Evolution and Genetic Science

Evolution
and
Genetic
Science,
Critical
review
of
creationists
ranting!
1

Evolution
&

Genetic
Science

Asathoma
Sath
Gamaya,
Thamosama
Jyothir
Gamaya,
Mruthyorma
Amrutham
Gamaya

From
lies
to
Truth,
From
Darkness
to
Light,
From
Death
to
Eternity

Araf
Karsh
Hamid

Evolution
and
Genetic
Science,
Critical
review
of
creationists
ranting!

2

Personal
incredulity
of
pseudo
scientists
has
reached
a
state
where
they
poised
to

sabotage
the
current
education
system
across
the
world.
I
submit
this
document
to

the
students
who
seeks
wisdom
and
not
pseudo
science.

This
is
a
critical
review
of
N
M
Hussain’s
article
titled
“Evolution
and
Genetic
Science”

published
in
(Malayalam)
the
magazine
Sneha
Samvadham
on
October/November

2012.
The
focus
of
N
M
Hussain’s
article
is
to
prove
that
the
Darwin’s
Evolution

theory
has
failed
in
the
last
150
years,
and
this
failure
results
in
Creation
(by
God)
as

the
only
alternate
solution.
This
document
analyzes
N
H
Hussain’s
arguments
and

check
if
he
has
provided
scientific
facts
to
disprove
a
153
years
old
theory
or
his

opinion
is
biased
towards
Creationism
or
Intelligent
Design.
Apart
from
that,
this

document
focuses
on
show
casing
evidence
(empirical
data)
across
a
wide
spectrum

of
domains
to
support
evolution.

Even
though
this
article
started
with
the
review
of
Hussain’s
article,
the
scope
of
this

article
evolved
into
a
state
where
it
gives
a
summarized,
still
holistic
perspective
on

evolutionary
biology
and
alternate
religious
views
(Creationism
and
Intelligent

Design).
I
have
sited
more
than
150
reference
points
(to
get
deeper
into
each
area)

and
more
than
two
dozen
books
to
refer
on
various
subjects
like
Evolutionary

Biology,
Neuro
Science,
Quantum
Physics,
Relativity,
and
Morality
etc.,
and
videos

lectures
from
prominent
universities
and
medical
institutes.

It
was
the
best
of
times,
it
was
the
worst
of
times,
it
was
the
age
of
wisdom,
it
was

the
age
of
foolishness,
it
was
the
epoch
of
belief,
it
was
the
epoch
of
incredulity,
it

was
the
season
of
Light,
it
was
the
season
of
Darkness,
it
was
the
spring
of
hope,
it

was
the
winter
of
despair,
we
had
everything
before
us,
we
had
nothing
before
us,

we
were
all
going
direct
to
Heaven,
we
were
all
going
direct
the
other
way....(Hell)

~Charles
Dickens
-‐
"A
Tale
of
Two
Cities".

Reviewed
Article
Oct,
2012
Evolution
and
Genetic
Science
by
N
M
Hussain,
Sneha
Samvadham

Reviewed
By
Oct,
2012
Araf
Karsh
Hamid

©
Copyrights
on
images
and
other
references
in
this
document

This
document
is
purely
for
education
purpose
only
and
not
meant
for
any
profit.

The
copyrights
of
images
and
other
references
used
in
this
article
belong
to

respective
web
sites,
articles
and
books.

Evolution
and
Genetic
Science,
Critical
review
of
creationists
ranting!
3

Table
of
Contents

Introduction
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
6

Understanding
the
structure
of
this
document
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
8

1.
Understanding
Evolution
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
9

1.1
History
of
Earth
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
9

1.1.1
Figuring
out
Earth’s
age
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
9

1.1.2
Geological
Time
Periods
(from
BBC)
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
12

1.1.3
Geological
Time
Line
(from
BBC)
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
12

1.1.4
Tree
of
Life
(from
BBC)
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
13

1.2
Understanding
Darwin’s
Theory
of
Evolution
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
18

1.2.1
Idea
1
–
Natural
Selection
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
18

1.2.2
Idea
2
–
Common
Descent
(Descent
with
Modification)
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
18

1.2.3
Idea
2.1
–
Single
Origin
of
Life
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
18

1.2.4
Idea
3
–
Variation
in
Rate
of
Change
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
18

1.2.5
Natural
Selection
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
19

1.2.6
Refuting
Creationist
claim
that
Natural
Selection
Doesn’t
Work
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
20

1.2.7
Misconceptions
about
Evolution
Theory
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
22

1.2.8
Predictive
Power
of
Evolution
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
23

1.3
Understanding
Genome
–
DNA,
Chromosomes,
Genes
&
Alleles
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
24

1.3.1
DNA
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
24

1.3.2
Mitochondrial
DNA
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
26

1.3.3
Chromosome
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
27

1.3.4
Gene
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
28

1.3.5
Allele
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
29

1.3.6
Control
Genes
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
29

1.3.7
Gene
Pool
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
30

1.3.8
Comparing
Genotype
and
Phenotype
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
31

1.3.9
Amino
Acids
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
32

1.4
Mutation
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
33

1.4.1
Where
do
mutations
occur?
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
33

1.4.2
Kinds
of
Mutation
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
34

1.4.3
Mutation
Models
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
34

1.4.4
Types
of
DNA
Mutations
and
Their
Impact
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
38

1.4.5
What
causes
mutations?
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
39

1.4.6
What
are
the
consequences
of
mutations?
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
39

1.5
Natural
Selection
at
Genetic
Level
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
40

1.5.1
Neutral
Theory:
The
Null
Hypothesis
of
Molecular
Evolution
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
40

1.5.2
Positive
Natural
Selection
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
41

1.5.3
Negative
Natural
Selection
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
42

1.6
Historical
Background
on
Darwin’s
Theory
of
Evolution
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
43

1.6.1
Pre
Darwinian
Theories
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
43

1.6.2
Refuting
Creationist
claim
on
Darwin’s
history
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
44

1.7
FARM
Formula
to
test
Evolution
Theory
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
45

1.7.1
Refuting
Creationist
claim
on
Natural
Selection:
Analyze
geological
time
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
46

1.8
Comparing
Two
Religious
Views
against
Science
(Evolution)
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
47

1.8.1
Creationism
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
48

1.8.2
Intelligent
design (ID)
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
48

1.8.3
Irreducible
Complexity
(IC)
–
By
Michael
Behe
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
48

1.8.4
Bacterial
Flagellum
–
Fallen
case
of
Irreducible
Complexity
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
49

1.8.5
Specified
Complexity
(SC)
–
By
William
Dembski
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
51

Evolution
and
Genetic
Science,
Critical
review
of
creationists
ranting!

4

1.8.6
Example
using
Dembski
Explanatory
Filter
to
detect
Design
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
52

1.9
Verdict
of
prominent
cases
of
Creationism
Vs.
Evolution
in
US
Courts
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
55

1.9.1
Supreme
Court
of
the
United
States,
Epperson
v.
Arkansas,
1968
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
55

1.9.2
Supreme
Court
of
the
United
States,
Edwards
v.
Aguillard,
1987
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
55

1.9.3
Kitzmiller
v.
Dover
Area
School
District,
2005
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
55

2.
Wrong
interpretation
of
Science
and
Scientist’s
Quotes
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
56

2.1
Stephen
Jay
Gould,
Niles
Eldredge
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
56

2.1.1
Refuting
Creationist
claim
that
Evolution
is
dead
as
per
Stephen
Jay
Gould
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
56

2.2.
Steven
M
Stanley
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
58

2.3
Theories
to
explain
the
progress
of
Evolution
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
60

2.3.1
Punctuated
equilibrium
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
60

2.3.2
Multiple
meanings
of
gradualism
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
60

2.3.3
Quantum
evolution
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
61

2.3.4
Creationist
interpretation
on
Gould’s
Punctuated
Equilibrium
Theory
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
62

2.4
Motoo
Kimura
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
65

2.5
Theories
on
Molecular
Evolution
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
65

2.5.1
Population
genetics
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
65

2.5.2
Genetic
Drift
Vs.
Natural
Selection
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
66

2.5.3
McDonald–Kreitman
test
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
66

2.5.4
Neutral
Theory
of
molecular
evolution
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
67

2.6
Theodosius
Dobzhansky
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
68

2.7
Genetics
and
Origin
of
Species
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
68

3.
Evidence
for
Darwin’s
Theory
of
Evolution
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
70

3.1
Micro
Evolution
Evidence
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
70

3.1.1
Evidence
for
Evolution
in
Human
Time
Frame:
Malaria
Vs.
Homo
Sapiens
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
70

3.1.2
Fighting
the
evolution
of
malaria
in
Cambodia
-‐
Berkeley
University
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
72

3.1.3
E.
coli
caught
in
the
act
of
evolving
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
72

3.1.4
Chromosome
2
in
Human
DNA
-‐
Evidence
for
Common
Descent
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
74

3.1.5
Endogenous
Retro
Virus
–
Evidence
for
Common
Descent
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
75

3.1.6
Molecular
Clocks:
Protein
Evolution
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
76

3.1.7
Cytochrome
C
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
78

3.2
Interpreting
the
Fossil
Record
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
79

3.2.1
Paleontology
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
79

3.2.2
Paleoanthropology
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
79

3.2.3
Taphonomy
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
79

3.2.4
Doing
math
with
species
and
fossils
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
79

3.3
Macro
Evolution
Evidence
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
80

3.3.1
Evaluating
the
Design
of
Giraffe
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
80

3.3.2
Evolution
of
Italian
Wall
Lizards
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
81

3.3.3
Evolution
of
Whales:
From
Land
Animal
to
the
Giant
of
the
Ocean
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
81

3.4
Transitional
Fossils
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
85

3.4.1
Tiktaalik:
Fish
to
Tetrapods
(Amphibians,
Reptiles,
Mammals)
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
86

3.4.2
Thrinaxodon
:
Reptiles
to
Mammals
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
87

3.4.3
Archaeopteryx
:
Reptiles
To
Birds
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
88

3.4.4
Ambulocetus
:
Land
Mammals
To
Ocean
Giant
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
89

3.4.5
Quadrupedal
Primates
to
Bipedal
Primates
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
90

3.5
Final
nail
in
the
coffin
of
the
creationists
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
93

3.5.1
Three
stages
of
Evolutionary
Biology
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
93

3.5.2
Creationists
buried
for
ever
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
94

4.
Conclusion
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
95

Evolution
and
Genetic
Science,
Critical
review
of
creationists
ranting!
5

4.1
Summarizing
the
critical
mistakes
from
the
article
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
95

4.2
Analyze
Creationism,
Intelligent
Design
and
Evolution
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
96

4.2.1
Analyzing
the
Micro
and
Macro
Evidence
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
96

4.2.2
Analyzing
Intelligent
Design
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
96

4.2.3
Analyzing
Creationism
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
97

4.2.4
Questions
to
Creationists
and
Intelligent
Design
Proponents
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
97

4.2.5
Some
more
interesting
questions
to
creationists
of
Abrahamic
faith.
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
98

5.
Explore
(Videos
and
Books)
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
99

5.1
Glossary
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
99

5.2
Videos
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
100

5.2.1
Evolution
and
Genetics
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
100

5.3
Websites
on
Evolution
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
100

5.3.1
Universities
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
100

5.3.2
Web
Sites
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
100

5.4
Books
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
101

5.4.1
Cosmology
and
Quantum
Physics
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
101

5.4.2
Evolution
and
Genetics
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
101

5.4.3
Neuro
Science
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
101

5.4.4
Others
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
101

What
is
Science?

By
John
A
Moore,
1993

A
way
of
Knowing
By:

• Accumulating
data
from
observations
and
experiments

• Seeking
relationships
of
the
data
with
other
natural
phenomena

• Excluding
super
natural
explanations
and
personal
wishes

Science
is
never
complete,
and
each
new
discovery
produces
new
questions.

By
Thomas
H.
Huxley

“Science
is
nothing
but
trained
and
organized
common
sense”

Science:

• A
body
of
Knowledge

• The
process
for
building
that
Knowledge

• Has
both
creative
and
critical
components

Evolution
and
Genetic
Science,
Critical
review
of
creationists
ranting!

6

Introduction

Fighting
against
Darwin’s
Evolution
theory
has
a
long
history
as
old
as
the
theory

itself.
However,
what’s
surprising
is
you
don’t
see
creationists
fight
against
other

fields
of
science
for
example
Theory
of
Relativity
or
Quantum
Physics
which
is
much

more
bizarre,
than
saying
we
got
evolved
from
Ape.
Compare
to
Relativity
and

Quantum
Physics,
saying
we
were
evolved
from
Ape
is
nothing.

But
still
why
this

massive
amount
of
century
old
attacks
against
biology.

Here
is
the
answer
for
that

That
describes
everything
from
the
motion
of
the
planets
to
galaxies
to
the
color
of

your
skin.

Now
do
you
think
any
creationist
will
dare
to
question
any
of
these
things?
The

answer
is
a
big
NO.
The
latest
book
from
Stephen
Hawking
“The
Grand
Design”
says

there
is
no
role
for
a
Supreme
power
for
the
Big
Bang
of
the
Universe
and
its

functions,
the
latest
book
by
Laurence
M
Krauss
says,
Universe
came
from
nothing.

Last
year
(Oct
20111
),
three
scientists
were
awarded
Nobel
Prize
for
confirming
the

expansion
of
the
Universe,
confirming
Big
Bang
Theory.
Oh
boy!,
its
expanding
at
a

faster
rate
than
anticipated
due
to
Dark
Energy.
That’s
the
second
evidence
for
Big

Bang
Theory.
Prior
to
this
Scientists
got
Nobel
Prize
in
19782

and
20063

for
Cosmic

Microwave
Background
Radiation4
,
the
remnants
of
Big
Bang.

The
big-‐bang
theory
predicts
that
this
primordial
light
should
display
a
classic
“blackbody”

spectrum,
an
indicator
that
the
whole
universe
started
out
at
a
uniform
temperature
before

1

Nobel
Prize
for
Physics
2011

2

Nobel
Prize
for
Physics
1978

3

Nobel
Prize
for
Physics
2006

4

MSNBC
–
Americans
win
Nobel
for
Big
Bang
study
March
10,
2006

Evolution
and
Genetic
Science,
Critical
review
of
creationists
ranting!
7

expanding
into
the
much
less
homogeneous
state
we
now
observes.
That
is
exactly
what

COBE
5

found.
“It’s
just
a
magnificent
verification
of
the
big
bang,”
said
Lawrence
Krauss,
a

professor
of
physics
at
Case
Western
Reserve
University
in
Cleveland.

Albert
Einstein
published
General
Theory
of
Relativity
in
1916
and
the
Big
Bang

model
was
a
natural
outcome
of
this
theory.
However,
wisdom
at
that
time
points

towards
a
static
universe.
So,
he
modified
his
theory
by
introducing
Cosmological

Constant
to
make
his
theory
predict
the
static
model.
However,
in
1929,
Edwin

Hubble
announced
the
expansion
of
universe
as
he
observed
that
the
galaxies
were

systematically
moving
away
from
us
with
speed
proportional
to
their
distance.

Einstein
abandoned
the
Cosmological
Constant
after
this
observation
by
Hubble.

However,
a
number
of
observations
in
1998
points
towards
a
cosmic
acceleration

have
revived
the
cosmological
constant!
Even
Einstein’s
blunder
became
another

brilliant
idea.

Following
image
shows
the
history
of
the
universe
with
initial
expansion
due
to

inflation
and
the
current
expansion
due
to
Dark
Energy.
20116

Nobel
Prize7

for

Physics
is
attributed
to
the
accelerated
expansion
of
Universe
due
to
Dark
Energy.

I
feel
its
time
there
should
be
some
mathematical
formula,
which
will
explain
the

concept
of
Natural
Selection
and
predict
changes
(from
mutation,
genetic
drift)
of

any
species
predicting
the
potential
DNA
sequences
of
the
future
species.

Once
that
happens
blind
pseudo
science
attack
on
Evolution
will
stop.
By
the
way

you
must
wondering
if
I
understood
the
above
formula.
Absolutely
Not!


5

COBE
–
Cosmic
Background
Explorer

6

CNN
–
Scientists
studying
Universe’s
expansion
win
Nobel
Prize
in
Physics
October
4,
2011

7

BBC
News
–
Nobel
Physics
Prize
honors
Accelerating
Universe
find
October
4,
2011

Evolution
and
Genetic
Science,
Critical
review
of
creationists
ranting!

8

Understanding
the
structure
of
this
document

This
document
is
divided
into
following
sections:

1. Understanding
Evolution

2. Wrong
Interpretation
of
Science
and
Scientists
Quotes

3. Evidence
for
Darwin’s
Theory
of
Evolution

4. Conclusion

5. Explore
(Videos
&
Books)

1.
Understanding
Evolution

This
section
explains
the
key
ideas
of
Darwin’s
theory
of
Evolution.

It
briefly

introduces
the
user
to
genetic
science
by
explaining
mutation
and
concept
of

geological
time
line,
which
is
very
important
to
understand
evolution
of
species.

The
key
part
of
evolution
is
variation
and
selection
and
the
time
frame.
Variations

happen
through
mutations
and
Natural
Selection
is
the
key
for
the
branching
out

and
diversification
of
species.
Time
is
a
very
critical
component
of
evolution.
When

we
talk
about
time
we
are
not
talking
about
time
in
days,
months
or
years.
We
are

talking
about
time
in
millions
of
years.
To
explain
that
briefly,
60
million
years
ago

India
was
an
island
and
was
not
part
of
Asia
the
way
we
see
it
today.
Indian
island

barged
into
Asia
and
that
collision
created
the
Himalayas.
This
gives
you
an
idea

about
the
geological
time
frame
we
are
talking
about.

Understanding
Natural
Selection,
Common
descent
with
modification
along
with

how
mutation
works,
is
a
key
part
in
the
whole
process.
Apart
from
Darwin’s
theory

of
Evolution
this
section
also
looks
at
the
alternate
non-‐scientific
theories
from

creationists.
Non-‐scientific
theories
masqueraded
as
scientific
theories.

2.
Wrong
Interpretation
of
Science
and
Scientists
quotes

One
of
the
tactics
the
creationists
deploy
is
to
misquote
the
prominent
scientists
and

wrongly
interpret
the
their
theories
to
confuse
the
public.
This
section
debunks
such

claims
with
evidence
from
such
scientist’s
latest
books,
press
statements.

3.
Evidence
for
Darwin’s
Theory
of
Evolution

This
section
showcases
some
of
the
key
evidence
to
support
evolution
from
fossil

records,
genetics,
some
bad
designs
in
species
and
other
areas
of
science.

4.
Conclusion

This
section
analyses
every
section
in
this
document
like
evidences,
creationist

theories
etc.

Evolution
and
Genetic
Science,
Critical
review
of
creationists
ranting!
9

1.
Understanding
Evolution

Almost
every
creationist’s
says
Evolution
is
just
a
theory
and
not
a
fact.
According
to

"The
American
Heritage
Dictionary,"
a
theory
is:

A
set
of
statements
or
principles
devised
to
explain
a
group
of
facts
or
phenomena,

especially
one
that
has
been
repeatedly
tested
or
is
widely
accepted
and
can
be
used

to
make
predictions
about
natural
phenomena.

Let
me
start
with
N
M
Hussain’s
understanding
of
Darwin’s
Theory
of
Evolution
from

his
article.
Compared
to
popular
belief
(creationism)
in
Darwin’s
time,
Darwin
made

two
extra
ordinary
claims.
Before
I
address
this
let
me
show
what
Hussain
wrote

about
Darwin’s
Theory
in
his
article
titled
“Evolution
and
Genetic
Science8
”
in
the

Magazine
Sneha
Samvadham
cover
story
(2012
October).

1.1
History
of
Earth

Before
we
get
into
the
article
let
us
have
a
quick
look
at
the
scenario
in
1859
at
the

time
Darwin
published
“On
Origin
of
the
Species”.

1. Earth
is
too
young.

2. No
transitional
forms
in
the
fossil
record.

3. Natural
Selection
can’t
work
because
rare
variants
would
be
swamped
out.

4. Animals
look
too
different
to
come
from
common
ancestors.

1.1.1
Figuring
out
Earth’s
age

According
to
Archbishop
James
Ussher’s9

estimate
based
on
genealogy
in
the
Bible

Earth
got
created
around
the
year
4004
B.C.
That
put
the
age
of
Earth
around
6000

years
old.
Lord
Kelvin10

(famous
physicist
at
that
time)
calculated
that
the
age
of

Earth
is
around
40
(max)
million
years.
Kelvin’s
estimate
came
from
physics
of

cooling
of
the
Earth
and
the
Sun.
Darwin
felt
this
age
has
to
be
wrong,
because
with

2
to
40
million
years
he
realized
that
evolution
is
not
possible
for
so
many
diverse

amounts
of
species
you
observe
on
planet
Earth.

Lord
Kelvin
was
against
the

concept
of
Darwin’s
Evolution
and
he
felt
his
calculation
of
Earth’s
age
refutes

Darwin’s
theory
of
Evolution
and
point
towards
the
spontaneous
creation
of
species

by
God.

Here
is
an
abstract
from
the
paper
published
by
University
of
Manitoba11
,
Canada

“Calculations
at
high
school
level
can
be
used
to
show
how
Newton
estimated

the
age
of
the
Earth
from
the
cooling
of
a
hot
body
and
later
Helmholtz
and

Kelvin
applied
thermodynamic
arguments
to
ﬁnding
the
ages
of
both
the
Sun

8

Evolution
and
Genetic
Science
by
N
M
Hussain,
Sneha
Samvadham,
2012
October

9

Archbishop
James
Ussher
–
Wikipedia

10

Lord
Kelvin
–
Wikipedia

11

Calculating
the
Age
of
Earth
and
the
Sun
by
Arthur
Stinner

Evolution
and
Genetic
Science,
Critical
review
of
creationists
ranting!

10

and
the
Earth.
Finding
the
Sun
to
be
younger
than
the
Earth
was
a
puzzle
until

the
discovery
of
radioactivity
and
the
Sun’s
true
source
of
power.”

Albert
Einstein’s
E=mc2

revolutionized
the
understanding
of
the
power
source
and

age
of
the
sun.

4
Hydrogen
atoms
–
in
fusion
make
1
Helium
atom
and
releases
energy

Discovery
of
radioactivity
provides
new
way
to
calculate
absolute
age
of
rocks,
and

detailed
measurements
suggest
that
the
Earth
is
around
4.6
billion
years
old.

Now

this
(Age
of
Earth)
has
been
proven
beyond
any
doubt
in
the
present
time.

Now
consider
the
forces
Darwin
faced
at
that
time
when
he
formulated
and

published
his
theory
on
evolution
of
species.
Both
theology
and
the
contemporary

science
(at
that
time)
point
towards
an
age
of
Earth
(6000
years
or
40
million
years),

which
is
absolutely
not
compatible
with
the
concept
of
Evolution
and
with
that
age,

there
is
not
enough
time
for
the
Natural
Selection
to
work.

This
backdrop
of
Earth’s
age
is
very
critical
to
understand
Darwin’s
thought
process

and
his
confidence
in
his
theory.

Without
even
establishing
anything
and
without
even
explaining
the
concept
or
the

meaning
of
Natural
Selection12
,
Hussain
is
trying
to
conclude
that
Charles
Lyell’s
6th

point
(gradually
accumulated
changes
create
new
species
in
time)
is
what
Darwin’s

Evolution
theory
is
all
about
without
explaining
why
there
should
be
a
change
in
the

first
place.

12

Origin
of
Species,
Charles
Darwin,
Signet
Classics,
150
th
,
Anniversary
Edition,
Chapter
4,
Page
76

Evolution
and
Genetic
Science,
Critical
review
of
creationists
ranting!
11

The
key
part
of
Natural
Selection
is
Why
Natural
Selection?
Under
what

circumstances
Natural
Selection
works.
That’s
exactly
what
Hussain
should
try
to

understand
and
explain
if
he
thinks
he
is
an
expert
in
Darwin’s
Evolution
Theory.

What
N
M
Hussain
expects
in
the
Origin
of
Species
theory
is
the
answer
to
Earth’s

4.5
billion
years
of
History
well
defined.
Which
means
how
each
species
formed
and

how
it
got
evolved.
He
didn’t
get
the
concept
that
Charles
Darwin’s
“On
the
Origin
of

Species”
is
a
collection
of
theories
(with
examples)
on
what
you
see
around
in

different
geographic
locations
across
the
world
and
created
a
scientific
model,
which

can
give
a
scientific
explanation
on
the
diversity
of
species
on
planet
Earth.
Every

theory
requires
empirical
data
to
support
the
theories
predictions.
However,
the
key

aspect
is
trying
to
figure
what
exactly
the
theory
is
trying
to
emphasize.
Now
lets

look
at
Hussain’s
conclusion
on
“On
the
Origin
of
Species”.

Here
Hussain
explains
that,
“On
Origin
of
the
Species”
should
contain
details
of

atleast
one
species
(from
the
beginning)
from
the
current
2
million
species
in
this

world.
This
is
the
perfect
example
that
he
doesn’t
understand
Darwin’s
theory.
He

needs
to
understand
that,
to
explain
that
you
need
to
go
through
4.5
billion
years
of

Earth’s
history13

(check
out
the
BBC
site
for
the
Prehistoric
Life
on
Earth),
and
the

most
critical
part
of
Darwin’s
theory
is
Common
Descent
running
into
the
last
3

billion
years
of
Earth’s
history.

So,
from
the
above
paragraph
(from
Hussain)
following
things
we
can
infer.

1. Hussain
doesn’t
understand
that
the
Earth
is
4.5
billion
years
old

2. Hussain
doesn’t
understand
the
concept
of
Common
Descent.

3. Hussain
doesn’t
accept
single
origin
of
life.

4. Hussain
doesn’t
understand
that
Eukaryote14

evolved
around
2.7
billions

years
ago.

5. Hussain
expects
one
book
to
reveal
all
the
details
of
3
billion
years
of
species

history!

13

BBC
–
History
of
Life
on
Earth

14

Eukaryote
-‐
Wikipedia

Evolution
and
Genetic
Science,
Critical
review
of
creationists
ranting!

12

1.1.2
Geological
Time
Periods
(from
BBC)

Following
data
from
BBC
Site
shows
various
geological
time
on
Earth.
It’s
important
to

understand
this
history
to
get
the
complete
grasp
of
Evolution.

Following
extract
is
from
BBC
site
on
Prehistoric
life
of
Earth15

The
Earth
is
a
little
over
4.5
billion
years
old,
its
oldest
materials
being
4.3
billion-‐year-‐old
zircon

crystals.
Its
earliest
times
were
geologically
violent,
and
it
suffered
constant
bombardment
from

meteorites.
When
this
ended,
the
Earth
cooled
and
its
surface
solidified
to
a
crust
-‐
the
first
solid
rocks.

There
were
no
continents
as
yet,
just
a
global
ocean
peppered
with
small
islands.
Erosion,

sedimentation
and
volcanic
activity
-‐
possibly
assisted
by
more
meteor
impacts
-‐
eventually
created

small
proto-‐continents
which
grew
until
they
reached
roughly
their
current
size
2.5
billion
years
ago.

The
continents
have
since
repeatedly
collided
and
been
torn
apart,
so
maps
of
Earth
in
the
distant
past

are
quite
different
to
today's.

The
history
of
life
on
Earth
began
about
3.8
billion
years
ago,
initially
with
single-‐celled
prokaryotic

cells,
such
as
bacteria.
Multicellular
life
evolved
over
a
billion
years
later
and
it's
only
in
the
last
570

million
years
that
the
kind
of
life
forms
we
are
familiar
with
began
to
evolve,
starting
with
arthropods,

followed
by
fish
530
million
years
ago
(Ma),
land
plants
475Ma
and
forests
385Ma.
Mammals
didn't

evolve
until
200Ma
and
our
own
species,
Homo
sapiens,
only
200,000
years
ago.
So
humans
have

been
around
for
a
mere
0.004%
of
the
Earth's
history.

1.1.3
Geological
Time
Line
(from
BBC)

15

BBC
–
Prehistoric
Life
of
Earth

Evolution
and
Genetic
Science,
Critical
review
of
creationists
ranting!
13

1.1.4
Tree
of
Life
(from
BBC)

Evolution
and
Genetic
Science,
Critical
review
of
creationists
ranting!

14

However,
Hussain,
as
a
creationist
how
can
he
accept
Evolution,
because
his
whole

purpose
is
not
to
understand
Evolution
but
to
say
God
Created
all
species
at
the

same
time.
His
prejudiced
mind
is
completely
closed
to
Science.
Hussain
expects
that

“On
Origin
of
the
Species”
can
be
worth
its
salt,
only
if
it
contains
4.5
billion
years
of

Earth
history.

So,
its
very
clear
that
Hussain,
started
his
article
with
a
prejudiced
mind
and
trying
to

prove
that
Evolution
is
wrong
without
understanding
what
it
really
means
and
has

no
clue
about
Earth’s
history.

After
going
through
the
4.5
billion
years
of
Earth’s
history,
what
will
be
the
version
of

a
creationist?

1. God
Created
Universe

2. God
Created
Earth

3. God
Created
Species

4. God
Created
Man

Can
we
ask
any
questions
on
the
above
four
statements?
Like
the
following:

1. How
old
is
Universe?

2. How
old
is
Sun?

3. How
old
is
Earth?

4. Is
the
Universe
static
or
expanding?

5. What
will
be
the
fate
of
the
Universe?

6. Are
all
these
diverse
set
of
species
got
created
at
the
same
time?

7. What
about
the
case
of
99%
of
species
got
extinct?

8. If
an
asteroid
didn’t
hit
Earth
60
million
years
ago,
Dinosaurs
will
be
still

ruling
this
planet!
So,
did
God,
purposefully
destroyed
Dinosaurs
to
create

Humans?

9. What’s
space
and
time?

10. Is
Time
absolute?

11. What’s
primary
matter
or
consciousness?

Science
is
all
about
answering
the
RIGHT
questions
and
more.
When
you
ask
these

questions,
a
creationist
will
hide
behind
religion
and
say,
“that’s
not
the
purpose
of

the
religion!”

Readers
must
be
thinking
now,
why
I
am
talking
about
Universe,
Earth
and
Stars
in

an
article
about
Evolution.
Evolution
is
there
everywhere,
there
is
a
cosmic
Evolution

(formation
of
Stars
and
planets)
and
there
is
biological
Evolution.
Understanding
the

history
and
geological
time
period
is
critical
to
understand
Evolution
and
Darwin’s

vision.

Now
where
is
science
when
Hussain’s
belief
says
that
God
created
every
species?

That’s
nothing
but
faith.
That’s
where
his
confusion
starts,
confusing
faith
with

Science.
You
don’t
need
to
bring
in
Science
if
you
want
be
spiritual.
Religion
and

Evolution
and
Genetic
Science,
Critical
review
of
creationists
ranting!
15

Science
has
two
very
distinctive
roles.
It’s
ok
to
be
spiritual,
and
the
golden
rule
to

follow,
never
mix
up
your
personal
spiritual
beliefs
with
Science!

As
Hussain
is
confused
about
Earth’s
history
and
the
theories
of
Evolution,
lets
move

forward
and
look
how
Hussain
presented
the
case
even
after
it’s
very
clear
about
his

intentions.

In
the
next
section
Hussain
describes
Darwin’s
example
and
he
is
concluding
that,
it

never
happens
in
nature
and
its
nothing
but
Darwin’s
pure
imagination.
Without

even
explaining
the
theory
and
the
accompanying
facts,
without
even
evaluating
the

facts,
he
declared
that
Evolution
Theory
doesn’t
work.
Now
lets
see
what
Darwin

says
in
Origin
of
Species
about
his
examples
to
illustrate
the
concept
of
Natural

Selection.

“I
must
beg
permission
to
give
one
or
two
imaginary
illustrations16
.”

-‐
Charles
Darwin,
Chapter
IV,
On
the
Origin
of
the
Species,
Page
86

When
Darwin
took
the
readers
permission
to
explain
the
concept
of
Natural

Selection
using
an
imaginary
illustration,
Hussain
portrayed
as
his
own
conclusion!

I
could
understand
if
this
article
is
published
in
1859.
However
after
150
years
there

are
‘n’
numbers
of
evidence
available
in
Genetics
and
Organism
level
to
support

Darwin’s
Theory.
The
third
section
of
this
article
focuses
on
few
prime
examples
to

illustrate
micro
and
macroevolution
as
well
as
it
will
discuss
the
concept
of
design
or

bad
design
in
animals.

His
paragraph
ends
with
the
statement
that
Darwin
never
gave
any
evidence
for
his

theory.
Science
illiterates
will
be
so
happy
to
read
Hussain’s
statement
as
Hussain
is

exploiting
their
ignorance.

How
intelligent
to
confuse
the
normal
readers!


16

On
Origin
of
Species,
Charles
Darwin,

Signet
Classics
150
th

Anniversary
Edition

Evolution
and
Genetic
Science,
Critical
review
of
creationists
ranting!

16

This
kind
of
tactics
is
called
FUD
Factor;
inject
Fear,
Uncertainty
and
Doubt
in
other

people’s
mind.
This
is
what
priests
did
to
the
common
man
for
the
past
5
thousand

years.

Let
us
look
at
how
theoretical
physics
works.
Take
Einstein’s
Relativity17

Theory
or

Newton’s
Laws
of
Gravity18
,
these
theories
had
the
predictive
power.

• Once
the
observations
where
applied
to
the
hypothesis,
it
produced
accurate

results.

• This
is
verified
by
‘n’
number
of
scientists
across
the
world.
That’s
when
it

became
a
theory.

• In
Newton’s
Laws
of
Gravity
it
predicted
everything
except
Mercury’s
path

(around
Sun),
because
observation
and
path
produced
by
Newton’s
Law
of

Gravity
were
not
matching
(slight
variations).
This
got
fixed
with
Einstein’s

General
Theory
of
Relativity.
Today
to
send
a
Rocket
to
space
you
need
only

Newton’s
Law.
However,
if
the
payload
of
the
rocket
contains
a
GPS
satellite

then
you
need
Einstein’s
Special
theory
of
Relativity
and
General
Theory
of

Relativity,
without
these
theories,
the
discrepancies
in
finding
your
location

will
be
around
11
kms
per
day.

That’s
the
kind
of
predictive
power
in
Darwin’s
theory
detailed
in
“On
Origin
of
the

Species”
book.
It
had
the
predictive
power
to
predict
the
evolution
of
species
from

microbes
to
macro
organisms.

Now
lets
look
at
what
exactly
is
“On
the
Origin
of
Species”
is
all
about.
Before
that

lets
review
the
fundamental
creationist
view
on
Origin
of
Species.

God
created
all
species
as
is
and
everything
required
to
support
them.

Can
you
prove
this?
No,
its
nothing
but
you
have
to
believe
and
that’s
called
faith

and
not
Science.

It’s
pointless
to
get
into
a
Science
Vs.
Religion
debate.
I
feel
it’s
not

a
debatable
subject
because
of
its
distinctive
nature
and
goals.

Like
I
said
before
it’s
OK
to
believe
in
God
and
have
faith,
that
doesn’t
mean,
that’s

how
Science
should
work.
Faith
is
subjective
and
it’s
very
personal.
Science
is

Objective
and
is
a
continuous
iterative
process.
Iteration
refines
the
scientific
facts

with
more
knowledge,
data
and
understanding
of
the
universe
and
nature.

So,
the
purpose
of
this
article
is
not
to
establish
the
existence
of
God
or
deny
it,
but

to
review
the
claims
made
by
Hussain
against
Evolution,
and
analyze
those
claims.
In

the
next
section
we
will
examine
the
key
concepts
in
the
“On
the
Origin
of
the

Species”
which
Hussain
failed
to
elaborate
in
his
article.

Then
we
will
compare
the

alternate
theories
on
Evolution
like
Creationism
and
Intelligent
Design.
The
reason

17

Einstein’s
General
Theory
of
Relativity
–
Wikipedia

18

Newton’s
Law
of
Gravity
–
Wikipedia

Evolution
and
Genetic
Science,
Critical
review
of
creationists
ranting!
17

for
this
comparison
is
to
give
the
reader
a
holistic
picture
on
this
topic,
so
that
they

can
make
their
own
judgments
on
what
to
believe
and
what
not
to
believe.

So,
lets
get
started
with
Darwin’s
theory
of
Evolution.

Evolution and Genetic Science

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