1. Grammar Book
AMELIA OLTON

2. Table of Contents
1.Nationalities
2.Stem Changers
3.Para
4.Indirect Object Pronouns
5. Pronoun Placement
6.Gustar
7. Affirmative and Negative
8. Superlatives
9. Reflexives
10. Affirmative tu commands/ irregular/ pronoun placement
11. Negative tu command/irregular/pronoun placement
12.Sequencing events

3. Nationalities

4. Jugar U>UE
Juego Jugamos
Juegas Jugaís
Juega Juegan
Pensar E>IE
Pienso Pensamos
Piensas Pensaís
Piensa Piensan
Pedir e>I
Pido Pedamos
Dormir O>UE
Pides Pedaís
Duermo Dormimos
Pide Pieden
Duermes Dormaís
Duerme Duerman

5. Para
Common uses of Para: Para is often confused with
Por which is a rarely interchanged word for for.
Where Para is used:
 To mean "in order to": When used in this way, it
is followed by an infinitive.
 To indicate purpose or need
 With estar to mean : “to be ready to”
 To mean "no later than" or "by”

6. Indirect Object Pronouns
Me Nos
Te Os
Le Les
Indirect Object Placement
1. Before the conjugated verb
2.Attached to an infinitive
3.Attached to a gerund
*The Pronouns Le and Les sometimes refer to different indirect objects. To clarify
the difference, they are accompanied by a noun, name, or pronoun .
Example:Mi madre te compró un libro. (My mother bought you a book.)

7. Pronoun Placement
 1.Attach the pronoun to the infinitive
 2. Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense
 3. Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command.
 4. Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb.

8. Gustar
Singular
Me (Gusta) Nos (Gusta)
Te (Gusta) Os (Gusta)
Le(Gusta) Les (Gusta)
-Even if attached to more than one infinitive, it will remain singular.
You often need to read the sentence backwards: Me gusta el gato. The
cat is liked by me.
*The form of gustar matches the noun, not the speaker.
Plural
Me (Gustas) Nos (Gustas)
Te (Gustas) Os (Gustas)
Le (Gustas) Les (Gustas)

9. Affirmatives and Negatives
 Algo – something Nada-Nothing
Nadie- No one
 Alguien -Someone *Ningun/ Ninguno- None,
 *Algún/Alguno -some Not any
Nunca- Never
 Siempre -always
Tampoco- Neither, either
 También- tampoco Ningun must also match the
 *Alguno must match gender of the noun they
replace or modify.
the gender of the
noun they replace or
modify. A double negative is required in
spanish when no preceeds the verb,
except if the negative word comes
before a verb, a second verb is not
needed.

10. Superlatives
 Isímo Isímos/Isímos Isímas
 Added to adjectives and adverbs, Equivalent to
extremely or very and is placed before an Adjective
or verb .
An adjective that is ending in –n or –r are formed by
adding cisímo
Adjectives that end in C,G or Z change spelling to que,
gu, and c. -Feliz- Felizcisimo

11. Reflexives
 Reflexive verbs are something that
one does to themselves such as Position of reflexives :
brushing ones teeth or hair.
 Ex: Pepa se lava el pelo. 1.. In front of conjugated verb
2. Attached to infinitive
- Pepa washes her hair 3. Attached to Gerund
- Ex: Me levantó 4. Attached to infinitive
command.
- I wash my self
- Reflexive pronouns are used with
or without reflexive verbs. When
there is no reflexive pronoun, the
person doing the act

12. Affirmative tú commands/irregulars/pronoun placement
 Affirmative Commands
 Give instructions or commands to someone by using Affirmative tu commands
of regular verbs
 Caminar/ Camina/ ¡Camina en el parque!
 Placement :When using an object pronoun, attach the pronoun to the end of
the command
 Cruza el parque > ¡Cruzalo!
Infinitive Tu command
Decir Di
 Irregular Commands Hacer haz
 Primero haz los quehaceres Ir Ve
First do the chores Poner Pon
Salir Sal
Tener Ten
Venir Ven

13. Negative tú commands/ irregular/ pronoun
placement
 Formed by: Taking you form of the present tense, dropping the o and adding the
appropriate ending.
Infinitive Yo form Negative tu
command
Hablar Hablo No Hables!
Volver Vuelvo No vuelves
Venir
Irregular (Yo Form)
Placement:
Infinitive: Dar (doy) Command: No le des
mi direccion a nadie
- Dont give my adress to anyone. Pronouns precede the verb in
negative commands
Infinitive: Estar Command: No estés triste
-don’t be sad

14. How to form Tú commands
 1. Affirmatives : Drop the –s
 2. Put in Yo form, cange vowel, add-s
 3. Affirmative irregulars: Di , Haz, Ven, Pon, Sal, Se,
Ten, Ven
 Irregular Commands:
Tener No Tengas
Venir No Vengas
Dar/ Decir No des/ digas
Ir No vayas
Ser No seas
Hacer No Hagas
Saber/ Salir No sepas/ salgas

15. Sequencing events
 Used to show what events are in what specific order.
 Primero- First
 Entonces- after
 luego/después-/ Por Fin then/after / Finally
 Antes de/ después de- before that/ after that
 Por la mañana/ tarde/ Noche- In/ during the-( no
specific time given)
 Los lunes etc.- on Monday, or any other day