Seismic analysis of multi storey reinforced concrete buildings frame”

“COMPUTER AIDED seismic ANALYSIS of
MULTI-STOREY REINFORCED CONCRETE
BUILDINGS FRAME”

(2010-2014)
Department of Civil Engineering
A Project Submitted For the Degree of Bachelor of Technology
In Civil Engineering
By :
Ms. Dimpy Khurana (08820703410)
Ms. Ankita Sinha
(04620703410)
Mr. Alok Rathore
(01620703410)
Mr. Rahul Kr Neeraj (07320703410)
Mr. Prem Pal
(07220703410)

DATE:_________________

CERTIFICATE
1

This is to certify that the Minor Project Report entitled “COMPUTER AIDED SEISMIC
ANALYSIS OF MULTI-STOREY REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS FRAME” is being
submitted by
Ms. Dimpy Khurana
Ms. Ankita Sinha
Mr. Alok Rathore
Mr. Rahul Kr Neeraj
Mr. Prem Pal

(08820703410)
(04620703410)
(01620703410)
(07320703410)
(07220703410)

in partial fulfilment requirement for the degree in Bachelor of technology (B. Tech.) in Civil
Engineering as prescribed by Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi is record of
bonafide work done by them.

( supervisor )

Head of Department & supervisor
( Civil Engineering )

This is to certify that the candidate was examined by us in the minor project examination
held at C.B.P. Govt. Engineering College on 11-12-2013

( Internal Examiner )

( External Examiner )

2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We wish to convey our sincere gratitude to our respected principal Prof. V.K
Minocha for providing us opportunity to work on this project our Head of
Department Mr. S.K Tiwari. We would like to express our profound sense of
deepest gratitude to our guide and motivator Mr. Rajesh Pradhan, Civil
Engineering Department, CBPGEC, New Delhi for his valuable guidance,
sympathy and co-operation for providing necessary facilities and sources
during the entire period of this project. We would also like to thank the
technical staff of Civil Engineering Department for the facilities and cooperation received from them.
We wish to thank Mr. Ajay Kumar Verma, Government contractor and civil
material distributor and his colleagues who have provided us the data of a real
building in Delhi.
Last, but not least, we would like to thank the authors of various research
articles and books that were referred to.

3

INDEX
Introduction
Scope Of Project
Objective Of Project

Page No.
5-8
9-11
12

Measurement Of Earthquake
Types Of Earthquake Measurement Scales
Types Of Earthquake Waves
Effect Of Earthquake On Buildings
How to protect structures from earthquake damage
Selection of software
Summary

14-17
18-19
20-21
22-24
25-27
28
29

CHAPTER 3

Problem Undertaken & Software Analysis

30-143

CHAPTER 4

Conclusions And Recommendations

144-147

CHAPTER 5

Summary & Future Scope

148-149

Codes Related to Earthquake
Multi-degree freedom System & Earthquake analysis

151-171
172-177

CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 2

ANNEXURE

REFERENCES

S.No.
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7

1
2

TOPIC

178

4

1.1 Introduction
The opinion that designing new buildings to be Earthquake resistant will cause substantial additional
costs is still among the constructional professionals. In a country of moderate seismicity adequate
seismic resistance of new buildings may be achieved at no or no significant additional cost however
the expenditure needed to ensure adequate seismic resistance may depend strongly on the
approach selected during the conceptual design phase and the relevant design method. Regarding
the conceptual design phase early collaboration between the architect and civil engineering is
crucial. Concerning the design method it should be stated that significant progress has been made
recently. Intensive research has improved the understanding of the behaviour of a building or
structure during an earthquake and resulted in the development of more efficient and modern
design methods.
The Advantages Of The Modern Method:
• Drastic reduction in the seismic design Forces at ultimate limit state.
• Better resistance against collapse.
• Good deformation control
• Prevention of damage for earthquake up to a chosen intensity (damage limit state earthquake)
• Larger flexibility in case of changes in building use.
• Practically equal costs.
• The last three advantages are particularly important to the building owner.
The 2001 Gujarat earthquake is a recent example of catastrophe. It was the first major earthquake
to hit an urban area of India in the last 50 years. It Killed 13,800 people, Injured 167,000 and a large
number of reinforced concrete multi-storeyed frame buildings were heavily damaged and many of
them were collapsed completely in the towns of Kachchh district. Destruction total estimated to be
about US$ 5billion.It is tempting to think that this risk concentrated only in areas of high seismicity
but this reasoning does not hold. In regions of low to moderate seismicity can be predominant risk
as well. Buildings that are very vulnerable and at risk from even a relatively weak earthquake
continue to built today. Still for new buildings the basic principles of earthquake resistant design and
also the basic earthquake specifications of building codes are not followed. The reason is
unawareness, convenience or intentional ignorance. As a result the earthquake risk continues to
increase unnecessarily. The opinion that designing new buildings to be earthquake resistant will
cause substantial additional costs is still common among construction professionals. Moreover
appropriate official controls and checks are lacking.
The recent earthquakes in the past have indicated the need of awareness that we need to
incorporate for a new construction, retrofitting of existing structures and general safety.
Over the centuries, many researchers have come to a conclusion that earthquakes don’t kill people;
buildings do. Earthquake does cause buildings, bridges and other structures to experience sudden
lateral acceleration but this solely is not responsible for their collapse. Many experts now believe we
can get rid of this fearsome temblor through earthquake-resistant buildings which can prevent the
total collapse and preserve life. Today, the sciences of building earthquake-resistant structures have
advanced tremendously and many developed countries have been practicing this approach .There
are tremendous techniques from base isolation and damping process to resistant design techniques.
In a developing country, expensive technology is quite difficult to incorporate whereas simple
techniques which deal with the basic principles can be followed without any harsh investment.

6

Before approaching these techniques it’s also equally essential to understand earthquakes.
Earthquakes do occur when tectonic plates move and rub against each other. The case becomes
extreme when large earthquakes may hit sometimes as a result of this movement. They snap and
rebound to their original position which is also coined as Elastic Rebound Theory. When this
earthquake’s ground motion occurs beneath a building and it is strong enough, it sets the building in
motion, starting with the building foundation, and transfers the motion throughout the rest of
building in a very complex way. These motions in turn induce forces which can produce damage.
Our concern is to make our structure withstand such forces. Every building must withstand
significant lateral force. We need to give our attention while designing the plan, section of a building,
selecting the construction material and while implementing the ideas in the construction phase.
There are tremendous techniques that can be embraced by a normal building. When dispatching the
forces toward the footing from the structure, columns play a vital role than that of the beams so
designing
a
structure
with
strong
columns
than
beams
is
appreciated.
Structure might be of various shapes but for earthquake-resistant design, a simple and regular shape
such as rectangular can be beneficial. Shear wall is a best walling system for earthquake-resistant
buildings but it can be a bit expensive. In such cases, cross-bracing can be provided which also helps
in dispatching the forces with great efficiency. While considering height of the building, the floor
area and the overall width of the area must be in a decreasing form as stories increase. As all the
load will be transferred to a base column, so the width of base column should also be properly
reinforced. Proper spacing must be maintained between two buildings. Simple but good plans are
always
appreciated
and
are
good
to
resist
earthquake.
When stirrups are being bent for beams and columns, proper locking at the edge with at least 45
degree must be maintained as they form good bonding and resist the buckling phenomenon. Proper
7

space between the bars to facilitate during concrete compaction, the interlocking of two beams with
proper development length and mix design of concrete are also major considering point during the
construction phase. Footing as per the soil condition must be identified and proper placing of footing
must be done. Horizontal truss for the roofing system can be best choice in normal building.
Identifying the safe region of a building can be beneficial at the time of emergency. Moreover
obeying a country building code and getting assistance of experts can have a great advantage.
Proper selection of material for construction also plays a vital role. More economical material which
is locally available, extracted from renewable resources can be eco-friendly in the construction and
also add up tremendous aesthetical benefits. Light material can be used which makes the structure
more strong in a non-load bearing structure. Retrofitting for existing structure in accordance with
code can make the pre-existing structure safe. Being aware about the catastrophe well in advance is
one of the means to get rid of the problems and implementing the safety in need and save lives.

8

1.2 Scope of project

Study area: New Delhi

9

The Indian subcontinent has a history of devastating earthquakes with 59% of the land being
vulnerable to earthquakes. The Indian plate is driving Asia at a rate of approximately 47 mm/year.
Intra plate earthquakes from Himalayan region and inter plate earthquakes of local origin are the
major reasons for seismic design of buildings. And due to earthquake:
 Structures in to and fro motion develop stresses due to inertial force(NFL)
 Vertical shaking adds or subtracts to weight of structure.
 These lateral inertia forces are transferred by the floor slab to the walls or columns, to the
foundations, and finally to the soil system underneath. This sometimes leads to settlement
of foundation due to soil liquefaction.

10

Thus, there is an enormous need to establish a Seismic Disaster management plan for India which
can only be done through analysis and modelling of structures. Modelling and simulation of
structural components and complex structures through software's is the most sophisticated way of
analysis.
Computers can perform complicated computations at a high speed therefore computer programs
are used for analysis and design of structural member. Hand computations are applicable for small
problem and tedious for even for medium sized calculations and 3-D analysis is almost impossible.
On the other hand in computer analysis 3-D analysis can be easily performed with a high degree of
accuracy. STAAD Pro V8i is a very powerful which can be used for 3-D analysis and is useful for
analysis and design of multi-storied buildings. Full range of analysis including static, P-delta,
response spectrum, time-history, cable etc. and steel design, concrete design and timber design is
available in STAAD Pro.

11

1.3 Objective of project
Seismic analysis of different prototype of RCC building was selected. Prototypes were having various
dimensions of beams and columns. These were analysed through STAAD pro V8i for same load
combinations.
Buildings were analysed for:
o
o
o
o

Rayleigh frequency
Modal frequency method
Response spectrum base shear calculation
Time history Base shear calculation

And 10 mode shapes were generated and various reactions and forces were calculated.

12

2.1 Measuring the size of an earthquake
Earthquakes range broadly in size. A rock-burst in an Idaho silver mine may involve the fracture
of 1 meter of rock; the 1965 Rat Island earthquake in the Aleutian arc involved a 650 kilometre
length of the Earth's crust. Earthquakes can be even smaller and even larger. If an earthquake is
felt or causes perceptible surface damage, then its intensity of shaking can be subjectively
estimated. But ma ny large earthquakes occur in oceanic areas or at great focal depths and are
either simply not felt or their felt pattern does not really indicate their true size.
Today, state of the art seismic systems transmit data from the seismograph via telephone line
and satellite directly to a central digital computer. A preliminary location, depth-of-focus, and
magnitude can now be obtained within minutes of the onset of an earthquake. The only limiting
factor is how long the seismic waves take to travel from the epicentre to the stations - usually less
than 10 minutes.
Magnitude:
Modern seismographic systems precisely amplify and record ground motion (typically at
periods of between 0.1 and 100 seconds) as a function of time. This amplification and recording as
a function of time is the source of instrumental amplitude and arrival-time data on near and
distant earthquakes. Although similar seismographs have existed since the 1890's, it was only in
the 1930's that Charles F. Richter, a California seismologist, introduced the concept of earthquake
magnitude. His original definition held only for California earthquakes occurring within 600 km of
a particular type of seismograph (the Woods-Anderson torsion instrument). His basic idea was
quite simple: by knowing the distance from a seismograph to an earthquake and observing the
maximum signal amplitude recorded on the seismograph, an empirical quantitative ranking of the
earthquake's inherent size or strength could be made. Most California earthquakes occur within
the top 16 km of the crust; to a first approximation, corrections for variations in earthquake focal
depth were, therefore, unnecessary.
Richter's original magnitude scale (ML) was then extended to observations of earthquakes of
any distance and of focal depths ranging between 0 and 700 km. Because earthquakes excite both
body waves, which travel into and through the Earth, and surface waves, which are constrained to
follow the natural wave guide of the Earth's uppermost layers, two magnitude scales evolved the mb and MSscales.
The standard body-wave magnitude formula is
mb = log10(A/T) + Q(D,h) ,
Where A is the amplitude of ground motion (in microns); T is the corresponding period (in
seconds); and Q(D,h) is a correction factor that is a function of distance, D (degrees), between
epicentre and station and focal depth, h (in kilometres), of the earthquake. The standard surfacewave formula is
MS = log10 (A/T) + 1.66 log10 (D) + 3.30.
There are many variations of these formulas that take into account effects of specific
geographic regions, so that the final computed magnitude is reasonably consistent with Richter's
original definition of ML. Negative magnitude values are permissible.
A rough idea of frequency of occurrence of large earthquakes is given by the following table:
14

MS
---------8.5 - 8.9
8.0 - 8.4
7.5 - 7.9
7.0 - 7.4
6.5 - 6.9
6.0 - 6.4

Earthquakes
Per year
----------0.3
1.1
3.1
15
56
210

This table is based on data for a recent 47 year period. Perhaps the rates of earthquake
occurrence are highly variable and some other 47 year period could give quite different results.
The original mb scale utilized compression body P-wave amplitudes with periods of 4-5 s, but
recent observations are generally of 1 s-period P waves. The MS scale has consistently used
Rayleigh surface waves in the period range from 18 to 22 s.
When initially developed, these magnitude scales were considered to be equivalent; in other
words, earthquakes of all sizes were thought to radiate fixed proportions of energy at different
periods. But it turns out that larger earthquakes, which have larger rupture surfaces,
systematically radiate more long-period energy. Thus, for very large earthquakes, body-wave
magnitudes badly underestimate true earthquake size; the maximum body-wave magnitudes are
about 6.5 - 6.8. In fact, the surface-wave magnitudes underestimate the size of very large
earthquakes; the maximum observed values are about 8.3 - 8.7. The mostly damage to structure is
caused by the energy for shorter period.
Energy, E
The amount of energy radiated by an earthquake is a measure of the potential for damage to
man-made structures. Theoretically, its computation requires summing the energy flux over a
broad suite of frequencies generated by an earthquake as it ruptures a fault. Because of
instrumental limitations, most estimates of energy have historically relied on the empirical
relationship developed by Beno Gutenberg and Charles Richter:
log10E = 11.8 + 1.5MS
Where energy, E, is expressed in ergs. The drawback of this method is that MS is computed
from a bandwidth between approximately 18 to 22 s. It is now known that the energy radiated by
an earthquake is concentrated over a different bandwidth and at higher frequencies. With the
worldwide deployment of modern digitally recording seismograph with broad bandwidth
response, computerized methods are now able to make accurate and explicit estimates of energy
on a routine basis for all major earthquakes. A magnitude based on energy radiated by an
earthquake, Me, can now be defined,
Me = 2/3 log10E - 2.9.
For every increase in magnitude by 1 unit, the associated seismic energy increases by about 32
times.
Although Mw and Me are both magnitudes, they describe different physical properties of the
earthquake. Mw, computed from low-frequency seismic data, is a measure of the area ruptured by
an earthquake. Me, computed from high frequency seismic data, is a measure of seismic potential
for damage. Consequently, Mw and Me often do not have the same numerical value.
15

Intensity
The increase in the degree of surface shaking (intensity) for each unit increase of magnitude of
a shallow crustal earthquake is unknown. Intensity is based on an earthquake's local accelerations
and how long these persist. Intensity and magnitude thus both depend on many variables that
include exactly how rock breaks and how energy travels from an earthquake to a receiver. These
factors make it difficult for engineers and others who use earthquake intensity and magnitude
data to evaluate the error bounds that may exist for their particular applications.
An example of how local soil conditions can greatly influence local intensity is given by
catastrophic damage in Mexico City from the 1985, MS 8.1 Mexico earthquake cantered some 300
km away. Resonances of the soil-filled basin under parts of Mexico City amplified ground motions
for periods of 2 seconds by a factor of 75 times. This shaking led to selective damage to buildings
15 - 25 stories high (same resonant period), resulting in losses to buildings of about $4.0 billion
and at least 8,000 fatalities.
The occurrence of an earthquake is a complex physical process. When an earthquake occurs,
much of the available local stress is used to power the earthquake fracture growth to produce
heat rather that to generate seismic waves. Of an earthquake systems total energy, perhaps 10
percent to less that 1 percent is ultimately radiated as seismic energy. So the degree to which an
earthquake lowers the Earth's available potential energy is only fractionally observed as radiated
seismic energy.

16

2.2 Types of Earthquake Measurement Scales:
The Mercalli intensity scale is a seismic scale used for measuring the intensity of an earthquake. It
measures the effects of an earthquake, and is distinct from the moment magnitude usually
reported for an earthquake (sometimes misreported as the Richter magnitude), which is a measure
of the energy released. The intensity of an earthquake is not totally determined by its magnitude.
The scale quantifies the effects of an earthquake on the Earth's surface, humans, objects of nature,
and man-made structures on a scale from I (not felt) to XII (total destruction).[1][2] Values depend
upon the distance to the earthquake, with the highest intensities being around the epicentral area.
The Richter magnitude scale (often shortened to Richter scale) was developed to assign a single
number to quantify the energy released during an earthquake.

Magnitude

Mercalli
Description
Average earthquake effects
intensity

Average frequency
of
occurrence
(estimated)

Less than 2.0 Micro

I

Micro earthquakes, not felt, or felt rarely by sensitive Continual/several
people. Recorded by seismographs
million per year

2.0–2.9

I to II

Felt slightly by some people. No damage to buildings.

II to IV

Often felt by people, but very rarely causes damage. Over 100,000 per
Shaking of indoor objects can be noticeable.
year

Light

IV to VI

Noticeable shaking of indoor objects and rattling noises. 10,000 to 15,000 per
Felt by most people in the affected area. Slightly felt year
outside. Generally causes none to minimal damage.
Moderate to significant damage very unlikely. Some
objects may fall off shelves or be knocked over.

Moderate

Can cause damage of varying severity to poorly
constructed buildings. At most, none to slight damage to 1,000 to 1,500 per
VI to VIII
all other buildings. Felt by everyone. Casualties range from year
none to a few.

Over one million per
year

Minor
3.0–3.9

4.0–4.9

5.0–5.9

17

6.0–6.9

Strong

7.0–7.9

Major

VII to X

Damage to a moderate number of well built structures in
populated areas. Earthquake-resistant structures survive
with slight to moderate damage. Poorly-designed
structures receive moderate to severe damage. Felt in 100 to 150 per year
wider areas; up to hundreds of miles/kilometres from the
epicentre. Strong to violent shaking in epicentral area.
Death toll ranges from none to 25,000.

Causes damage to most buildings, some to partially or
completely collapse or receive severe damage. Welldesigned structures are likely to receive damage. Felt
10 to 20 per year
across great distances with major damage mostly limited
to 250 km from epicentre. Death toll ranges from none to
250,000.

Major damage to buildings, structures likely to be
destroyed. Will cause moderate to heavy damage to
VIII
or sturdy or earthquake-resistant buildings. Damaging in One per year
[
greater large areas. Felt in extremely large regions. Death toll
ranges from 1,000 to 1 million.

8.0–8.9

Great

9.0
greater

and

Near or at total destruction - severe damage or collapse to
all buildings. Heavy damage and shaking extends to One per 10 to 50
distant locations. Permanent changes in ground years
topography. Death toll usually over 50,000.

The scale is a base-10 logarithmic scale. The magnitude is defined as the logarithm of the ratio of
the amplitude of waves measured by a seismograph to arbitrary small amplitude.
The moment magnitude scale (abbreviated as MMS; denoted as MW or M) is used by seismologists
to measure the size of earthquakes in terms of the energy released.[1] The magnitude is based on
the seismic moment of the earthquake, which is equal to the rigidity of the Earth multiplied by the
average amount of slip on the fault and the size of the area that slipped.[ The symbol for the
moment magnitude scale is , with the subscript meaning mechanical work accomplished. The
moment magnitude is a dimensionless number defined by

Where is the seismic moment in N⋅m (107 dyne⋅cm)

18

2.3 Types of Seismic Waves
Main types of seismic waves.
wave type
particle motion
body waves
Longitudinal
Transverse
surface waves
horizontal transverse
vertical elliptical

name
P wave
S wave
Love wave
Rayleigh wave

There are many types of seismic waves, body wave, surface waves:

Body waves consist of:
Primary waves (P waves) (or "longitudinal waves") travel through fluids, and solids. They are
compression waves and rely on the compression strength and elasticity of the materials to
propagate. They are known as body waves because they travel though the body of a material in all
directions and not just at the surface, as water waves do. For P waves, the motion of the material
19

particles that transmit the energy move parallel to the direction of propagation. P waves travel the
same way as sound waves in air. The transmission of compression waves is due to the strong
electronic between atoms that get squeezed together too tightly. P waves are the fastest seismic
waves and travel at roughly 6.0 km/s in the crust (more than seven times the speed of sound).

Secondary waves(S waves) depend on the shear strength of the material. The strength of atomic
bonds in solids allows them to transmit transverse motions. S waves do not travel as fast as P waves
and have a velocity of about 3.5 km/s in the crust.
Surface waves are very similar to ocean waves as they only occur at the surface of the earth and do
not penetrate into the interior deeply. There are two types of surface waves: Love waves and
Rayleigh waves. Love waves cause surface motions similar to that by S-waves, but with no vertical
component. Typically, it the surface waves that does the most damage during an earthquake,
especially at distances far from the epicentre. The velocity of surface waves varies with their
wavelength but always travel slower than P and S waves.
Unlike body waves, surface waves move along the surface of the Earth. Surface waves are to blame
for most of an earthquake's carnage. They move up and down the surface of the Earth, rocking the
foundations of man-made structures. Surface waves are the slowest moving of all waves, which
means they arrives the last. So the most intense shaking usually comes at the end of an earthquake.
An earthquake will generate all of these types of waves and they will propagate over the surface of
the earth and through the body of the earth. The waves can be distinguished by the differing
velocities and particle motions. Seismometers measure the particle motion produced by these
waves.
P-waves are fastest, followed in sequence by S-wave, Love and Rayleigh waves.
Real earthquake ground motion at a particular building site is vastly more complicated than the
simple wave form. Here it's useful to compare the surface of the ground under an earthquake to
the surface of a small body of water, like a pond. You can set the surface of a pond in motion--by
throwing stones into it.
The first few stones create a series of circular waves, which soon begin to collide with one another.
After a while, the collisions, which we term interference patterns begin to predominate over the
pattern of circular waves. Soon, the entire surface of the water is covered by ripples, and you can
no longer make out the original wave forms. During an earthquake, the ground vibrates in a
similarly complex manner, as waves of different frequencies and amplitude interact with one
another.
The complexity of earthquake ground motion is due to three factors:
The seismic waves generated at the time of earthquake fault movement were not all of
a uniform character.
As these waves pass through the earth on their way from the fault to the building site,
they are modified by the soil and rock media through which they pass
Once the seismic waves reach the building site they undergo further modifications that
are dependent upon the characteristics of the ground and soil beneath the building.
We refer to these three factors as source effects, path effects, and local site effects.
20

2.4 Effect of earthquake on buildings
Systematic study of earthquakes has also one very practical aspect. Strong earthquakes often cause
great damage to houses and other buildings, and occasionally they level to the ground large and rich
cities, and bury thousands of people under the ruins. Therefore, one of the most important goals of
seismology is to theoretically study how the movement of the earth affects buildings, and to apply
these results as well as the experience gained in catastrophic earthquakes to show the ways of
constructing buildings resistant as much as possible against earthquakes.
Investigation of earthquakes with modern instruments has given the following results on the ways
how the earth shakes:
1. An earthquake consists of a series of periodic displacements of the earth, after which every point
of the surface either returns to its initial position, or acquires a new position, corresponding to some
linear displacement.
2. A sizeable linear displacement can be detected after an earthquake only by means of a very
precise triangulation, but is often easily seen during large earthquakes, either as cracks appearing on
the earth surface, or as a larger or smaller denivelation of the ground.
3. The periodic motion can be described as a sum of waves or oscillations in the three mutually
perpendicular directions: one vertical and two horizontal directions, e.g. NS (north-south) and EW
(east-west).
If one combines the two horizontal directions into one resultant, one can talk about only one
horizontal and one vertical component of the wave motion or oscillation of the earth. Since the
linear movements of the earth are either harmless or induce damage which can be neither predicted
nor calculated, here we consider only the oscillatory or the wave motions. A point performs a
vibration when it first moves in some positive direction, for example towards the right hand side,
and then reaches a certain largest distance with respect to its initial position. From there it returns,
going in the negative direction, passing through its initial position down to the same maximal
distance on the other side; after that it returns again and comes back to the initial point. The point
“A” is moved first to a, goes back to “A”, continues until “a1”, and returns to “A”. If there were no
obstacles,
this
process
would
be
continued
endlessly.

If a certain point in the earth or on the surface of the earth acquires from the earthquake some
velocity in the direction “Aa”, it shall be able to move in this direction only to the point where the
elasticity of the earth absorbs the whole energy of its motion. Thus the motion from “A” to “a” is
retarded, or in other words: in each position of the point “A”, which is not its initial position, a force
is acting on the point oriented towards the initial position, and the acceleration of this point
increases as the distance from the initial position grows. For very small displacements “Aa” one can
assume that the acceleration is proportional to the distance “Aa”. The largest distance reached by
the point, with respect to its initial position, is called the amplitude of the oscillation. The time
needed for the point to perform the complete motion from “A” to “a” and back, passing through “A”
21

to “a1” and then back to”A”, is called the period of oscillation. If some point on the surface of the
earth rises, it pulls with it all the surrounding points, so that they move in the same manner as the
original point, but with a certain delay. From these points the movement is conveyed to further
neighboring points, etc. After some time the surface of the earth looks just like a surface of the
water a short time after a stone has fallen in it, i.e. the waves are formed which, starting from the
point at which the motion began, spread in all directions. Therefore this kind of oscillatory motion is
also called the wave motion.
Permanent ground deformations can tear a structure apart. Some foundation types are better able
to resist these permanent ground deformations than others. For example, the use of pile
foundations, with the piles extending beneath the anticipated zone of soil liquefaction, can be
effective in mitigating the hazard’s effects. The use of heavily reinforced mats can also be effective in
resisting moderate ground deformation due to fault rupture or lateral spreading. Most earthquakeinduced building damage, however, is a result of ground shaking. When the ground shakes at a
building site, the building’s foundations vibrate in a manner that’s similar to the surrounding ground.
Brittle elements tend to break and lose strength. (Examples of brittle elements include unreinforced
masonry walls that crack when overstressed in shear, and unconfined concrete elements that crush
under compressive overloads.) Ductile elements are able to deform beyond their elastic strength
limit and continue to carry load. (Examples of ductile elements include tension braces and
adequately braced beams in moment frames).
For economic reasons, building codes permit buildings to be damaged by the infrequent severe
earthquakes that may affect them, but prevent collapse and endangerment of life safety. For
buildings that house important functions essential to post-earthquake recovery, including hospitals,
fire stations, emergency communications centres, etc., codes adopt more conservative criteria that’s
intended to minimize the risk that the buildings would be so severely damaged they could not be
used for their intended function.
Throughout the 20 th century, the intent of seismic design in building codes was to avoid
earthquake-induced damage that would pose a significant risk to safety while still permitting
economical designs. Thus, building code provisions were developed that would permit some damage
to occur, but protect against damage likely to lead to either local or partial collapse, or the
generation of dangerous falling debris. When these building codes were first developed, the
technical community didn’t have a good understanding of ground shaking, its magnitude, the
dynamic response characteristics of structures, or nonlinear behaviour. Today’s codes still seek to
protect life safety vs. minimize damage, but do so through a variety of prescriptive criteria based on
observation, as well as laboratory and analytical research.
Research has spawned numerous innovations now common in earthquake engineering, including
ductile detailing of concrete structures, improved connections for moment frames, base isolation
technology, energy dissipation technology, and computing tools.
Current research activities are focused on three areas: 1) performance-based design, 2)
development of damage-resistant systems, and 3) improvement in the ability to predict the
occurrence and intensity of earthquakes.
The concept of performance-based design is that a designer can be inventive in terms of the
combinations of structural framing systems and detailing chosen vs. adhering to prescriptive criteria
contained in building code. But this approach presumes that the designer can demonstrate, typically
through simulation that the structure is capable of performing acceptably. The ability to actually
implement performance-based design is becoming more practical. As this trend continues, designers
22

will find that they’re no longer constrained to certain structural systems and configurations, or have
to adhere to minimum design base shears, drift, or detailing criteria, which provides more freedom
in the design of structures of the future.
The Most Important Aspects of Seismic Design
Continuity: The pieces that comprise a structure must be connected with sufficient strength so that,
when the structure responds to shaking, the pieces don’t pull apart and the structure responds as an
integral unit.
Stiffness and Strength: Structures must have sufficient lateral and vertical strength so the forces
induced by relatively frequent, low-intensity earthquakes don’t cause damage, and rare, highintensity earthquakes don’t strain elements so far beyond yield points that they lose strength.
Regularity: A structure is “regular” if its configuration has a pattern of lateral deformation during
response to shaking that’s relatively uniform throughout its height – without twisting or large
concentrations of deformation in small areas of the structure.
Redundancy: Redundancy is important because of the basic design strategy behind the building
codes. If a structure only has a few elements to resist earthquake-induced forces, the structure may
lose its ability to resist further shaking when those elements become damaged; however, if a large
number of seismic-load-resisting elements are present and some become damaged, others may still
provide stability.
Defined Yield Mechanisms: In this approach, which is often called as “capacity design,” it must be
decided which elements will yield under a strong earthquake. These elements are detailed so they
can sustain yielding without undesirable strength loss. At the same time, all other elements of the
structure, such as gravity load-carrying beams, columns, and connections, are proportioned so
they’re strong enough to withstand the maximum forces and deformations that can be delivered by
an earthquake once the intended yield mechanism has been engaged.

23

2.5 How to protect structures from earthquake damage
In recent times, reinforced concrete buildings have become common in India, particularly in towns
and cities. Reinforced concrete (or simply RC) consists of two primary materials, namely concrete
with reinforcing steel bars. Concrete is made of sand, crushed stone (called aggregates) and cement,
all mixed with pre-determined amount of water. Concrete can be molded into any desired shape,
and steel bars can be bent into many shapes. Thus, structures of complex shapes are possible with
RC. A typical RC building is made of horizontal members (beams and slabs) and vertical members
(columns and walls), and supported by foundations that rest on ground. The system comprising of
RC columns and connecting beams is called a RC Frame. The RC frame participates in resisting the
earthquake forces. Earthquake shaking generates inertia forces in the building, which are
proportional to the building mass. Since most of the building mass is present at floor levels,
earthquake-induced inertia forces primarily develop at the floor levels. These forces travel
ownwards through slab and beams to columns and walls, and then to the foundations from where
they are dispersed to the ground. As inertia forces accumulate downwards from the top of the
building, the columns and walls at lower storey’s experience higher earthquake-induced forces and
are therefore designed to be stronger than those in storeys above.
Stirrups in RC beams help in three ways, namely:
i.
They carry the vertical shear force and thereby resist diagonal shear cracks (Figure 2b),
ii.
They protect the concrete from bulging outwards due to flexure, and
iii.
They prevent the buckling of the compressed longitudinal bars due to flexure.
In moderate to severe seismic zones, the Indian Standard IS13920-1993 prescribes the following
requirements related to stirrups in reinforced concrete beams:
(a) The diameter of stirrup must be at least 6mm; in beams more than 5m long, it must be at
least 8mm.
(b) Both ends of the vertical stirrups should be bent into a 135° hook and extended
sufficiently beyond this hook to ensure that the stirrup does not open out in an earthquake. The
spacing of vertical stirrups in any portion of the beam should be determined from calculations
(c) The maximum spacing of stirrups is less than half the depth of the beam.
(d) For a length of twice the depth of the beam from the face of the column, an even more
stringent spacing of stirrups as specified in (c).
Columns, the vertical members in RC buildings, contain two types of steel reinforcement, namely:
(a) long straight bars (called longitudinal bars) placed vertically along the length, and
(b) Closed loops of smaller diameter steel bars (called transverse ties) placed horizontally at
regular intervals along its full length.
Columns can sustain two types of damage, namely axial-flexural (or combined compression bending)
failure and shear failure. Shear damage is brittle and must be avoided in columns by providing
transverse ties at close spacing. Design Strategy Designing a column involves selection of materials
to be used (i.e., grades of concrete and steel bars), choosing shape and size of the cross-section, and
calculating amount and distribution of steel reinforcement. The first two aspects are part of the
overall design strategy of the whole building. The Indian Ductile Detailing Code IS: 13920-1993
requires columns to be at least 300mm wide.
A column width of up to 200mm is allowed if unsupported length is less than 4m and beam length is
less than 5m. Columns that are required to resist earthquake forces must be designed to prevent
shear failure by a skillful selection of reinforcement.
Vertical Bars tied together with Closed Ties Closely spaced horizontal closed ties help in three
Ways, namely
(i)
they carry the horizontal shear forces induced by earthquakes, and thereby resist
diagonal shear cracks,

24

(ii)

they hold together the vertical bars and prevent them from excessively bending
outwards (in technical terms, this bending phenomenon is called buckling), and
(iii)
They contain the concrete in the column within the closed loops. The ends of the ties
must be bent as 135° hooks. Such hook ends prevent opening of loops and consequently
bulging of concrete and buckling of vertical bars.
The Indian Standard IS13920-1993 prescribes following details for earthquake-resistant columns:
(a) Closely spaced ties must be provided at the two ends of the column over a length not less
than larger dimension of the column, one-sixth the column height or 450mm.
(b)Over the distance specified in item (a) above and below a beam-column junction, the
vertical spacing of ties in columns should not exceed D/4 for where D is the smallest dimension of
the column (e.g., in a rectangular column, D is the length of the small side). This spacing need not be
less than 75mm nor more than 100mm. At other locations, ties are spaced as per calculations but
not more than D/2.
(c) The length of tie beyond the 135° bends must be at least 10 times diameter of steel bar
used to make the closed tie; this extension beyond the bend should not be less than 75mm.
Construction drawings with clear details of closer ties are helpful in the effective implementation at
construction site. In columns where the spacing between the corner bars exceeds 300mm, the
Indian Standard prescribes additional links with 180° hook ends for ties to be effective in holding the
concrete in its place and to prevent the buckling of vertical bars. These links need to go around both
vertical bars and horizontal closed ties; special care is required to implement this properly at site.
Lapping Vertical Bars
In the construction of RC buildings, due to the limitations in available length of bars and due to
constraints in construction, there are numerous occasions when column bars have to be joined. A
Simple way of achieving this is by overlapping the two bars over at least a minimum specified length,
called lap length. The lap length depends on types of reinforcement and concrete. For ordinary
situations, it is about 50 times bar diameter. Further, IS: 13920-1993 prescribes that the lap length
be provided ONLY in the middle half of column and not near its top or bottom ends. Also, only half
the vertical bars in the column are to be lapped at a time in any storey. Further, when laps are
provided, ties must be provided along the length of the lap at a spacing not more than 150mm.
Reinforcing the Beam-Column Joint
Diagonal cracking & crushing of concrete in joint region should be prevented to ensure good
earthquake performance of RC frame buildings. Using large column sizes is the most effective way of
achieving this. In addition, closely spaced closed-loop steel ties are required around column bars to
hold together concrete in joint region and to resist shear forces. Intermediate column bars also are
effective in confining the joint concrete and resisting horizontal shear forces providing closed-loop
ties in the joint requires some extra effort. Indian Standard IS: 13920-1993 recommends continuing
the transverse loops around the column bars through the joint region. In practice, this is achieved by
preparing the cage of the reinforcement (both longitudinal bars and stirrups) of all beams at a floor
level to be prepared on top of the beam formwork of that level and lowered into the cage. However,
this may not always be possible particularly when the beams are long and the entire reinforcement
cage becomes heavy.
Strong column weak beam combination makes a better seismic performance.
Steel Structures that Provide Earthquake Resistance
Braced-frame systems rely on the stiffness and strength of vertical truss systems for lateral
resistance. Braced frames are categorized as concentric or eccentric, depending on whether the
connections of braces to beams, columns, and beam-to-column joints are concentric or not.
Concentrically braced frames can have many alternative patterns, including a single diagonal brace
25

in a bay, intersecting X-pattern braces in a bay, and inverted-V-pattern and V-pattern braces in a
bay. The latter case is also known as “chevron-pattern bracing.” Buckling-restrained braced frames
are a special type of concentrically braced frame with braces specially designed to withstand yield
level compressive forces without buckling. Eccentrically braced frames are arranged as modifications
of the single-diagonal pattern or chevron-pattern bracing. AISC 341 places strict limits on the
eccentricities and detailing that can be used.
Shear-wall systems rely on vertical plates, reinforced by bounding structural members, to provide
lateral resistance.
Moment-frame systems rely on the rigidity of beams and columns interconnected to resist relative
rotation. There are frames in which conventional rolled shapes are used as the beams in the frames,
and frames in which trusses form the horizontal members of the frames.
Dual systems utilize a combination of moment frames and braced frames or shear walls. The
moment frame, acting alone, must be capable of providing at least 25 percent of the structure’s
required lateral seismic resistance; the braced frames or shear walls that the moment frames are
paired with must be proportioned, based on their stiffness, to resist that portion of the total
required design lateral forces (determined considering their interaction with the moment frame,
which may be more or less than 75 percent of the total required resistance, and may vary with
height).
Cantilevered columns systems rely on the cantilever strength and stiffness of columns restrained
against rotation at their bases.
Each of these elements can be coupled with different horizontal elements, including wood-sheathed
floors and roofs, steel deck roofs, concrete-filled steel deck floors and roofs, formed concrete slabs,
precast concrete floors and roofs, and horizontal bracing systems.

26

2.6 Selection of software
It is a user friendly package and graphical user interface of STAAD pro V8i is very wonderful.
Numerous benefits are associated with this software. Some of which include;
It supports several steel, concrete and timber design codes.
Generation of loads
Cleanup capability
Wide Application in Structural Engineering
Concrete and steel design have been included into STAAD.pro to help us optimize our
design with full control of parameters such as deflection, reinforcement for your concrete
columns, beams, slabs and shear walls and as a result of this, the stress of using one
software to do modelling, another software for steel design and another one to design
your concrete beams, slabs and foundations is wept out.
we can customize it to fit any design you need because of it in-built parametric library.
With it, we don't need to use multiple software programs to check the integrity of our
structure under different conditions; we can also subject your structure to linear, dynamic,
and even non-linear conditions.
It is the best and most professional software for steel, concrete, timber, aluminium and cold-formed
steel design. Some of the things we can do using the software:
Used in the design of culverts.
Used in the design of petrochemical plants,
Used in the design of tunnels,
Used in the design of bridges, etc.
It is a user friendly package and graphical user interface of STAAD is very wonderful.
The principle objective of this project is to analyse and design a earthquake resistant multi-storeyed
building (3 dimensional frame) using STAAD Pro V8i. The design involves load calculations manually
and analyzing the whole structure by STAAD Pro. The design methods used in STAAD Pro V8i analysis
are Limit State Design conforming to Indian Standard Code of Practice. STAAD Pro V8i features a
state-of-the-art user interface, visualization tools, powerful analysis and design engines with
advanced finite element and dynamic analysis capabilities. From model generation, analysis and
design to visualization and result verification, STAAD Pro V8i is the professional’s choice.
STAAD Pro V8i has a very interactive user interface which allows the users to draw the frame and
input the load values and dimensions. Then according to the specified criteria assigned it analyses
the structure and designs the members with reinforcement details for RCC frames. We continued
with our work with some more multi-storeyed under various load combinations.

27

2.7 Summary
During earthquake analysis, we can study dynamic properties of building in terms of natural
frequency and base shear.
Natural Frequency can be calculated by

1. Rayleigh Frequency
2. Modal / Eigen Calculation Method
Base Shear can be calculated by :
1. Time history Analysis
2. Response Spectrum Method

28

Chapter
3:
Problems
undertaken
and software
analysis
29

Assumed Preliminary
data required for
analysis
Type of Structure – Multi-storey rigid jointed plane frame (Ordinary RC moment resisting frame)
Seismic Zone – IV (table 2, IS 1893(Part 1):2002)
Number of stories – Four (G+3)
Materials – Concrete (M20) and Reinforcement (Fe 415)
Size of column – 250mm*450mm
Size of beams – 250mm*400mm in longitudinal and 250mm*350mm in transverse direction
Specific weight of RCC – 25kN/m^3
Rock/Soil type – Soft Rock (variable)
Response spectra – As per IS 1893 (part 1):2002
Time history – Compatible to IS 1893(part 1): 2002 spectra rocky site for 5% damping

30

Click on new project
Specify name, location & Dimensional Units (Taking Length unit as meter and Force unit as kilo
Newton)

32

Grid Appears

Go to GEOMETRY RUN STRUCTURAL WIZARD
Or we can select OPEN STRUCTUAL WIZARD in the new project only

34

In StWizard In MODEL TYPE  Select FRAME MODEL.

35

Select BAY FRAME

Set BAY FRAME length, width and height and number of bays in respective direction.

36

Check preview and close and Add.

Structure appears in the main window Remove Grid

37

Final

structure:

Go to GENERAL Tab  In PROPERTY Tab Define Section PropertiesClick on Definein Property
Dialogue
box
Click
on
rectangleGive
dimensionsAdd

Three different sections defined for respective column (ref section 1), beams in longitudinal (ref
section 2) and transverse (ref section 3) direction.
38

Go to Select  beams parallel to  Y select ref 1 section assign to selected beamin the
dialogue box click YES.

Repeat the step same as above
Select ref section 2
39

Select beam parallel to  X  assign to selected beams  assign  yes
Select ref section 3
Select beam parallel to  Z  assign to selected beams  assign  yes
Final structure:

Go to SUPPORT tab  the dialogue box appears of support

 Create  Fixed add

Fixed support defined
40

Take front view

Select Support 2  Select nodes  assign to selected beams  yes
For three dimensional view

41

In general tab  Loads & Definition

42

CALCULATING NATURAL FREQUENCY OF A BUILDING-MODAL
SHAPE
In load and definition dialogue box  select seismic definition  add

In the new window appeared
In Type  IS 1893-2002  Generate

43

Modified definitions Add

In the new dialoged box put self weight factor as 1 Add

45

Set Load definitions as follows:

Assign Self weight to view.Assign UDL with force in all beams.
Then go to Command menu  Miscellaneous  Cut off Mode shapes, enter value 10 and press OK

Command Pre print analysis Print all
Analysis & Print  in the dialogue box Print All
Analysis  run analysis (Control +F5)
Click on the Output view file and done.

46

Loading 1 is “seismic” (seismic effect in X, Y & Z direction)

Loading 2 is “dead” (Dead Load)

Loading 3 is “live” (Live Load)

48

PROTOTYPE A:
DIMENSIONS:
100*300mm (Y direction)
100*250mm (X direction)
100*200mm (Z direction)
Modal frequency:

49

PROTOTYPE B:
Dimensions:
Modal frequency:

51

PROTOTYPE C:
DIMENSION:
150*350 (Y direction)
Modal frequency:

53

PROTOTYPE D:
DIMENSION:
Modal frequency:

55

CALCULATING NATURAL FREQUENCY OF A BUILDING – RAYLEIGH METHOD
In load and definition dialogue box  select seismic definition  add

In the new window appeared
In Type  IS 1893-2002  Generate

57

Modified definitions Add

In the new dialoged box self weight  self weight factor as 1 Add

59

In Loads and definition  Load Case detailsLoad type Define Give name  Add loads

60

Select load case details Select LoadAddSelf weightself weight load X Factor 1Add

61

Go to Frequency  Rayleigh Frequency Add

Similarly, add other loads.
In Live load Member loadUniform forceassign valueAdd

62

Again, go to floor loadFloorAssign value in respective direction with specific rangeadd

Similarly, define other loads.
And load final definition will be

63

ASSIGN THE LOADS.
Assign dead loads to the view.
Assign UDL to all beams (in X & Z direction)
Analyzing

the

main

result:

64

Tab Analyze  run analysis save the file

65

Results:

here CPS is cycles per second.
Loading 1 is “seismic” (seismic effect in X direction)

Loading

2

is

“seismic

Y

”

(seismic

effect

in

Y

direction)

66

Loading 3 is “seismic Z” (seismic effect in Z direction)

Loading 4 is “dead” (Dead Load)

Loading 5 is “live” (Live Load)

67

PROTOTYPE A
DIMENSION:
100*200 (Z direction)
Rayleigh frequency:

68

PROTOTYPE B:
Dimensions:
Rayleigh frequency:

70

PROTOTYPE C:
DIMENSION:
Rayleigh frequency:

72

PROTOTYPE D:
DIMENSION:
Rayleigh frequency:

74

Response Spectrum analysis of base shear
In

General

tab

Load

&

Definition

tab



Load

definition

Seismic

definition

76

Click on seismic parameter select IS 1893:2002GenerateGenerate to the given parameters of
problemGenerate
Add

77

Click on self weight Self weight factor =1 add  Member load select type UNI Assign
weightAdd

78

Floor

weight

tab

Select

range

Assign

pressure



Define

Y

range

Add

79

Final seismic definition as:

Assign self weight to view.
Assign UDL in all the beams (in X & Z direction)
Load Case Details Define Load type in seismic Add Title Add

80

Assign to the various loads in dead, live, Seismic Primary loads.
In response spectrum primary load,
Assign
Self weight ( X, Y & Z with factor 1)
UDL (member load) 13kN/m in GX, GY &GZ.
Floor load (in Y range) of 2.5kN/m^2 in GX, GY & GZ.
Add response spectrum in the same load case as follows:

82

Open STAAD Editor.

In Floor weight add the following statement as highlighted in the green box.

Control +S (Save the file)
Command Pre print analysis Print all
Analysis & Print  in the dialogue box Print All
Analysis  run analysis (Control +F5)
Click on the Output view file and done.

85

PROTOTYPE A
DIMENSION:
Time history:

88

PROTOTYPE B:
Dimensions:
Response spectrum:

90

PROTOTYPE C:
DIMENSION:
Response spectrum:

92

PROTOTYPE D:
DIMENSION:
Response spectrum:

94

Base Shear By Time History Method
In Load & Definition tab  Load & Definition  Time history definition Add type 1
Acceleration Define time and acceleration

Add time and acceleration valuesAdd

96

Final load case definition:

Assign primary Loads details as:
Dead load
Live load
Time history load

97

Assign time history as:

Final Loads will be as follows:

Assign the respective loads as:
Assign self weight to the view
Assign UDL to beams (in X & Z direction)
98

Command miscellaneous cut off mode shape10Ok
Go to CommandPre print analysisPrint all
Go to Analysis/Print tab All
AnalysisRun Analysis
View Output fileDone

Result

99

0.4

TIME HISTORY
0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Time in
sec

-0.1

-0.2

-0.3

-0.4

ON Y – AXIS ACCELERATION IN m/sec2
ON X – AXIS TIME IN sec

101

35

How To Generate Mode Shapes:
After post processing Go to Post processing

Go

to

dynamics

tabSelect

the

Mode

number



View

the

respective

mode.

102

MASS PARTICIPATION FOR RESPECTIVE MODES

MAXIMUM & MINIMUM REACTION FORCE AND MOMENTS IN
BEAM & NODES (IN X , Y & Z DIRECTION )

Max Fx
Min Fx
Max Fy
Min Fy
Max Fz
Min Fz
Max
Mx
Min Mx
Max
My
Min My
Max
Mz
Min Mz

Node
17

Fx kN
626.319

Fy kN
0

Fz kN
0

29
28
27
19
59

L/C
1 DEAD
3
TIME
HISTORY
1 DEAD
1 DED
1 DEAD
1 DEAD

Mx
kNm
0

16
29
29
11
41

-16.093
14.653
14.653
128.541
128.541

-6.487
53.781
-53.781
0
0

0
0
0
5.136
-5.136

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
-7.374
7.374

14.638
48.909
48.909
0
0

70
82

2 LIVE
2 LIVE

13
28

0.717
0.717

2.36
1.546

0.03
-0.03

0.597
-0.597

-0.03
0.044

1.414
0.396

19
59

1 DEAD
1 DEAD

14
44

119.264
119.264

0
0

5.136
-5.136

0
0

10.602
-10.602

0
0

27
40

1 DEAD
1 DEAD

29
30

14.653
86.37

-53.781 0
14.713 0

0
0

0
0

48.909
-29.358

Beam
30

SUPPORT

My kNm
0

Mz kNm
0

REACTIONS

108

Analyzing A
Direction:

Single

Beam

In

Longitudinal

109

MEMBER 41 SHEAR BENDING AND ITS VALUE ( Distance , Fy

distance m
0
0.41666667
0.83333333
1.25
1.66666667
2.08333333
2.5
2.91666667
3.33333333
3.75
4.16666667
4.58333333
5

Fy Kn
42.177
35.561
28.512
21.028
13.328
5.627
-2.073
-9.774
-17.474
-25.175
-32.658
-39.708
-46.323

kN & Mz kNm )

Mz kNm
30.596
14.386
1.022
-9.314
-16.471
-20.42
-21.161
-18.693
-13.016
-4.131
7.933
23.024
40.962

110

MEMBER 41 DEFLECTION AND ITS VALUE (

distance m
0
0.41666667
0.83333333
1.25
1.66666667
2.08333333
2.5
2.91666667
3.33333333
3.75
4.16666667
4.58333333
5

DISTANCE & DISPLACEMENT )

displacement mm
-0.011
-0.01
-0.009
-0.008
-0.007
-0.006
-0.005
-0.004
-0.004
-0.003
-0.002
-0.001
0

111

Analyzing A Single Column In Vertical Direction:

112

MEMBER 49 SHEAR BENDING AND ITS VALUE ( Distance , Fy

distance m
0
0.29166667
0.58333333
0.875
1.16666667
1.45833333
1.75
2.04166667
2.33333333
2.625
2.91666667
3.20833333
3.5

Fy kN
-5.504
-5.504
-5.504
-5.504
-5.504
-5.504
-5.504
-5.504
-5.504
-5.504
-5.504
-5.504
-5.504

kN & Mz kNm )

Mz kNm
-6.398
-4.793
-3.187
-1.582
0.023
1.628
3.234
4.839
6.444
8.049
9.655
11.26
12.865

113

MEMBER 49

Distance m
0
0.29166667
0.58333333
0.875
1.16666667
1.45833333
1.75
2.04166667
2.33333333
2.625
2.91666667
3.20833333
3.5

DEFLECTION

AND

ITS

VALUE

(

DISTANCE

&

DISPLACEMENT

)

displacement mm
0
-0.021
-0.075
-0.15
-0.235
-0.32
-0.394
-0.447
-0.467
-0.445
-0.368
-0.227
-0.011

114

MAXIMUM NODAL DISPLACEMENT

TIME HISTORY BENDING EFFECT IN Z DIRECTION

115

TIME HISTORY Torsion: Axial Force: Shear EFFECT IN Z DIRECTION

116

TIME VS DISPLACEMENT GRAPH IN DIRECTION OF X, Y & Z
RESPECTIVELY

118

TIME VS ACCELERATION GRAPH IN DIRECTION OF X, Y & Z
RESPECTIVELY

119

RESPECTIVELY

121

RESPECTIVELY

122

RESPECTIVELY

124

RESPECTIVELY

125

RESPECTIVELY

127

RESPECTIVELY

128

RESPECTIVELY

130

RESPECTIVELY

131

RESPECTIVELY

133

RESPECTIVELY

134

PROTOTYPE A
DIMENSION:
Time history:

135

PROTOTYPE B:
Dimensions:
Time history:

137

PROTOTYPE C:
DIMENSION:
Time history:

139

PROTOTYPE D:
DIMENSION:
Time history:

141

Chapter

4:

Conclusions And
Recommendation

143

1. For final deflection which includes the effect of creep, temperature, shrinkage and measured from
as cast level of support (SPAN/250) final.
Considering all the safety parameters Prototype MAIN is considered to be best and economical
design. As per the Indian ductile detailing code is 13920-1993 required column to be atleast 300mm
wide. A column width of upto 200mm is allowed if unsupported length is less then 4m & beam
length is less then 5m.

X- Direction
Y- Direction
Z- Direction

Prototype A
100*250 mm
100*300mm
100*200mm

Prototype B
200*350mm
200*400mm
200*300mm

Prototype C
150*300mm
150*300mm
150*250mm

Prototype D
300*450mm
300*500mm
300*400mm

MAIN
250*400mm
250*450mm
250*350mm

By Rayleigh Method
Direction
X
Displacement
cm
Frequency
Y
Displacement
cm
Frequency
Z
Displacement
cm
Frequency

Prototype A
89.5613

Prototype B
22.8501

Prototype C
40.2264

Prototype D
10.5997

MAIN
14.7663

0.5932
0.0336

1.1740
0.0350

0.8849
.0345

1.7235
0.0364

1.4604
0.0354

41.4040
31.0928

35.3542
10.1299

37.2552
16.1672

33.3293
5.0773

34.3453
7.0768

1.0335

1.7910

1.4228

2.5205

2.13924

Prototype A and B fails in X- direction.
Prototype A fails in Z- direction.
Prototype C, D and main is safe in all directions.
Considering all the safety parameters Prototype MAIN is considered to be best and economical
design.

2. Modal / Eigen Solution Method
MODE NO.
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3
Mode 4
Mode 5
Mode 6
Mode 7
Mode 8
Mode 9
Mode 10

PROTOTYPE A
0.149
0.236
0.263
0.472
0.868
0.876
0.935
1.235
1.254
1.514

PROTOTYPE B
0.48
0.683
0.769
1.552
2.318
2.556
2.84
3.009
3.722
3.872

PROTOTYPE C
0.291
0.435
0.488
0.94
1.523
1.658
1.725
2.05
2.448
2.511

PROTOTYPE D
0.989
1.305
1.485
3.189
4.304
4.836
5.409
5.823
6.773
7.044

MAIN
0.713
0.974
1.103
2.302
3.248
3.618
4.13
4.208
5.144
5.355

144

Graph show below as per value or result:
8

7

6
Mode 1
Mode 2

5

Mode 3
Mode 4
4

Mode 5
Mode 6
Mode 7

3

Mode 8
Mode 9
2

Mode 10

1

0
1

2

3

NUMBER ON X - AXIS

5

REPRESENTATION

1
2
3
4
5

4

PROTOTYPE A
PROTOTYPE C
PROTOTYPE B
MAIN
PROTOTYPE D

3. For the mode with lesser frequency has greater value of mass participation factor in the
respective direction i.e., greater time period, greater is the mass participation of respective mode.
4. Time history calculation for base shear is considerably less by the calculated base shear by
response spectrum method. This would need scaling. Hence it is justified why time history analysis
method is discouraged by current codes.

145

Chapter-5:
Summary
and
Future scope

146

5.1 Summary
Our final work was the proper analysis of an earthquake resistant Four (G+3) storey 3-D RCC
frame under various load combinations.
The structure was subjected to various combinations of dead load, live load, seismic load, and time
history load. Seismic load calculations were done following IS 1893-2000. The materials were
specified and cross-sections of the beam and column members were assigned. The supports at the
base of the structure were also specified as fixed. The codes of practice to be followed were also
specified for design purpose with other important details. Then STAAD Pro V8i was used to analyze
the structure and design the members. In the post-processing mode, after completion of the design,
we can work on the structure and study the bending moment and shear force values with the
generated diagrams.
The building is made keeping in mind. Strong column and weak beam design. The failure of
column can affect the stability of the whole building, but the failure of beam cause a localized effect.
The design of the building is dependent upon the minimum requirements as prescribed in the
Indian Standard Codes. The minimum requirements pertaining to the structural safety of buildings
are being covered by way of laying down minimum design loads which have to be assumed for dead
loads, imposed loads, and other external loads, the structure would be required to bear. Strict
conformity to loading standards recommended in this code, it is hoped, will ensure the structural
safety of the buildings which are being designed. Structure and structural elements were normally
designed by Limit State Method.
Complicated and high-rise structures need very time taking and cumbersome calculations using
conventional manual methods. STAAD Pro V8i provides us a fast, efficient, easy to use and accurate
platform for analyzing and designing structures.

5.2 Future Scope
There is much to explore in this flourishing field of seismic isolation. Especially in our country
a lot of research work can be done & needed to be done. In this particular dissertation work the
study is being carried out only for 1st mode of vibration, the effect of higher modes on torsional
coupling of superstructure can be a stuff to be explored. Further the superstructure was assumed to
be perfectly rigid for this study, so the effect of superstructure flexibility can also be investigated.
Further the parametric studies can be conducted might be based on extent of eccentricity or
superstructure stiffness variation etc.

147

Annexure 1: Code used
CODE OF EARTHQUAKE USED FOR EXPERIMENTS AND TABLES USED
The first formal seismic code in India, namely IS 1893, was published in 1962. Today, the
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has the following seismic codes:
IS 1893 (Part I), 2002
IS 13920, 1993

TERMINOLOGY FOR EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
[ For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply which are applicable generally to all
structures.]
{NOTE — For the definitions of terms pertaining to soil mechanics and soil dynamics references may be
made to IS 2809 and IS 2810}.
Closely-Spaced Modes
Closely-spaced modes of a structure are those of its natural modes of vibration whose natural frequencies differ from
each other by 10 percent or less of the lower frequency.
Critical Damping
The damping beyond which the free vibration motion will not be oscillatory.
Damping
The effect of internal friction, imperfect elasticity of material, slipping, sliding, etc in reducing the amplitude of
vibration and is expressed as a percentage of critical damping.
Design Acceleration Spectrum
Design acceleration spectrum refers to an average smoothened plot of maximum acceleration as a function of
frequency or time period of vibration for a specified damping ratio for earthquake excitations at thebase of a single
degree of freedom system.
Design Basis Earthquake ( DBE )
It is the earthquake which can reasonably be expected to occur at least once during the design life of the
structure.
Design Horizontal Acceleration Coefficient (Ah )
It is a horizontal acceleration coefficient that shall be used for design of structures.
Design Lateral Force
It is the horizontal seismic force prescribed by this standard, that shall be used to design a structure.
Ductility
Ductility of a structure, or its members, is the capacity to undergo large inelastic deformations without
significant loss of strength or stiffness.
Epicenter
The geographical point on the surface of earth vertically above the focus of the earthquake.
149

Effective Peak Ground Acceleration ( EPGA )
It is 0.4 times the 5 percent damped average spectral acceleration between period 0.1 to 0.3 s. This
shall be taken as Zero Period Acceleration ( ZPA ).
Floor Response Spectra
Floor response spectra is the response spectra for a time history motion of a floor. This floor motion
time history is obtained by an analysis of mu13ti7storey building for appropriate material damping
values subjected to a specified earthquake motion at the base of structure.
Focus
The originating earthquake source of the elastic waves inside the earth which cause shaking of
ground due to earthquake.
Importance Factor (I)
It is a factor used to obtain the design seismic force depending on the functional use of the
structure, characterised by hazardous consequences of its failure, its post-earthquake functional
need, historic value, or economic importance.
Intensity of Earthquake
The intensity of an earthquake at a place is a measure of the strength of shaking during the
earthquake, and is indicated by a number according to the modified Morcalli Scale or M.S.K. Scale of
seismic intensities (see Annex D ).
Liquefaction
Liquefaction is a state in saturated cohesion less soil wherein the effective shear strength is reduced
to negligible value for all engineering purpose due to pore pressure caused by vibrations during an
earthquake when they approach the total confining pressure. In this condition the soil tends to
behave like a fluid mass.
Litho logical Features
The nature of the geological formation of the earths crust above bed rock on the basis of such
characteristics as colour, structure, mineralogical composition and grain size.
Magnitude at' Earthquake ( Richter's Magnitude )
The magnitude of earthquake is a number, which is a measure of energy released in an earthquake.
It is defined as logarithm to the base 10 of the maximum trace amplitude, expressed in microns,
which the standard short-period torsion seismometer ( with a period of 0.8 s, magnification 2 800
and clamping nearly critical ) would register due to the earthquake at an epicentral distance of 100
km.
Maximum Considered Earthquake ( MCE )
The most severe earthquake effects considered by this standard.
150

Modal Mass (Mk )
Modal mass of a structure subjected to horizontal or vertical, as the case may be, ground motion is a
part of the total seismic mass of the structure that is effective in mode k of vibration. The modal
mass for a given mode has a unique value irrespective of scaling of the mode shape.
Modal Participation Factor (Pk)
Modal participation factor of mode k of vibration is the amount by which mode k contributes to the
overall vibration of the structure under horizontal and vertical earthquake ground motions. Since the
amplitudes of 95 percent mode shapes can be scaled arbitrarily, the value of this factor depends on
the scaling used for mode shapes.
Modes of Vibration ( see Normal Mode)
Mode Shape Coefficient (Pik )
When a system is vibrating in normal mode k, at any particular instant of time, the amplitude of
mass i expressed as a ratio of the amplitude of one of the masses of the system, is known as mode
shape coefficient ( ).
Natural Period ( T)
Natural period of a structure is its time period of undamped free vibration.
Fundamental Natural Period ( T1)
It is the first ( longest ) modal time period of vibration.
Modal Natural Period ( Tk)
The modal natural period of mode k is the time period of vibration in mode k.
Normal Mode
A system is said to be vibrating in a normal mode when all its masses attain maximum values of
displacements and rotations simultaneously, and pass through equilibrium positions simultaneously.
Response Reduction Factor (`R)
It is the factor by which the actual base shear force, that would be generated if the structure were to
remain elastic during its response to the Design Basis Earthquake (DBE) shaking, shall be reduced to
obtain the design lateral force.
Response Spectrum
The representation of the maximum response of idealized single degree freedom systems having certain
period and damping, during earthquake ground motion. The maximum response is plotted against the
undamped natural period and for various damping values, and can be expressed in terms of maximum
absolute acceleration, maximum relative velocity, or maximum relative displacement.
Seismic Mass
It is the seismic weight divided by acceleration due to gravity.
151

Seismic Weight ( W)
It is the total dead load plus appropriate amounts of specified imposed load.
Structural Response Factors ( Sa/g)
It is a factor denoting the acceleration response spectrum of the structure subjected to earthquake ground
vibrations, and depends on natural period of vibration and damping of the structure.
Tectonic Features
The nature of geological formation of the bed rock in the earth's crust revealing regions characterized by
structural features, such as dislocation, distortion, faults, folding, thrusts, volcanoes with their age of
formation, which are directly involved in the earth movement or quake resulting in the above
consequences.
Time History Analysis
It is an analysis of the dynamic response of the structure at each increment of time, when its base is subjected
to a specific ground motion time history.
Zone Factor ( Z )
It is a factor to obtain the design spectrum depending on the perceived maximum seismic risk characterized by
Maximum Considered Earthquake ( MCE ) in the zone in which the structure is located. The basic zone factors
included in this standard arereasonable estimate of effective peak ground acceleration.
Zero Period Acceleration ( ZPA )
It is the value of acceleration response spectrum for period below 0.03 s ( frequencies above 33 Hz ).

TERMINOLOY FOR EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING OF BUILDINGS
[ For the purpose of earthquake resistant design of buildings in this standard, the following definitions shall
apply.]
Base
It is the level at which inertia forces generated in the structure are transferred to the foundation, which then
transfers these forces to the ground.
Base Dimensions ( d)
Base dimension of the building along a direction isthe dimension at its base, in metre, along that
direction.
Centre of Mass
The point through which the resultant of the masses of a system acts. This paint corresponds to the
centre of gravity of masses of system.
Centre of Stiffness
The point through which the resultant of the restoring forces of a system acts.
Design Eccentricity ( edi )
It is the value of eccentricity to be used at floor i in torsion calculations for design.
Design Seismic Base Shear ( Vb)
152

It is the total design lateral force at the base of a structure.
Diaphragm
It is a horizontal, or neatly horizontal system, which transmits lateral forces to the vertical resisting
elemeMs, for example, reinforced qoncrete floors and horizontal bracing systems.
Dual System
Buildings with dual system consist of shear walls (or braced frames) and moment resisting frames
such that:
a) The two systems are designed to resist the total design lateral force in proportion to their lateral
stiffness considering the interaction of the dual system at all floor levels; and
b) The moment resisting frames are designed to independently resist at least 25 percent of the
design base shear.
Height of Floor ( hi )
It is the difference in levels between the base of the building and that of floor I.
Height of Structure ( h )
It is the difference in levels, in metres, between its base and its highest level.
Horizontal Bracing System
It is a horizontal truss system that serves the same function as a diaphragm.
Joint
It is the portion of the column that is common to other members, for example, beams, framing into
it.
Lateral Force Resisting Element
It is part of the structural system assigned to resist lateral forces.
Moment-Resisting Frame
It is a frame in which members and joints are capable of resisting forces primarily by flexure.
Ordinary Moment-Resisting Frame
It is a moment-resisting frame not meeting special detailing requirements for ductile behaviour.
Special Moment-Resisting Frame
It is a moment-resisting frame specially detailed to provide ductile behaviour and comply with the
requirements given in IS 4326 or IS 13920 or SP 6(6).

153

Number of Storeys ( n )
Number of storeys of a building is the number of levels above the base. This excludes the basement
storeys, where basement walls are connected with the ground floor deck or fitted between the
building columns. But, it includes the basement storeys, when they are not so connected.
Principal Axes
Principal axes of a building are generally two mutually perpendicular horizontal directions in plan of
a building along which the geometry of the building is oriented.
P-∆ Effect
It is the secondary effect on shears and moments of frame members due to action of the vertical
loads, interacting with the lateral displacement of building resulting from seismic forces.
Shear Wall
It is a wall designed to resist lateral forces acting in its own plane.
Soft Storey
It is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70 percent of that in the storey above or less than
80 percent of the average lateral stiffness of the three storeys above.
Static Eccentricity ( ea )
It is the distance between centre of mass and centre of rigidity of floor 1.
Storey
It is the space between two adjacent floors.
Storey Drift
It is the displacement of one level relative to the other level above or below.
Storey Shear
It is the sum of design lateral forces at all levels above the storey under consideration.
Weak Storey
It is the one in which the storey lateral strength is less than 80 percent of that in the storey above.
The storey lateral strength is the total strength of all seismic force resisting elements sharing the
storey shear in the considered direction.

154

Load Combination and Increase in Permissible Stresses
1. Load Combinations
When earthquake forces are considered on a structure , these shall be combined as per 6.3.1.1 and
6.3.1.2 where the terms DL, IL and EL stand for the response quantities due to dead load, imposed
load and designated earthquake load respectively.


Load factors for plastic design of steel structures

In the plastic design of steel structures, the following load combinations shall be accounted for:
1) 1.7 (DL + IL)
2) 1.7 (DL*EL)
3) 1.3(DL+1L*EL)



Partial safety factors for limit state design of reinforced concrete and prestressed
concrete structures
In the limit state design of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures, the following
load combinations shall be accounted for:
1)

1.5(DL+ IL)

2)

1.2 (DL ± LEL)

3)

1.5(DL ± EL)

4)

0.9 DL ± 1.5 EL

2. Design Horizontal Earthquake Load




When the lateral load resisting elements are oriented along orthogonal horizontal direction,
the structure shall be designed for the effects due to full design earthquake load in one
horizontal direction at time.
When the lateral load resisting elements are not oriented along the orthogonal horizontal
directions, the structure shall be designed for the effects due to full design earthquake load
in one horizontal direction plus 30 percent of the design earthquake load in the other
direction.

[NOTE — For instance, the building should be designed for ( F.Lx 0.3 ELy ) wen as ( 0.3 ELx ELy ),
where x and y are two orthogonal horizontal directions. EL in 6.3.1.1 and 6.3.1.2 shall be replaced by
( ELx 0.3 ELy ) or ( * 0.3 ELx ).]
3. Design Vertical Earthquake Load
When effects due to vertical earthquake loads are to be considered, the design vertical force shall be
calculated in accordance with 6.4.5.

155

4. Combination for Two or Three Component Motion
 When responses from the three earthquakecomponents are to be considered, the responses
dueto each component may be combined using theassumption that when the maximum
response from one component occurs, the responses from the other two component are 30
percent of their maximum. All possible combinations of the three components ( ELx, ELy and
ELz) including variations in sign ( plus or minus ) shall be considered. Thus, the response due
earthquake force ( EL ) is the maximum of the following three cases:
1) ± ELx±0.3 ELy±0.3 ELz
2) ±ELy±0.3 ELx ±0.3 ELz
3) ± ELz ± 0.3 ELx+ 0.3 ELy
where x and y are two orthogonal directions and z is vertical direction.


As an alternative to the procedure in 6.3.4.1, the response ( EL ) due to the combined effect
of the three components can be obtained on the basis of 'square root of the sum of the
square ( SRSS )' that is
EL =

√( (ELx )2 +(ELy )2 +(ELz )2)

[NOTE — The combination procedure of 6.3.4.1 and 6.3.4.2 apply to the same response quantity
(say, moment in a column about its major axis, or storey shear in a frame) due to different
components ofthe ground motion.]


When two component motions ( say one horizontal and one vertical, or only two horizontal )
are combined, the equations in 6.3.4.1 and 6.3.4.2 should be modified by deleting the term
representing the response due to the component of motion not being considered.
5. Increase in Permissible Stresses
 Increase in permissible stresses in materials
When earthquake forces are considered along with other normal design forces, the permissible
stresses in material, in the elastic method of design, may be increased by one-third. However,
for steels having a definite yield stress, the stress be limited to the yield stress; for steels without
a definite yield point, the stress will be limited to 80 percent of the ultimate strength or 0.2
percent proof stress, whichever is smaller; and that in prestressed concrete members, the
tensile stress in the extreme fibers of the concrete may be permitted so as not to exceed twothirds of the modulus of rupture of concrete.


Increase in allowable pressure in soils

When earthquake forces are included, the allowable bearing pressure in soils shall be increased as
per Table I, depending upon type of foundation of the structure and the type of soil.
In soil deposits consisting of submerged loose sand soils falling under classification SP with standard
penetration N-values less than 15 in seismic Zones III, IV, V and less than 10 in seismic Zone II, the
vibration caused by earthquake may cause liquefaction or excessive total and differential
settlements. Such sites should preferably be avoided while locating new settlements or important
156

projects. Otherwise, this aspect of the problem needs to be investigated and appropriate methods of
compaction or stabilization adopted to achieve suitable N-values as indicated in Note 3 under Table
1. Alternatively, deep pile foundation may be provided and taken to depths well into the layer which
is not likely to liquefy. Marine clays and other sensitive clays are also known to liquefy due to
collapse of soil structure and will need special treatment according to site condition.
Design Spectrum
For the purpose of determining seismic forces, the country is classified into four
seismic zones as shown in Fig. 1.
The design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah for a structure shall be determined
by the following expression:

Provided that for any structure with T ≤ 0.1 s, the value of Ah will not be taken less than Z/2
whatever be the value of I/R
where
Z = Zone factor given in Table 2, is for the Maximum Considered Earthquake ( MCE )
and service life of structure in a zone. The factor 2 in the denominator of Z is used so
as to reduce the Maximum Considered Earthquake ( MCE ) zone factor to the factor
for Design Basis Earthquake ( DBE ).
I = Importance factor, depending upon the functional use of the structures,
characterised by hazardous consequences of its failure, post-earthquake functional
needs, historical value, or economic importance( Table 6).
R = Response reduction factor, depending on the perceived seismic damage
performance of the structure, characterised by ductile or brittle deformations.
However, the ratio (I/R) shall not be greater than 1.0 ( Table 7). The values ofR for
buildings are given in Table 7.
Sa/g= Average response acceleration coefficient

157

The design acceleration spectrum
The design acceleration spectrum for vertical motions, when required, may be taken as
two-thirds of the design horizontal acceleration spectrum specified in 6.4.2.
Figure 2 shows the proposed 5 percent spectra for rocky and soils sites and Table 3
gives the multiplying factors for obtaining spectral values for various other dampings.

Seismic Weight
Seismic weight of floors
The seismic weight of each floor is its full dead load plus appropriate amount of
imposed load, as specified in 7.3.1 and 7.3.2. While computing the seismic weight of
each floor, the weight of columns and walls in any storey shall be equally distributed
to the floors above and below the storey.
158

Seismic Weight of Building
The seismic weight of the whole building is the sum of the seismic weights of all the
floors.
Any weight supported in between storeys shall be distributed to the floors
above and below in inverse proportion to its distance from the floors.

159

Design Lateral Force
Buildings and portions thereof shall be designed and constructed, to resist the
effects of design lateral force specified in 7.5.3 as a minimum.
The design lateral force shall first be computed for the building as a whole. This
design lateral force shall then be distributed to the various floor levels. The
overall design seismic force thus obtained at each floor level, shall then be
distributed to individual lateral load resisting elements depending on the floor
diaphragm action.
Design Seismic Base Shear
The total design lateral farce or design seismic base shear (178) along any
principal direction shall be determined by the following expression:
VB =AhW
where
Ah = Design horizontal acceleration spectrum value as per 6.4.2, using the
fundamental natural period T as per 7.6 in the considered direction of
vibration; and
W = Seismic weight of the building as per 7.4.2. 7.6 Fundamental Natural
Period
Fundamental Natural Period
The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration ( T.), in seconds, of a
moment-resisting frame building without brick in panels may be estimated by the
empirical expression:
T = 0.075 h0.75 for RC frame building
= 0.085 h0.75 for steel frame building
where
h = Height of building, in m. This excludes the basement storeys,
where basement walls are connected with the ground floor deck or
fitted between the building columns. But it includes the basement
storeys, when they are not so connected.
The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration ), in seconds, of all other
buildings, including moment-resisting frame buildings with brick infill panels, may
be estimated by the empirical expression:

164

where
h = Height of building, in m, as dermal in 7.6.1; and
d = Base dimension of the building at the plinth level, in m, along the
considered direction of the lateral force.
Distribution of Design Force
Vertical Distribution of Base Shear to Different Floor Levels
The design base shear(VB) computed in 7.5.3 shall be distributed along the height of
the building as per the following expression:

where
Qi = Design lateral force at floor i,
Wi= Seismic weight of floor 1,
Hi = Height of floor i measured from base, and
n = Number of storeys in the building is the number of levels at which the
masses are located.
Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic analysis shall be performed to obtain the design seismic force, and its
distribution to different levels along the height of thebuilding and to the various
lateral load resisting elements, for the following buildings:
a) Regular buildings — Those greater than 40 m in height in Zones IV and V,
and those greater than 90 m in height in Zones II and III. Modelling as per
7.8.4.5 can be used.
b) Irregular buildings (as defined in 7.1) –
All framed buildings higher than 12m in Zones IV and V, and those greater
than 40 m in height in zones II and III.
The analytical model for dynamic analysis of buildings with unusual configuration should be such
that it adequately models the types of irregularities present in the building configuration. Buildings
with plan irregularities, as defined in Table 4 (as per 7.1),cannot be modelled for dynamic analysis by
the method given in 7.8.4.5.

165

[NOTE — for irregular buildings, lesser than 40 m in height in Zones It and III, dynamic analysis, even
though not mandatory, is recommended.]
Dynamic analysis may be performed either by the Time History Method or by the
Response Spectrum Method. However, in either method, the design base shear ( VB)
shall be compared with a base shear ( VB) calculated using a fundamental period Ta,
where Ta is as per 7.6. Where VB is less than ( VB) , all the response quantities ( for
example member forces, displacements, storey forces, storey shears and base
reactions) shall be multiplied by VB / VB.
o The value of damping for buildings may be taken as 2 and 5 percent of the
critical, for the purposes of dynamic analysis of steel and reinforced
concrete buildings, respectively.
Time History Method
Time history method of analysis, when used, shall be based on an
appropriate ground motion and shall be performed using accepted
principles of dynamics.
Response Spectrum Method
Response spectrum method of analysis shall be performed using the design
spectrum specified in 6A.2, or by a site-specific design spectrum mentioned
in 6.4.6.
o Free Vibration Analysis
Undamped free vibration analysis of the entire building shall be performed
as per established methods of mechanics using the appropriate masses and
elastic stiffness of the structural system, to obtain natural periods( T) and
mode shapes {Φ} of those of its modes of vibration that need to be
considered as per 7.8.4.2.
o

Modes to he considered
The number of modes to be used in the analysis should be such that the sum
total of modal masses of all modes considered is at least 90 percent of the
total seismic mass and missing mass correction beyond 33 percent. If modes
with natural frequency beyond 33 Hz are to be considered, modal
combination shall be carried out only for modes upto 33 Hz. The effect of
higher modes shall be included by considering missing mass correction
following well established procedures.

o

Analysis of building subjected to design forces
The building may be analyzed by accepted principles of' mechanics for the
design forces considered as static forces.

o

Modal combination
The peak response quantities ( for example, member forces, displacements,
storey forces, storey shears and base reactions) shall be combined as per
Complete Quadratic Combination( CQC ) method.
166

where
r= Number of modes being considered
ρij = Cross-modal coefficient,
λi= Response quantity in mode i ( including sign ),
λj= Response quantity in mode j ( including sign),

ζ= Modal damping ratio (infraction) as specified in 7.8.2.1,
β= Frequency ratio
ωi= Circular frequency in ith mode, and
ωj= Circular frequency in jth mode.
Alternatively, the peak response quantities may be combined as follows:
If the building does not have closely-spaced modes, then the peak response quantity
( λ ) due to all modes considered shall be obtained as

where
λk = Absolute value of quantity in mode k. and
r = Number of modes being considered.
If the building has a few closely-spaced modes (see 3.2 ), then the peak response quantity (
λ* ) due to these modes shall be obtained as

167

Where the summation is for the closely-spaced modes only. This peak response quantity due to the
closely spaced modes (X,' ) is then combined with those of the remaining well-separated modes by
the method described in 7.8.4.4 (a).
Buildings with regular, or nominally irregular.; plan configurations may be modelled
as a system of masses lumped at the floor levels with each mass having one degree
of freedom, that of lateral displacement in the direction under consideration. In
such a case, the following expressions shall hold in the computation of the various
quantities :
a) Modal Mass— The modal mass (Mk) of mode k is given by

where
g = Acceleration due to gravity,
Φik = Mode shape coefficient at floor i in mode k, and
Wi= Seismic weight of floor i

Modal Participation Factors
The modal participation factor ( Pk ) of mode k is given by:

Design Lateral Force at Each Floor in Each Mode
The peak lateral force ( Qik ) at floor i in mode k is given by

where
Ak = Design horizontal acceleration spectrum value as per 6.4.2 using the
natural period of vibration ( Tk ) of mode k.

Storey Shear Forces in Each Mode
The peak shear force (Vik) acting in storey i in mode k is given by
168

Storey Shear Forces due to All Modes Considered —
The peak storey shear force (Vik) in storey i due to all modes considered is obtained by combining
those due to each mode in accordance with 7.8.4.4

Lateral Parces at Each Storey Due to All Modes Considered —
The design lateral forces, Froof and Fi , at roof and at floor i:

169

Seismic analysis of multi storey reinforced concrete buildings frame”

Seismic analysis of multi storey reinforced concrete buildings frame”

Recommandé

Recommandé

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Tendances (20)

En vedette

En vedette (20)

Similaire à Seismic analysis of multi storey reinforced concrete buildings frame”

Similaire à Seismic analysis of multi storey reinforced concrete buildings frame” (20)

Dernier

Dernier (20)

Seismic analysis of multi storey reinforced concrete buildings frame”