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The Literature Review Process ,[object Object],Annie Downey,[object Object]
Purpose of the Literature Review,[object Object],“A substantive, thorough, sophisticated literature review is a precondition for doing substantive, thorough, sophisticated research.” – Boote and Beile, 2005,[object Object],“you join[ing] the conversation –first by listening to what is being said and then formulating a comment designed to advance the dialogue.” – Bloomberg and Volpe, 2008 ,[object Object]
What a Literature Review IS,[object Object],Develops your understanding of the literature in a field of study,[object Object],A synthesis,[object Object],A critical analysis and narrative,[object Object],Current (and historical if necessary),[object Object],Defined by a guiding concept,[object Object]
What a Literature Review CAN BE,[object Object],Part of a larger research study (like a thesis or dissertation), the literature review…,[object Object],Sets the broad context of the study,[object Object],Sets the scope of the study,[object Object],Justifies the scope and context of the study,[object Object],Establishes the theoretical framework,[object Object],Justifies the methodology of the study,[object Object],Makes an argument,[object Object]
What a Literature Review CAN BE,[object Object],A standalone assignment for a class,[object Object],Part of the introduction to a paper for a class or a journal article,[object Object],A full article published in an academic journal,[object Object],Basic or advanced,[object Object]
What a Literature Review is NOT,[object Object],It is not an annotated bibliography,[object Object],It is not just a descriptive list,[object Object],It is not a basic summative report of what you've read on the topic – you need to be saying something,[object Object]
What a Literature Review Must Do,[object Object],Be ORGANIZED around your thesis statement or research question(s),[object Object],SYNTHESIZE results into a summary of what is known and not know on your topic,[object Object],Identify areas of CONTROVERSY,[object Object],Formulate questions for FURTHER RESEARCH,[object Object]
A Few Considerations,[object Object],If your literature review is part of an original research study, read about your chosen methodology to determine when you should review the literature,[object Object],For some methods, the literature should be reviewed before, during, or after data collection,[object Object]
The Literature Review Process,[object Object],From The Literature Review (2009) by Machi and McEvoy,[object Object]
      Select a Topic,[object Object],Read your assignment carefully!,[object Object],Ask for clarification from professor ,[object Object],Talk over your ideas with someone,[object Object],Scan academic journals,[object Object],Read professional blogs and listservs,[object Object],Look for Research Agendas on professional association websites,[object Object],Focus your topic,[object Object]
      Search the Literature,[object Object],Types of sources that can be included:,[object Object],Books, Articles, Abstracts, Reviews, Dissertations and theses, Research reports, Websites, Films, Etc.,[object Object],Identify the most important / useful databases for your discipline,[object Object],Develop an understanding of the academic terminology for your field of study,[object Object],Determine time frame,[object Object]
Look for empirical and theoretical literature,[object Object],Include primary and secondary sources,[object Object],Identify classic or seminal studies ,[object Object],Identify important authors who are contributing to the development of your topic,[object Object],Use a system to organize and manage material,[object Object],From the very beginning,[object Object],RefWorks or other bibliographic management software,[object Object],      Search the Literature,[object Object]
      Develop your Argument,[object Object],This step is a planning step – you will develop these arguments in the next two steps: surveying and critiquing the literature,[object Object],“you must build a case for what is known about your topic and determine how this knowledge addresses the research question.” – Machi and McEvoy, 2009,[object Object],Develop two types of arguments:,[object Object],Argument of discovery – develop findings that present the current state of knowledge about your research interest,[object Object],Argument of advocacy – analyze and critique the knowledge gained from developing the argument of discovery to answer the research question,[object Object]
      Develop your Argument,[object Object],Analyze the claims within the literature to develop your arguments,[object Object],Claim – the argument’s declaration or assertion,[object Object],Evidence – data that define and support the claim,[object Object],Types of claims,[object Object],Fact ,[object Object],Worth,[object Object],Policy,[object Object],Concept,[object Object],Interpretation,[object Object],You must present all sides of a question; your argument must be balanced  ,[object Object]
  +    Survey and Critique the Literature,[object Object],Develops the discovery argument and the advocacy argument,[object Object],Answers the questions: ,[object Object],“What do we know about the subject of our study?”,[object Object],“Based on what we know, what conclusions can we draw about the research question?”,[object Object],Critically assess each piece of literature you have gathered to analyze its content,[object Object],You need to be:,[object Object],Methodical,[object Object],Systematic,[object Object],Rigorous,[object Object],Consistent,[object Object]
  +    Survey and Critique the Literature,[object Object],Stage 1: Skim and Read,[object Object],Skim first – note topic, structure, general reasoning, data, and bibliographical references,[object Object],Go back and skim the prefaced and introduction, trying to identify main ideas contained in the work,[object Object],Identify key parts of the article or key chapters in books,[object Object]
  +    Survey and Critique the Literature,[object Object],Stage 2: Highlight and Extract Key Elements,[object Object],Trying to understand historical context and current state,[object Object],Identify themes, trends, patterns,[object Object],Also looking for gaps and anomalies,[object Object],Key questions to ask of the literature:,[object Object],What are the origins and definitions of the topic?,[object Object],What are the key theories, concepts, and ideas?,[object Object],What are the major debates, arguments, and issues?,[object Object],What are the key questions and problems that have been addressed to date?,[object Object],Are there any important issues that have been insufficiently addressed to date?,[object Object]
  +    Survey and Critique the Literature,[object Object],When analyzing research studies, must also identify some of the key elements that all research studies should include:,[object Object],Problem,[object Object],Purpose,[object Object],Research questions,[object Object],Sample,[object Object],Methodology,[object Object],Key findings,[object Object],Conclusions,[object Object],Recommendations,[object Object]
     Write the Review,[object Object],Use the results of your analysis and critique of the literature to develop the organization of your review,[object Object],Develop a detailed outline,[object Object],Identify the themes and/or patterns that have emerged ,[object Object],Translate these into headings and subheadings,[object Object],Be sure your outline is logical,[object Object],Be selective with the literature you include,[object Object]
     Write the Review,[object Object],Synthesis synthesissynthesis!,[object Object],Reorganize and reassemble all of the separate pieces and details to create an integrated whole,[object Object],Make connections between and among ideas and concepts,[object Object],Never present a chain of isolated summaries of previous studies,[object Object],The synthesis needs to build a knowledge base AND extend new lines of thinking,[object Object],Remember – this is your entry into the conversation,[object Object]
     Write the Review,[object Object],Writing a literature review is a creative activity,[object Object],“An imaginative approach to searching and reviewing the literature includes having a broad view of the topic; being open to new ideas, methods, and arguments; ‘playing’ with different ideas to see whether you can make new linkages; and following ideas to see where they might lead.” – Bloomberg and Volpe, 2008,[object Object]
References,[object Object],Bloomberg, L.D. and M. Volpe (2008). Completing your Qualitative Dissertation: A Roadmap from Beginning to End. Los Angeles: Sage,[object Object],Machi, L.E. and B.T. McEvoy ( 2009). The Literature Review: Six Steps to Success. Thousand Oaks: Corwin Sage.,[object Object],For help and questions: annielibrarian@gmail.com,[object Object]

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The Literature Review Process

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Notes de l'éditeur

  1. Guiding concept may be research objective, problem statement, thesis statement, etc.
  2. What do we mean when we say it is “not a basic summative report?” – you should not just go article by article and simply write short descriptions of each article. It is a synthesis. A literature review is meant to be the product of more advanced study. Your final review needs to show that you analyzed the literature critically and organized each piece you include within a theme or argument. You probably won’t include every book or article you found on your topic; deciding what to include and what to leave out is part of your critical analysis
  3. Regardless of the type of literature review you are doing – every lit review must do these four things
  4. We will use this process with some adjustments – especially in the survey and critique sections. These two steps will be combined to make the process more understandable and more quickly usable in the time we have available.
  5. If you are confused, be sure and ask for clarification on your assignment from your professor. Discussions with your professor outside of class can also result in identification of topics you did not think of.Talking about your ideas can help you clarify your thoughts. If you can’t explain your topic to someone in a coupld of sentences, you have not focused it enough.Academic journals, blogs, listservs, and associations are great places to look for topic ideas. Looking for what’s hot in your discipline can help you identify topics that will be of interest to other researchers, where there are gaps in the literature, and areas that are likely to have current research available. If you are interested in getting your research published, scanning the professional environment in your area can be especially useful.Focus focusfocus! You will probably be refining your topic as you search the literature and develop your lit review, BUT you should still start with as focused a topic as possible. This will save you time and help you write a more focused, cogent review.If you are doing the literature review for your dissertation, selecting a topic is a much bigger issue that we have time to cover here. Again, I would advise you speak with your professor, but there are also a lot of books available in the library about topic selection and refinement.
  6. All academic disciplines have their own vocabulary that is sometimes difficult for students to understand at first. When you use the databases and are reading the literature in your field, pay attention to what terminology is used – what words are the authors using to describe concepts? These are the words you need to use when you search the databases. If you are not getting results relevant for your research topic, you are probably not using the best keywords for your search.` ` `` `
  7. Remember this is an ongoing process. You should continue to monitor the literature at every step in the research process.
  8. We often don’t think of literature reviews in terms of arguments. However, thinking about it and addressing lit reviews from this perspective ensures that you will be critically analyzing and synthesizing the literature rather than approaching it simplistically, falling into the trap of creating a summary of prior research
  9. A lit review seeks to answer a research question. when beginning your lit review, analyze the type of data needed to answer your research question. Knowing the type of claim needed to answer your research question will let you know the kinds of arguments you need to be looking for as you gather and analyze the literature.