Support Systems in animals includes muscles and skeletons. This interactive slides explains in a fun way of the function of support system in animals as well as human.

1. 14/11/2013
By: Harene Chandra
1

2. 14/11/2013
Muscles :o
To move, muscles must work in
concert with a skeleton.• The
skeleton provides a rigid structure
to which muscles are attached.
Muscles exert force only during
contraction. Moving a body part
back & forth requires two muscles
attached to the same section of the
skeleton.
These two muscles are known as an
antagonistic pair, which functions
cooperatively. The nervous system
coordinates these muscles.
2

3. 14/11/2013
The main function
of a skeleton
Support
Protection
Movement
3

4. 14/11/2013
Types of skeletons ::
A
hydrostatic
skeleton
An
An
Endoskeleton
Exoskeleton
4

5. 14/11/2013
Hydrostatic
skeleton ::
 Consists of fluid held under pressure in a
closed body compartment.
 Examples of animals containing a
hydrostatic skeleton:
– Cnidarians
– Flatworms
– Nematodes
– Annelids
5

6. 14/11/2013
Hydrostatic
skeleton ::
 Movement and form is controlled by using
muscles to change the shape of the fluid
filled compartment
 A Hydra, for example,
elongates by closing its
mouth by using
contractile
cells in its body wall.
This results in the
constriction of its central
gastro-vascular cavity.
 By decreasing the
diameter of the cavity,
the cavity is forced to
become longer.
6

7. 14/11/2013
Body structure of a
Hydra :?
7

8. 14/11/2013
Exoskeletons
 Hard, encasement deposited on an
animal’s surface; for example, most
molluscs (slugs and snails) are
enclosed in a calcium carbonate shell
secreted by the mantle (sheet like
extension of the body wall)
 As the animal grows, it enlarges its
shell by adding to the outer edge.
8

9. 14/11/2013
Exoskeletons
 For example, crustaceans (like lobsters)
harden portions of their exoskeleton by
adding calcium salts.
 In leg joints, where the cuticle is thin and
flexible, cross linking of proteins and
inorganic salt decomposition occurs.
 With each growth spurt, an arthropod must
shed its exoskeleton to produce a larger one,
thus they molt.
9

10. 14/11/2013
Functions of
Exoskeleton
10

11. 14/11/2013
Endoskeletons
 Consist of hard, supporting elements, such
as bones which is buried within the soft
tissue of animals.
 Sponges are reinforced by hard, needle like
structures of inorganic materials, or by
softer fibres made of protein.
 Echinoderms have an endoskeleton of hard
plates called ossicles beneath their skin.
 Ossicles are composed of magnesium
carbonate, calcium carbonate crystals and
are usually bound together by protein
fibres.
11

12. 14/11/2013
Functions of
Endoskeleton
12

13. 14/11/2013
Animal support
system
13

14. 14/11/2013
COMPARISON
14

15. 14/11/2013
Human support
system
15

16. 14/11/2013
Comparison of the
support system in land
and aquatic vertebrates
16

17. 14/11/2013
Comparison of the support
system in land and aquatic
vertebrates
17

18. 14/11/2013
Comparison of the support
system in land and aquatic
intervertebrates
18

19. 14/11/2013
THE END
THANK
YOU 
19