
Waltz: Theory of International Politics
States maximize their securities
Polarities: unipolarity, bipolarity, multipolarity
Mersheimer: Tragedy of great power
States maximize their powers
9. Security competition and inter-state conflict to
the lack of an overarching authority above states
that have relative distribution of power in the
international system
Waltz-> security maximizers
Mersheimer-> no satisfied status quo: he argues
that states recognizes that the best path to
peace is to accumulate more power
Bipolarity-> nuclear weapons to preserve peace
Multipolarity->competition
10. Zakaria: From Wealth to Power
Actions of States can be explained by:
▪ Systematic variables
▪ Cognitive variables
▪ Domestic variables
Bring individual and unit variation back into the theory
One important intervening variables is leaders themselves
namely how they perceive the international distribution of
power
11. STATISM
sovereign states are the primary actors
SURVIVAL
the pre-condition for attaining all other goals
SELF-HELP
No other state can be relied on
12. Relationships: Zero-sum (Relative gains)
My gain is your loss
Characterized by competition
Concentration of economic controls and
planning in the hands of highly centralized
government often extending to government
ownership of industry
13. Distinguishing trait= “sovereignty”
State has supreme authority to make
and enforce laws
Moves of the state
▪ Organize power domestically
▪ Accumulate power internationally
14. State power is challenged from above
and below
States are unable to respond to
collective global problems
Realism does not explain the existence
of non-state actors
15. The pre-eminent goal in international politics
This involves conquest or merely
independence
DEFENSIVE OFFENSIVE
Kenneth Waltz Who? John Mersheimer
Security Goal of State? Power
The existence of status quo What now? Competition is always
powers lessens the present
competition for power
16. Dual Moral Standard
One moral standard for an individual citizens
living inside the state and a different moral
standard for the state in its external relations with
other states
Ethnic Responsibility
Machiavelli
Individual acts of an immoral kind might have to
be performed for the greater good
17. Are there no limits to what actions
a state can take in the name of
the greater good?
18. Under anarchy, security can only be realized
through self-help
Security dilemma (Spiral of power)
Absence of trust in international relations
DOMESTIC POLITY INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM
Citizens do not have to defend There is no higher authority to
themselves prevent and counter the use of
force
19. Self-help is not an inevitable consequence of
anarchy
Historical and contemporary security
examples where:
▪ States have preferred collective security
systems or forms of regional security systems
▪ NATO, UN with a common goal of security