Everything you wanted to know about planning in 2 hours
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This is a talk I gave at the Bridgton Senior College on February 6, 2014.
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Everything you wanted to know about planning in 2 hours
- 1. Anne Krieg, AICP Bridgton Director of Planning, Economic & Community Development What does that even mean?
- 2. What is Planning? • • • • • • • AICP Comprehensive Plan Data collection Strategizing Facilitation Visionaries Implementation
- 3. What’s a Comprehensive Plan? Snapshot of the town where we are right now What happened since the last plan in 2004 Where do we want to be over the next decade? Our housing stock Our economy Our use of land (zoning? Are we ready to try it again?) Our Town services Wastewater = growth?
- 4. Memorial School what’s up with that? • • • • Clean up Reuse Redevelop RFP
- 5. Economic Development • • • • • • Assistance to existing businesses Attract new business Marketing strategies Familiarization tours BEDC Regional economic development projects
- 6. Community Development • Community Development Block Grant Program – Town construction projects – Private construction projects – Services to residents • Grants
- 7. Other things • Committee work – CDC – CPC – WW Policy work Regulatory work Networking/ keeping up
- 9. Early Urban form • • • • • 3,000 BC Mesopotamia Greeks & Romans Medieval Renaissance (mid 1500’s) Baroque (1600-1750)
- 10. Mesopotamia
- 11. Athens
- 12. Roman towns
- 14. Palmanova
- 15. Baroque villages
- 16. Early Planning in the United States • Ordinance of 1785 • 1791 Pierre L.Enfant plans the capital of the United States • 1825 Erie Canal completed.
- 17. NYC • 1811 Commissioners' Plan • 1842 Croton Aqueduct • 1883 Brooklyn Bridge completed • 1890 Jacob Riis publishes his How the Other Half Lives • 1921 Port Authority of New York created.
- 18. Urban Public Health as a Focus of Concern Industrial Revolution and the Industrial City – 1855 The London physician John Snow publishes his map of the cholera outbreak in Soho – Physician Benjamin Ward Richardson wrote Hygeia, City of Health (1876) – 1855 The London physician John Snow publishes his map of the cholera outbreak in Soho [seen as a landmark prototype of a thematic map]
- 19. The Parks Movement – Frederick Law Olmstead – San Francisco's Golden Gate Park (designed by William Hammond Hall and John McLaren)
- 20. • 1869 Riverside, Illinois – designed by Olmsted, – a prototype suburb • 1880 Pullman, Illinois – model industrial town – George Pullman (completed 1884) Planned Communities
- 23. The City Beautiful Movement – Daniel Burnham: 1893 Chicago World’s Fair • orderly and clean • aesthetic rather than social sensibility • grandiose and ambitious
- 24. The Birth of Land use Zoning 1886 statute: San Francisco 1896 United States v. Gettysburg Electric Railway Co. 1901 New York State Tenement Housing Act 1906 Antiquities Act of 1906 1907 the first city planning commission established 1st NY zoning law (1916) 1924 U.S. Dept. of Commerce issues a Standard State Zoning Enabling Act. 1926 Village of Euclid vs. Ambler Reality
- 26. Giants of Planning in the U.S. – Edward Bassett – Patrick Geddes – Lewis Mumford – Robert Moses
- 27. Other influencers Bauhaus Le Corbusier Frank Lloyd Wright
- 28. Post WWII planning • 1951 Stanford Industrial Park 1954 Berman vs. Parker 1954 Youngtown, Arizona 1955 Disneyland Park 1956 Passage of the U.S. FederalAid Highway Act • 1959 Research Triangle Park created • • • •
- 30. • • • • Economic Opportunity Act Urban Mass Transportation Act Kent, T.J. The Urban General Plan Anderson, Martin. The Federal bulldozer; a critical analysis of urban renewal, 1949-1962 • Gruen, Victor. The heart of our cities; the urban crisis: diagnosis and cure • Reston, Virginia 1964 a very good year
- 31. • Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) • National Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established • 1970 US Decennial Census changes data • California passes the Coastal Zone Management • Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 • Southern Burlington County N.A.A.C.P. v. Mount Laurel Township The 70’s
- 32. The 80’s • Construction of Seaside, • Jackson, Kenneth T. 1985. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States • 1987 United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development (WCE D), "Our Common Future” • 1987 First English Evangelical Lutheran Church v. County of Los Angeles
- 33. The 90’s • Formation of the "International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives" (ICLEI) at the United Nations' World Congress of Local Governments for Sustainable Future • Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) • • • • • US Dept of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HOPE VI program 1994 Dolan v. City of Tigard 1996 Celebration, Florida 1997 State of Maryland "Smart Growth and Neighborhood Conservation". 1999 Georgia Regional Transportation Agency (GRTA)
- 35. What we often do Crisis mitigation Post 9/11 Post Katrina & Sandy the profession of planning appears to emerge out of series of crises and people’s responses to them health crises (epidemics) social crises (riots, strikes) other crises (fire, flood, etc.)
- 36. Origins of the Planning Profession in the U.S. • 1862 Morrill Act • 1879 Establishment of U.S. Geological Survey • 1907 President Roosevelt Inland Waterway Commission • 1908 White House Conservation Conference. • 1909 Harvard first course in city planning • 1909 first national conference on city planning • 1917 American City Planning Institute (ACPI) • 1922 Inauguration of Regional Plan of New York City • 1925 first endorsed comprehensive plan • 1929 Harvard 3-year Master of City Planning program • 1978 American Planning Association (APA)
- 37. sources • National Association of Olmsted Parks: http://www.olmsted.org/pages/philosophy.htm • Cornell University: REMARKS OF THE COMMISSIONERS FOR LAYING OUT STREETS AND ROADS IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK, UNDER THE ACT OF APRIL 3, 1807 William Bridges, Map Of The City Of New York And Island Of Manhattan With Explanatory Remarks And References. New York: William Bridges, 1811 • Encyclopedia of San Francisco • Urban Planning 540: Planning Theory Prof. Scott Campbell University Of Michigan • World Commission on Environment and Development. 1987. From One Earth to One World: An Overview. Oxford: Oxford University Press • APA's "100 Essential Books of Planning • History Of Cities And City Planning By Cliff Ellis • Mark Damen USU • Casebriefs.com • My memory
- 39. Questions?
Editor's Notes
- volution of Urban FormThe first true urban settlements appeared around 3,000 B.C. in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley. Ancient cities displayed both "organic" and "planned" types of urban form. These societies had elaborate religious, political, and military hierarchies. Precincts devoted to the activities of the elite were often highly planned and regular in form. In contrast, residential areas often grew by a slow process of accretion, producing complex, irregular patterns that we term "organic." Two typical features of the ancient city are the wall and the citadel: the wall for defense in regions periodically swept by conquering armies, and the citadel -- a large, elevated precinct within the city -- devoted to religious and state functions. Greek cities did not follow a single pattern. Cities growing slowly from old villages often had an irregular, organic form, adapting gradually to the accidents of topography and history. Colonial cities, however, were planned prior to settlement using the grid system. The grid is easy to lay out, easy to comprehend, and divides urban land into uniform rectangular lots suitable for development. The Romans engaged in extensive city-building activities as they consolidated their empire. Rome itself displayed the informal complexity created by centuries of organic growth, although particular temple and public districts were highly planned. In contrast, the Roman military and colonial towns were laid out in a variation of the grid. Many European cities, like London and Paris, sprang from these Roman origins. We usually associate medieval cities with narrow winding streets converging on a market square with a cathedral and city hall. Many cities of this period display this pattern, the product of thousands of incremental additions to the urban fabric. However, new towns seeded throughout undeveloped regions of Europe were based upon the familiar grid. In either case, large encircling walls were built for defense against marauding armies; new walls enclosing more land were built as the city expanded and outgrew its former container. During the Renaissance, architects began to systematically study the shaping of urban space, as though the city itself were a piece of architecture that could be given an aesthetically pleasing and functional order. Many of the great public spaces of Rome and other Italian cities date from this era. Parts of old cities were rebuilt to create elegant squares, long street vistas, and symmetrical building arrangements. Responding to advances in firearms during the fifteenth century, new city walls were designed with large earthworks to deflect artillery, and star-shaped points to provide defenders with sweeping lines of fire. Spanish colonial cities in the New World were built according to rules codified in the Laws of the Indies of 1573, specifying an orderly grid of streets with a central plaza, defensive wall, and uniform building style. We associate the baroque city with the emergence of great nation-states between 1600 and 1750. Ambitious monarchs constructed new palaces, courts, and bureaucratic offices. The grand scale was sought in urban public spaces: long avenues, radial street networks, monumental squares, geometric parks and gardens. Versailles is a clear expression of this city-building model; Washington, D.C. is an example from the United States. Baroque principles of urban design were used by Baron Haussmann in his celebrated restructuring of Paris between 1853 and 1870. Haussmann carved broad new thoroughfares through the tangled web of old Parisian streets, linking major subcenters of the city with one another in a pattern which has served as a model for many other modernization plans.
- SettlementsOrdinance of 1785. Provided for the rectangular land survey of the Old Northwest. The rectangular survey has been called "the largest single act of national planning in our history and ... the most significant in terms of continuing impact on the body politic" (Daniel Elazar). 1791 Pierre L.Enfant plans the capital of the United States 1825Erie Canal completed. This artificial waterway connected the northeastern states with the newly settled areas of what was then the West, facilitating the economic development of both regions1902 the McMillan Plan for Washington, D.C., redesigning the National Mall, in City Beautiful style
- 1811 Commissioners' Plan establishes the street grid pattern for New York City (i.e., "the greatest grid") 1842 Croton Aqueduct begins supplying water from Westchester County to New York City.1883 Brooklyn Bridge completed (connecting Manhattan and Brooklyn over the East River)1890 Jacob Riis publishes his How the Other Half Lives, a view of the New York slums, which stimulated housing reform. 1921 Port Authority of New York created. To insure "faithful cooperation in the future planning and development of the port of New York." Empowered to operate "any terminal of transportation facility" within the port district. (later renamed the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey)
- 1855 The London physician John Snow publishes his map of the cholera outbreak in Soho [seen as a landmark prototype of a thematic map]Physician Benjamin Ward Richardson wrote Hygeia, City of Health (1876)the gutter with the park as the site of children’s playair pollution controlwater purificationsewage handlingpublic laundriespublic health inspectorselimination of alcohol & tobaccoreplacement of Transition to the Industrial CityCities have changed more since the Industrial Revolution than in all the previous centuries of their existence. New York had a population of about 313,000 in 1840 but had reached 4,767,000 in 1910. Chicago exploded from 4.000 to 2,185,000 during the same period. Millions of rural dwellers no longer needed on farms flocked to the cities, where new factories churned out products for the new markets made accessible by railroads and steamships. In the United States, millions of immigrants from Europe swelled the urban populations. Increasingly, urban economies were being woven more rightly into the national and international economies. Technological innovations poured forth, many with profound impacts on urban form. Railroad tracks were driven into the heart of the city. Internal rail transportation systems greatly expanded the radius of urban settlement: horsecars beginning in the 1830s, cable cars in the 1870s, and electric trolleys in the 1880s. In the 1880s, the first central power plants began providing electrical power to urban areas. The rapid communication provided by the telegraph and the telephone allowed formerly concentrated urban activities to disperse across a wider field. The industrial city still focused on the city center, which contained both the central business district, defined by large office buildings, and substantial numbers of factory and warehouse structures. Both trolleys and railroad systems converged on the center of the city, which boasted the premier entertainment and shopping establishments. The working class lived in crowded districts close to the city center, near their place of employment. Early American factories were located outside of major cities along rivers which provided water power for machinery. After steam power became widely available in the 1930s, factories could be located within the city in proximity to port facilities, rail lines, and the urban labor force. Large manufacturing zones emerged within the major northeastern and midwestern cities such as Pittsburgh, Detroit, and Cleveland. But by the late nineteenth century, factory decentralization had already begun, as manufacturers sought larger parcels of land away from the congestion of the city. Gary, Indiana, for example, was founded in 1906 on the southern shore of Lake Michigan by the United States Steel Company. The increasing crowding, pollution, and disease in the central city produced a growing desire to escape to a healthier environment in the suburbs. The upper classes had always been able to retreat to homes in the countryside. Beginning in the 1830s, commuter railroads enabled the upper middle class to commute in to the city center. Horsecar lines were built in many cities between the 1830s and 1880s, allowing the middle class to move out from the central cities into more spacious suburbs. Finally, during the 1890s electric trolleys and elevated rapid transit lines proliferated, providing cheap urban transportation for the majority of the population. The central business district of the city underwent a radical transformation with the development of the skyscraper between 1870 and 1900. These tall buildings were not technically feasible until the invention of the elevator and steel-frame construction methods. Skyscrapers reflect the dynamics of the real estate market; the tall building extracts the maximum economic value from a limited parcel of land. These office buildings housed the growing numbers of white-collar employees in banking, finance, management, and business services, all manifestations of the shift from an economy of small firms to one of large corporations. such concerns motivated the Parks Movement
- grew out of landscape architure & garden designshifted from private to public settingsnaturalistic parks were created in the U.S. by Frederick Law Olmstead, whose career started with Central Park, New York, 18571870 Planning begins for San Francisco's Golden Gate Park (designed by William Hammond Hall and John McLaren)goals:separate transportation modessupport active and passive usescollect waterpromote moral pass-times1822-1903advanced quite impressively for a park superintendent without a college degreewith Calvert Vaux (1847) won the competition & went on to design:Prospect Park (1865-1873), Chicago's Riverside subdivisionBuffalo's park system (1868-1876), the park at Niagara Falls (1887)In later years worked on Boston’s park system, “the Emerald Necklace” and the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago
- 1869 Riverside, Illinoisdesigned by Olmsted, a prototype suburb9 mi. from Chicagofashionable location for the wealthy to liveoften copied1880 Pullman, Illinoismodel industrial townGeorge Pullman (completed 1884)
- Garden Cities (a British innovation)Ebenezer Howard: Garden Cities of To-morrow (1902)“three magnets”town (high wages, opportunity, and amusement)country (natural beauty, low rents, fresh air)town-country (combination of both)separated from central city by greenbelttwo actually built in EnglandLetchworthWelwynno training in urban planning or design1850-1928opposed urban crowding/densityhoped to create a “magnet” people would want to come towould combine the best elements of city and countrywould avoid the worst elements of city and countryformed the basis of the earliest suburbs, separation from the city has been lost virtually every time due to infillWelwyn, EnglandFounded 1920 by E. Howarddesigned by Louis de Soissonsmost of the population now commutes to London
- Garden City idea spread rapidly to Europe and the United StatesUnder the auspices of the Regional Planning Association of America, the garden-city idea inspired a “New Town,” Radburn, N.J. (1928–32) outside New York CityThe congestion and destruction accompanying World War II greatly stimulated the garden-city movement, especially in Great BritainBritain’s New Towns Act (1946) led to the development of over a dozen new communities based on Howard's idea The open layout of garden cities also had a great influence on the development of modern city planningMost satellite towns fail to attain Howard's ideal residential suburbs of individually owned homeslocal industries are unable to provide enough employment for the inhabitants, many of whom commute to work in larger centers
- 1886 statute: San Fran. Chinese laundries shut downFed. court case: YickWo v. Hopkins, Sheriff struck down statute, so city imposed no-laundry zoneother CA cities zoned against laundries, brothels, pool halls, dance halls, livery stables, slaughterhousesHow? municipality’s trad. responsibility for protecting “health, safety, morals and general welfare” of citizens1st NY zoning law (1916) protected Fifth Ave. luxury store owners from expansion of Jewish garment factoriesprotected property values and expressed chauvinism idea spread to 100s of cities in decade after the NY law was passed, promoting property values and special interests of the upper class, white majority1886 statute: San Fran. Chinese laundries shut down1896 United States v. Gettysburg Electric Railway Co. The first significant legal case concerning historic preservation. The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the acquisition of the national battlefield at Gettysburg served a valid public purpose. 1901 New York State Tenement Housing Act of 1901 [required improvements in window ventilation, courtyards, fire safety, etc.]1906 Antiquities Act of 1906: First law to institute federal protection for preserving archaeological sites. Provided for designation as National Monuments areas already in the public domain that contained "historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and objects of historic or scientific interest." 1907 the first city planning commission (in Hartford, CT) established 1st NY zoning law (1916) protected Fifth Ave. luxury store owners from expansion of Jewish garment factories1924 U.S. Dept. of Commerce (under Secretary Herbert Hoover) issues a Standard State Zoning Enabling Act. 1926 Village of Euclid vs. Ambler Reality (constitutionality of zoning upheld by Supreme Court)
- Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) Public Works Administration (PWA) as part of the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) The Civil Works Administration (CWA) later folded into the FERA in April, 1934 National Planning BoardTennessee Valley AuthorityCongress creates the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) in May The Public Works Administration (PWA) created (in May), as part of the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) The Civil Works Administration (CWA) created (in November), later folded into the FERA in April, 1934 The National Planning Board established in the Interior Department to assist in the preparation of a comprehensive plan for public works. Its last successor agency, the National Resources Planning Board (NRPB), was abolished in 1943. The Tennessee Valley Authority created to provide for unified and multi-purpose rehabilitation and redevelopment of the Tennessee Valley. (the most famous experiment in integrated river basin planning in the U.S.) Housing Act of 1934 (establishes the FHA) 1934 American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) established. 1935 The U.S. Resettlement Administration established to carry out experiments in land reform and population resettlement. (led by Rexford Tugwell). It built three Greenbelt towns (as early forms of new towns): Greenbelt, Maryland; Greendale, Wisconsin; and Greenhills, Ohio. 1935 Congress created the Works Progress Administration (WPA) 1935 The Social Security Act passed in August 1935 MIT approves a Master in City Planning (MCP) program. [link] education 1935 Cornell offers regional planning classes through a Carnegie Corporation grant (a joint architecture and engineering program) [link]1937 The U.S. Housing Act (Wagner-Steagall). Set the stage for future government aid by appropriating $500 million in loans for low-cost housing. Tied slum clearance to public housing. 1937 Farm Security Administration established, successor to the Resettlement Administration and administrator of many programs to alleviate the condition of the rural poor
- Edward Bassett, 1935, Master Plan conceptPatrick Geddes (1904, 1915) called for urban planning to take into account the ecosystem and history of a region, called for social surveysa protégé of Geddes, Lewis Mumford (1895-1990) was the first notable critic of sprawl and the main figure in the Regional Plan Association of America, which built new towns in NJ & NYconcept of the “master plan”: Edward Bassett, 1935, included:infrastructure layoutzoningPatrick Geddes (1904, 1915) called for urban planning to take into account the ecosystem and history of a region, called for social surveysa protégé of Geddes, Lewis Mumford (1895-1990) was the first notable critic of sprawl and the main figure in the Regional Plan Association of America, which built new towns in NJ & NY
- 1919 Bauhaus formed in Germany (Walter Gropius)Le Corbusier (1920s): skyscrapers in parks Frank Lloyd Wright (1930s): “Broadacre City”Le Corbusier (1920s): skyscrapers in parks apartment tower idea caught on, but not the park settingbland concrete apartment building is everywhere, and is hated everywherevery high density1,200 people per acre in skyscrapersovercrowded sectors of Paris & London ranged from 169-213 pers./acre at the timeManhattan has only 81 pers./acre120 people per acre in luxury houses6 to 10 times denser than current luxury housing in the U.S.multi-level traffic system to manage the intensity of trafficaccess to greenspacebetween 48% and 95% of the surface area is reserved for greenspacegardenssquaressports fieldsrestaurantstheaterswith no sprawl, access to the “protected zone” (greenbelt/open space) is quick and easy“The more dense the population of a city is the less are the distances that have to be covered.” traffic is increased by:the number of people in a citythe degree to which private transportation is more appealing (clean, fast, convenient, cheap) than public transportationthe average distance people travel per tripthe number of trips people must make each week“The moral, therefore, is that we must increase the density of the centres of our cities, where business affairs are carried on.”Frank Lloyd Wright (1930s): “Broadacre City”his small house with carport became more or less the American standard in the 1950shis dream of a decentralized, automobile-dependent society materializedWright’s vision, with 1-acre lots, would have created even worse traffic nightmarescreated by Stanford University (later renamed Stanford Research Park); first tenants, Varian Brothers, arrive in 1953. [becomes an early center of what would become known as "Silicon Valley"; an example of university-firm technology transfer]
- 1951 Stanford Industrial Park created by Stanford University (later renamed Stanford Research Park); first tenants, Varian Brothers, arrive in 1953. [becomes an early center of what would become known as "Silicon Valley"; an example of university-firm technology transfer]1954 In Berman vs. Parker, the U.S. Supreme Court upholds the right of Washington, D.C. Redevelopment Land Agency to condemn properties which are unsightly though nondeteriorated if required to achieve objectives of duly established area redevelopment plan. 1954 Youngtown, Arizona, opens as the first age-restricted retirement community in the US1955 Disneyland Park opens in Anaheim, CA.1956 Passage of the U.S. Federal-Aid Highway Act (popularly known as the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act)1959 Research Triangle Park created (between the cities of Raleigh, Durham
- 1960 Kevin Lynch, The Image of the City, MIT Press, Cambridge MA.1961 Lewis Mumford, The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformations, and Its Prospects, Harcourt, Brace & World (New York).1961 Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities [strongly criticized contemporary city planning and large-scale urban renewal]1962 Conversion of the old Ghirardelli chocolate factory in San Francisco into a commercial complex. (architects: Wurster, Bernardi & Emmons Inc.; and Lawrence Halprin & Associates) [seen as the first major "adaptive reuse" project of old factory/warehouse buildings turned into retail/tourist uses]. The nearby adaptive reuse project, "The Cannery," completed a year later in 1963 (architect: Joseph Esherick)1962 Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (Houghton Mifflin). [a foundational text in the modern environmental movement]1963 Destruction of the above-ground portion of historic Pennsylvania Station -- the main train station in New York City, designed by McKim, Mead and White and completed in 1910. The failed protests against the demolition helped trigger the historic preservation movement.1969 NEPA: The National Environmental Policy Act (requiring an EIS for every federal or federally-aided state or local major action that would affect the environment) 1969McHarg, Ian L. Design with nature. Garden City, N.Y.: Natural History Press.
- Reston, Virginia founded as a new town/planned community (developed by Robert E. Simon). the Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965; creates the Economic Development Administration (EDA) 1965 the Department of Housing and Urban Development Act (HUD) to replace the old Housing and Home Finance Agency 1968 the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 1968 The New Communities Act of 1968 (which guaranteed private financial for private entrepreneurs to plan and develop new communities)
- Jack and Laura Dangermond founded Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), in Redlands, CA. (an early developer of GIS - Geographic Information Systems) 1970 National Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established. Administers the main provisions of the Clean Air Act (1970). 1970 US Decennial Census confirms that, for the first time, more people live in suburbs (37.6%) than central cities (31.4%), with the remainder living outside metropolitan areas. † 1972California passes the Coastal Zone Management Act (leading to the California Coastal Commission)Housing and Community Development Act of 1974. It establishes the block grant (CDBG), as opposed to the categorical grant, as the main form of federal aid for local development. 1975 The New Jersey Supreme Court ruled, in Southern Burlington County N.A.A.C.P. v. Mount Laurel Township, that the township's zoning excluded low- and moderate-income persons. (eventually led to the principle that localities had an obligation to provide affordable housing)
- 1981 Construction of Seaside, Florida -- a New Urbanist town designed by Duany & Plater-Zyberk (DPZ).1985 Jackson, Kenneth T. 1985. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press.1987 United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), "Our Common Future" (commonly known as "the Brundtland Report"). [an important landmark in the development of the sustainability movement]1987 In First English Evangelical Lutheran Church v. County of Los Angeles, U.S. Supreme Court finds that even a temporary taking requires compensation. In Nollan v. California Coastal Commission, it finds that land-use restrictions, to be valid, must be tied directly to a specific public purpose.
- 1990 Formation of the "International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives" (ICLEI) at the United Nations' World Congress of Local Governments for Sustainable Future. (In 2003 renamed "ICLEI—Local Governments for Sustainability"). The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). Federal law encouraging intermodal transportation policies, and granting new powers to Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs).1992 The US Dept of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) begins the HOPE VI program (to provide low-rise, urban, walkable housing -- as an alternative to the old model of highrise public housing and the concentration of poverty)1994 In Dolan v. City of Tigard, the U.S. Supreme Court rules that a jurisdiction must show that there is a "rough proportionality " between the adverse impacts of a proposed development and the exactions it wishes to impose on the developer. 1996 Celebration, Florida built as new town/planned community by Disney new town/project 1997 The State of Maryland enacts "Smart Growth and Neighborhood Conservation" legislation.1999 the Georgia legislature creates the Georgia Regional Transportation Agency (GRTA) to address sprawl in Atlanta
- 1862 Morrill Act. Congress authorizes land grants from the Public Domain to the states. Proceeds from the sale were to be used to found colleges offering instruction in agriculture, engineering, and other practical arts. 1879 Establishment of U.S. Geological Survey to survey and classify all Public Domain lands. 1907 President Roosevelt establishes an Inland Waterway Commission to encourage multipurpose planning in waterway development: navigation, power, irrigation, flood control, water supply. 1908 White House Conservation Conference. State governors, federal officials, and leading scientists assemble to deliberate about the conservation of natural resources. 1909 Harvard offers the first course in city planning (in its School of Landscape Architecture) first national conference on city planning in Washington D.C., 19091917 American City Planning Institute (ACPI) established, with Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. as 1st president1922 Inauguration of Regional Plan of New York under Thomas Adams1925 first comprehensive plan officially endorsed by a major US city (Cincinnati) 1929 Harvard creates the first independent planning school (3-year Master of City Planning program),with funding assistance from the Rockefeller Foundation1978 ASPO and AIP combined into the American Planning Association (APA)