The Critical Race Theory ( Crt )

The Critical Race Theory ( Crt )
The Critical Race Theory (CRT) began as a form of legal studies by liberals and turned into a
movement. The movement is a collection of activists and scholars interested in studying and
transforming the relationship between race, racism, and power. The movement walks a similar path
as conventional civil rights studies; however, they look at an even broader perspective, such as
economics, history, context, and even self–interest. "Race, Gender, and Social class are all common
interests in our American Society and will continue to be. Many theories have been developed with
the intent to analyze these concepts of human life, and genetics within the scope of society. "Critical
Race theory, is a modern take on the subtle racism and discrimination in institutional society and our
American law, and is one of the theories that construct the ideas relating race, gender and social
class to American society" (Healey, & O 'Brien, 2014). In Episode 2 of the PBS Latino Americans
Series (2013) the topic of immigration from Mexico to the US was heavily discussed, including the
Latinos battle with discrimination, oppression, and even segregation. During the Mexican
Revolution one million Mexicans escaped to the US for safety, food, and work (Bosch, 2013).
Americans were unsure what to do with them. As they believe the Mexicans did not have the
inherent liberty that they had, and yet they weren't black or white so they decided to just keep them
segregated along with the African Americans.
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Summary Of The Tenets Of Critical Race Theory
This chapter will explicate the tenets of Critical Race Theory and review the extant literature on the
emotional ramifications of perceived racial discrimination and microaggressions. This chapter will
also explore the literature relevant to the experiences of Latina/os who have experienced racial
discrimination and microaggressions. An additional aim of this chapter is to outline the existing
literature on Campus Racial Climate. Finally, the research on the experiences of Latina/o students
attending Hispanic Serving Institutions will be examined.
Critical Race Theory
Critical Race Theory (CRT) initially resulted from the critical legal cases of the 1960s that examined
the persistence of racism (Delgado & Stefancic, 2001). CRT emerged in the

The Critical Race Theory Essay example
Introduction
We live in a society where race is seen as a vital part of our personalities, the lack of racial identity
is very often an important factor which prevent people from not having their own identity (Omi &
Winant, 1993). Racism is extemely ingrained in our society and it seems ordinary (Delgado &
Stefanic, 2000), however, many people denounce the expression of any racist belief as immoral
(Miles & Brown, 2003) highlighting the complicated nature of racism. Critical Race Theory tries to
shed light on the issue of racism claiming that racism is ingrained in our society both in legal,
cultural, and psychological aspects of social life (Tate, 1997). This essay provides us the opportunity
to explore this theory and its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Critical Race Theory (CRT) claims that racism is quite usual in social life and white superiority is
extremely ingrained in educational, legal, and political structures which is often unrecognizable
(Taylor, 2009). According to Delgado and Stefanic (2000):
''CRT begins with an a number of basic insticts. One is that racism is normal, not abberrant, in
American society. Because racism is an ingrained feature of our landscape, it looks ordinary and
natural to persons in the culture. Formal equal opportunity – rules and laws that insist on treating
blacks and whites (for example) alike – can thus remedy only the more extreme and shocking forms
of injustice, the ones that do stand out. It can do little about the business–as–usual forms of racism
that people of color confront every day and that account for much misery, alienation, and despair''
(Delgado & Stefanic, 2000: xvi).
Although, this theory began as a part of law sciences, nowadays, there is a great interest of CRT in
the field of education, helping people to understand some forms of discrimination which face the
non–white people in education (Delgado & Stefanic, 2001). Moreover, embraces a lot of academic
fields such as history, political science, anthropology etc (Delgado & Stefanic, 2001). CRT main
purpose is not only to understand the social structures that promote inequalities but to eliminate
them, it is clear that CRT targets on

Essay On Critical Race Theory
Cyberlibertarian vs. Critical Race Theory The critical race theory advocates the regulation of hate
speech online and evaluates the concept of free speech through the lens of those traditionally
targeted by hate speech. Proponents of this theory use the stories of the persecuted in defense for
their positon. This position also aligns itself with the speech act perspective, the idea that speech
ultimately will result in action; this is central to the critical race argument because it is precisely
what moves the right to free speech into dangerous territory for minorities. The ultimate goal of this
theory is to reduce the number of hate crimes in the real world by limiting the ability of hate groups
to organize online and create fear within minority communities. The cyberlibertarian perspective is
an extension of the political ideology of libertarianism to include an online space free from
governmental regulations, and they hold an absolutist view of the first amendment right to free
speech. One of their main objections against the critical race theory is that it fails to recognize the ...
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To these theorists, online hate speech is a danger to human rights, as it fosters a fear based climate
for the victims. Additionally, when white supremacists and other hate groups target minorities
online, it rarely remains just "free speech." In these cases, the internet acts as a medium for
individuals to gather support from others, and this often results in encouragement for action. When a
right to free speech results in minorities having to stay in their homes in fear of being assaulted, we
must ask ourselves who's speech is free. Speech free from government regulation benefits white
supremacists and attackers because it allows them to come together to form communities which is
far more dangerous than an

Critical Race Theory And Racism In Canada
The role of Critical Race Theory provides us with the idea of "racial realism", the idea that racism,
the normalcy of white supremacy is part of the everyday life of an 'other', in other words, racial or
indigenous minorities in Canada. Consequently, the Critical Race Theory gives an understanding of
the power that can be given to a definition such as 'race', and how heavily influence the way society
functions and sparked in a cultural divide in Canada due to the simple idea that biological and
aesthetic difference. The Critical Race Theory gives us the understanding of how common it is for
an individual, but most dominantly, a person who is Caucasian or who has light complexion can
easily identifies with their 'race', and view a person of another colored complexion as an 'other'
because this normalized.
"Power" insinuates racism. Pride in "race" is flawed since race itself is fictitious concept. Whether it
may be white, black, brown power; no race has power over another race. Pride is just ignorant in of
itself as well, but it is not racist. It is what comes out of those who are less educated. Racism exists
in the same way we have given race a definition, race was created to trigger racism and act as a
distraction for the trivial things. Today in Canadian society, race has become problematic and
misused for political purposes in order to systemically discriminate racial minorities, leading to rise
of poverty, incarceration, crime, with the aid of the power–hungry media

Some critical educational researchers began to transform tenets from legal CRT to those more
closely situated to education. For example, Professor Daniel G. Solórzano (1997, 1998) created five
themes of critical race theory in relation to education that inform perspectives, research methods,
and pedagogy: (1) The centrality and intersectionality of race and racism, (2) The challenge to the
dominant ideology, (3) The commitment to Social Justice, (4) The centrality of experiential
knowledge, and (5) The interdisciplinary perspective (Solórzano & Yosso, 2002; Yosso, 2005).
Following these five tenets, then, CRT in education can help identify, analyze and transform
structural and cultural ideology that disadvantages students of color in classrooms ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
I believe the use of CRT to provide equity along with a move towards social justice is a critical
reason that I look to purposefully use critical race theory as a theoretical lens.
All in all, we must recognize that the marginalization of students of color in education is a reality
(Leonardo, 2013) and for this reason we can come to see the use of CRT as an alternative to a more
equitable direction. One the one hand, CRT in education allows us to realize dilemmas in school
litigation, school funding, and harmful teacher practices (deficit thinking and colorblindness), while
on the other hand, challenges us to search for the voices of others and counterstories. In 2005, CRT
scholars, Dixson and Rousseau, describe how a quick research of the literature of "critical race
theory in education" through the ERIC database revealed only 44 hits, while only 125 in Lexis–
Nexis. Today, in the summer of 2015, I conducted a similar review of the literature, using "critical
race theory in education," in the ERIC database. I found 2,083 hits in the ERIC database, and since
2011 (the last five years) there were 24,084 hits; in addition to 996 hits using the Lexis–Nexis
database. As is indicative of the proliferation of CRT into education, it is my hope–as well as my
own research–that this greater awareness cultivates transformational change for students of color
and

Critical Race Theory Argument Analysis
Throughout history we have seen an increased number of theories arise, with respect to black civil
rights and social equality. We turn to facts and previous events to gain a social experience of racial
identity (or lack thereof). Racial identity is an important factor as to why a certain group or minority
may seek social progress. The human race has always had traditions, sexuality, and culture. It is post
war America where the critical race theory played a major role in limiting these key differences. The
critical race theory brings together a collection of opinions on Afrocentrism, Eurocentrism in its
western context, black feminism, and white studies. This argument will support how the idea of race
is socially constructed through the measurements of discrimination, prejudice, and tolerance. In
addition it will touch on social experiences, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Molifi Kete Asante is what many believe to be the leading theorist of Afrocentrism. Like our
argument Asante's view touches on being African has its own unique value and social perspectives.
According to Seidman (2013) Asante argues, "Despite the diversity of African culture there is a core
African identity. It is apparent in African and in the African diaspora." (Seidman, 2013,page 228). In
the late 1970s African American's had a hard time gaining any social justice. With the rise of neo–
conservatism and racism brought many stereotypes against African Americans. Several African
Americans were living in a state of poverty that limited them any civil rights. Seidman (2013)
declares, "Blacks were, once again, being blamed for their own oppression as family instability, drug
use, and welfare dependency were set to be the chief sources of their plight" (Seidman, 2013, page
227). This meant that many black Americans shared similarities when it came to being a victim of
racism. Middle class black men were judged and typically devalued with their social status not
taking into

Critical Race Theory Analysis
In May 2018, more than a million school–age children from Grades 3 and 5 in primary school and
Years 7 and 9 in secondary schools across Australia will complete the National Assessment Program
Literacy and Numeracy Test (NAPLAN). Millions of students around the world are similarly tested
in schools with their own versions of standardised testing. I am going to discuss that NAPLAN and
other forms of testing excludes specific groups of people such as students with an Indigenous
background, an English as an Additional Language background and students with a disability using
critical race theory.
From my own personal experience, NAPLAN was not around until I was in Year 9, I remember
being stressed about NAPLAN and as I am on the Autism Spectrum, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
"The publication of results of NAPLAN served to clearly reiterate disparities in academic outcomes
when Indigenous students were compared with non–Indigenous. There can be little doubt that the
statistics speak of the grave urgency to improve the achievement outcomes and engagement of
Indigenous students in education: for example, 63.4% of Year 5 Indigenous students were at or
above the national benchmark in literacy and numeracy compared with 92.6% of non–Indigenous
students. The Closing the gap policy offers unrealistic targets that fails to respond to contextually
specific needs of individuals or communities and is imbued with continuing assimilationist
undercurrents. Accepting this critique enables the policy to be viewed as failing to serve the interests
or needs of many Indigenous students; indeed, the policy can arguably be viewed as politically
motivated by White interests." (Vass, 2013, p.90) The data indicates that there is still a necessity to
teach Indigenous students the skills for NAPLAN, however, the results of NAPLAN at the national
benchmark is still different between Indigenous and Non–Indigenous students. Furthermore, Critical
Race theory then has a following question as whom will

ESSAY – QUESTION #7 In assessing interpersonal relationships, the concept of race is a powerful
factor. The United States upholds a problematic legacy in regard to the power discrepancies between
racial minorities and white individuals. The race issues that currently exist in the U.S. are of
unacceptable quantities but are also progressing through a path towards larger conflict that can be
analyzed through theories of race and ethnicity, specifically critical race theory. After an overview of
critical race theory, there will be an analysis of the historical context of the U.S., looking at slavery
and segregation. A discussion of the existing systemic issues that reinforce power imbalances will
follow. Subsequently, there will be an examination of "white privilege" and the violence that can
emerge out of this notion. The stance that is being taken here is not merely that there is severe
racism in U.S., but that in using critical race theory, one can see that race issues are so deeply rooted
in society to the extent that it reinforces future inequality and violence. Critical Race Theory (CRT)
is often in connection with the civil rights movement. It first emerged in the mid–1970s with the
realization that many of the progressions made in the previous decade during the civil rights
movement were being hindered yet again. Many CRT proponents believe that race and racism is a
social construction that is an ongoing and infinite issue. Scholar Derrick Bell, often referred to

Critical Race Theory Essay
Introduction
Major disparities such as race and ethnicity among individuals have been identified as the cause of
discrimination and bias that is evident in most schools. Education is an essential strategy in ensuring
and enhancing individual's ability to one's society. The schooling is also a key strategy that ensures
better lives to individuals. This is a reality since most prominent people success can be traced back
from education. However, the issue of racism and ethnicity has been a major impediment to
schooling process. Essentially, discrimination based on ethnicity and race prevent some students to
obtain quality education or in other cases fail to secure better school. For instance, young Afro–
Caribbean males have been portrayed by the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, it gives pupils a platform of expressing themselves when talking about not to be
judged or stereotyped and put in a category that is to their disadvantage. Essentially, the theory
emphasis on personal stories based on their experience regarding racism cases "One of the main
goals of CRT is to use storytelling and narrative to examine Race and Racism" (Gillborn, 2006,
p.16).Critical Race Theory examines racism within the school system as part of their policies,
cultures and practices. In addition, Critical Race Theory is a helpful tool when it comes to working
with students who come from different cultural backgrounds. The theory helps pupils to think about
how they might respond to manifestations of racism, especially if it happens in their life time.
Critical race theory offers a platform to discuss people's educational inequality and to identify
potential solutions, for instance, some teachers believe that Afro–Caribbean males only have the
ability to do well in sports and music. Through the help of the critical race theory, potential solution
of such stereotypes can be reached and prevent further racism or discrimination against Afro.–
Caribbean

Despite changes in the landscape for treatment of ethnic minorities in the United States over the past
200 years, issues with racism has never stopped being an issue and continues to tarnish and tatter the
very fabric of our nation. There has been a history of violence against Black people that dates back
400 years, to a time when the first slave was forcefully brought here to the USA (Rogers, 2015).
From that time on, people of African descent have been dehumanized and treated as second–class
citizens and this has become an ongoing community issue (Diversi, 2016). Racial classification was
created as a way to condone slavery and maintain the primacy of the white race (Tolliver, Hadden,
Snowden, & Manning, 2016). Aymer (2016) explains that the Critical Race Theory (CRT) provides
a way to understand that the violence that Blacks face in America originates from the societal belief
in White superiority and, when trying to understand the Black reality, centuries of racial oppression
must be discussed (Aymer, 2016). CRT acknowledges that racism is primarily a problem in America
and has contributed to the social disparities in the U.S. In addition, it notes other forms of
oppression that are important to discuss and work through. CRT does not believe in the legal
rhetoric that there is an impartial, equal way of dealing with individuals in the community that has
nothing to do with color and everything to do with achievement and hard work. It also takes on an
interdisciplinary

"I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be
judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character." –Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
(1963)
These words from Dr. Martin Luther King Jr famous I have a dream speech still echoes in the minds
of people all over the world today. Unfortunately, these dreams he had for not only his children but
the children of the world did not come true for all. Racism still very much exists today, although
many aspects of racism have change for the better it still is a big issue that is sadly growing as the
days go on. Black lives matter is an international activist group who fight against police brutality
and racial inequality against the African ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I chose the critical race theory as my contemporary theory for the event black lives matter because
this theory is based on race and racism. Critical race theory would explain black lives matter
because the theory looks at the historical side of racism and how many inequalities they face is due
to the oppression of African Americans. The inequality of being racial profile just because your
African American, in the case of Trayvon Martin he was just walking to his dad's fiancée house
where he was approached by George Zimmerman who thought Martin was a robber. This case of
racial profiling caused a young man to die. "Critical race theory works toward the end of eliminating
racial oppression as part of the broader goal of ending all forms of oppression." (Lawrence,
Matsuda, Delgado, & Crenshaw, 1993, p.6) This explains what the international activist group black
lives matter are working toward as their goal. This theory was formed in somewhat the same way
black lives matter was formed. African Americans tired of being racial oppression by others and
started to protest and that's how they got their voices to be heard. Overall this theory is formed to be
looked at when talking about race and racism, which fits with the event that I have

Commentary On 'Critical Race Theory'
Commentary on Critical Race Theory
Lereiya Edmonson
Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic introduction followed the Critical Race Theory. Because they
felt that there was a need for transforming relationships among race, racism and power. They used
the conventional civil rights and ethnic studies to question the foundation of the liberal order.
However the introduction presented was straight forward because they raise issues that people of
race recognizes every day. They even outlined the basic tenets of critical race theory in the process
to show the "ordinariness, mean that racism is difficult to cure". Still, they maintained the stand of
their color black.
Richard and Jean supported their thesis and draw attention to the society and recognize

Critical Race Theory On Racism
Throughout history, racism has been an entity embedded in the United States society, and can still be
seen in many forms today. In regard to racism being uprooted in the future, it does not seem
plausible due to the fact that little progress has been made to reform the societal structures that
marginalize people based on their race. Although racism is permanently embedded within the United
States, working towards social justice is a necessity because it reassures communities facing
marginalization that there is a possibility that the presence of racism will be less visible in society. In
Critical Race Theory, or CRT, it is recognized that racism is lodged into the system of American
society. Critical race scholars believe that the power ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So instead of getting caught up in the celebration of "progress" being made, the focus should be on
opportunities to do the work that is essential in uprooting racism . Although, some people may not
completely agree with these statements. In a study done in 2010, 57% of African Americans and
32% of whites had agreed that President Obama being elected into office had improved race
relations . But in reality, race relations were the same as they always were, before and during his
presidency. Unarmed black men and women were still victims of police shootings, and black people
were still targets for hate crimes, for example the Charleston church shooting of 2015. Although this
is an extreme example of a hate crime, it still proves that there has not been much progress towards
improving race relations. Although racism is going to permanently remain in society, that does not
mean that the fight for equality should be discarded. The fight towards social justice represent
symbols for the African American community. These symbols show the resiliency of black people
and how much hard work activists have put in towards the fight for social justice. As Derrick Bell
states in Faces at the bottom of the well, "symbols have been the mainstay of blacks' faith that
someday they will truly be free in this land of freedom" . In other words, these symbols are also a
representation of black

Unreasonable Doubt And Critical Race Theory
Lauren Krzesicki
December 8, 2014
COM 495–03
Unreasonable Doubt In this short essay I will discuss the relationship between Unreasonable Doubt
and critical race theory as well as cultivation theory and how these theories can be applied to the
human interactions in Unreasonable Doubt. In John McHale's Unreasonable Doubt, video
documentary is used to promote justice for Joe Amrine who was wrongfully accused and placed on
death row. The first theory I will address is Critical Race Theory. This theory identifies and
demonstrates that racism is still prominent in today's society and that it is common, ordinary, and
normal. This theory can be applied to Unreasonable Doubt under the pretense that Joe Amrine is a
black man in prison. One could ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The spiral of silence refers to when people mute or do not voice their opinions. This can be related
to the boys of the Sudanese refugee camps. It is hard to tell just how many boys took the long
journey, survived, and are now prospering in other places because they are not talking about it. I
think another factor of the spiral of silence principle is that people do not want to speak about it
because of the fear of the public opinion. I think people are reluctant to talk about things that may
have happened in the past due to the fear of being judged or people simply not caring. I think if
more people were informed about the help that can be provided to the lost Sudanese boys that more
of them would come forward and more people would be willing to hear their story and reach

Benefits Of Critical Race Theory
Furthermore, the critical race theory approach draws attention to African–Americans seeking to
break historical norms to create a new respect for their race. For example, Natchez, who claims
himself to be James Fulton's nephew confines in Lila Mae about his desire to obtain his uncle's
"black box," which will not only benefit his family but the African–American race as a whole.
Natchez said, "They always take away from our people. I don't know if they know he was colored...
When I hear them talk about his invention, they always saying it's the future. It's the future of the
cities. But it's our future, not theirs. It's ours. And we need to take it back" (Whitehead, 140). This
quote strengthens the argument of critical race theory because as previously

Critical Theory And Critical Race Theory
After reading chapter one, I've come to learn the difference between critical theory and critical race
theory as well as related them to some challenges I seen while I worked within an adolescent
treatment center.
Critical Theory (CT), holds that institutionalized oppression of groups of people in a society–
cultural, ethnic, racial, and gender groups– is often supported by the oppressed peoples themselves,
who believe the system to be in their own best interests (Owens & Valesky, 2015). When critical
race theory is applied to race, and specifically in education to the achievement gap, it is also termed
Critical Race Theory (CRT), which is defined by Solorzano (1997) as scholarship and discourse on
race and racism in an attempt to eliminate racism and racial stereotypes from society, including
laws, social policy, and organizational cultures (Owens & Valesky, 2015).
The effect CT and CRT hold on American education is as stated by Owens and Valesky (2015), "Yet,
liberalism has brought a focus on multicultural curriculum and the concept of diversity is clearly a
topic of interest in classroom instruction, among faculty and administrators when discussing school
and district mission and vision, and with school policy in hiring practices" (p. 12).
Reflecting on my experiences with critical theory and critical race theory it reminds me of the
challenges some students brought to our administration of how an individual wanted to be identified
as a gender and how they choose to

Thanks Candance you gave great insight about what the Critical Race Theory is and the importance
of having that theory in place. This theory has uncovered racism, and the power of the dominant
race. I work at a shelter for homeless, abused, neglected and exploited children, and I am in the part
of my internship, which allows me to type up case studies on the children that are referred to the
shelter, I find it difficult to relate to the Hispanic children and their families without the Spanish
version of the English translation, because we know that the English language can be a barrier to
getting the help that they need. As you stated, much is lost in the Hispanics population if
communication is broken in the engagement stage. The National Association of Social Workers
(NASW) Code of Ethics (1999) outline score values and ethical standards for social workers,
including the vital importance of multicultural competence, advocacy, empowerment, and social
justice. We must have the ability to aid these individuals and groups in finding this voice and can
only do so through our own proper education and strategic leadership. Latino subgroups share some
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You are right, Hispanic children need the access to health care as other races, especially when it
comes to their health. There are so many barriers that come from living in a society that is
stigmatized by the color of skin. So this is what I found from the Critical Race Theory. Racial
scholars argue that racism produces rates of morbidity, mortality, and overall well–being that vary
depending on socially assigned race or culture. Eliminating racism is therefore central to achieving
health equality, but this requires new paradigms that are responsive to structural racism's
contemporary influence on health, health inequities, and research (Ford & Airhihenbuwa,

Firstly, when it comes to describing women that are non –white, different terminology is used by
different authors or researchers, however in doing so this generally creates inconsistencies and in
some form it loses value. For example , the term women of colour can be used to refer to ,African–
American women, Asian, Hispanic, Native American and Indian ( generally used in the USA)
(Davidson, 1997). Similarly Lee (2014) Refers to African–American women as 'blacks 'whereas
Duff (2011) refers to south Asian, afro–Caribbean and African groups as Blacks On the other hand.
Deakinns et al (1996) cited in Davidson (1997) use the term ethnic minority to incorporate various
ethnic minority groups excluding the world black", Somehow signifying the issue at Hand.
Therefore in attempt to avoid any inconsistences the term women of African descent will be used to
refer to black women throughout this assignment.
In reference to Hite, (1996), "studies have indicated that race and gender are pervasive factors in
career progression and therefore influences opportunities for those who are not of dominate culture".
2.2 Critical Race Theory ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Founded by Derrick Bell, critical race theory is an academic discipline, which maintains that
American society is still divided in terms of race. CRT states that in terms of race, exists the
oppressors (Whites) and victims (Blacks). CRT contends that America is racist at the core. Many
scholars including Delgado and Stefancic support this as they question the systems that are in place
in America. By examining past and existing power structures, Delgado & Stefancic, (2001) conclude
that the nation's legal structures are racist and invalid. These scholars also suggest that the legal
systems and power structures are built upon white supremacy. As a result, they are not neutral or
objective as they support the subordination of people of

The Critical Race Theory
The critical race theory is also directly related to the racialization of African Americans. This theory
looks at racism, at a broader perspective. It observes the economics, history of the race, the
environment of where individuals live, and the context of where certain racism situations occur. In
this case, racism is considered a standard part of American society, it is not limited to obvious acts
of discrimination or cruelty against minorities, but has become unrecognizable in everyday lives.
Viewing and treating people as only a stereotype such as, African Americans as criminals, is a form
of racism. The critical race theory can help to understand why people may view African Americans
as criminals, dangerous or violent. Whites may not fully ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is a widespread fallacy throughout society, when people think of crime they often think of race.
The stereotype of African Americans being violent, dangerous and the common criminal has a lot to
do with why people correlate race and crime together. Overtime racism has gone from serious overt
acts, to unrecognizable acts. The main problem with racism is that most people are unaware that
they are doing it because most believe racism no longer exists, which is false. There are many
theories such as the labeling theory, critical race theory and intersectionality that are used to try and
make sense of why exactly African Americans and other minorities are discriminated against. It is
also found that the media has a lot to do with the extensive image of African Americans being
portrayed as criminals because a lot of the news that is broadcasted is about violent acts committed
by Blacks. Unfortunately, over time, society has depicted a false image of an African American. If
this stereotypical image of African Americans was created by society, then the one thing that can
alter that image is the public view and society

Critical Race Theory Class
Race and its restrictions are constructed by society. Racial rules are made and then reinforced by
white supremacy and privilege. Due to these cultural expectations, we are all always in a defensive
and questioning position. These expectations inspired me to take a series of photos that express the
conflict between the external struggles conform to societies expectations of confrontation. It is also
intended to make a commentary on the want to be an ally to each other. That grief and support are
universal feelings. Race is an unnecessary focal point that we have created to imprison ourselves.
Attending the Writing Race in the U.S.: An Exploration of African American Literature and Critical
Race Theory class has significantly altered my view of race and racism. I now know that racism is
not only projected by those ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pictured are two persons: one White male and one Black female. A set of three photos in grayscale
on a whiteboard with black paint bordering it. The center photo has the subjects set apart, male with
arms crossed and female with arms at her sides. With clear dislike and contempt for each other. One
could imagine that they are having any one of the numerous familiar arguments that come across the
racial divide. Viewed from the center out, the center picture tells the story of unease, confrontation
and aggression. Moving to the outer pictures there is a story of pain, support, and compassion. The
left picture shows the Black women with her arms wrapped around the man. Her faces shows that
she shares his pain and will be there to console him. The photo on the left pictures the White man
holding the woman in a supportive embrace, and the woman's face expresses a deep grief. Both
outside photos stand in collective sadness, and express the want to comfort and accept each

1. Critical Race Theory sprang up in the mid 1970's with the work of Derrick Bell and Alan
Freeman who were deeply distressed over the slow pace of racial reform in the United States in the
midst of civil rights legislation. Critical race theory evolved in the mid–1970's as a response to
Critical legal studies. Law must focus on how it is applied to specific groups in particular
circumstances. Exposes contradictions in law and illustrates the ways that laws create and maintain
the hierarchical society in which we live. Opposition –Resistance scholarship Grew out of a concern
that CLS was not moving fast enough to critique and change societal structures that specifically
focused on race and racism. Its origins are in the field of law, where CRT was used to demonstrate
how the legal systems serves as a mechanism for sustaining the dominance of whites in American
society. CLS is a critique of ideology in – Analysis of legal ideology and discourse as a social
artifact which operates to recreate and legitimate American Society. Critical race theory is an
outgrowth and separate entity from an earlier legal movement called critical legal studies. Critical
legal studies challenged the traditional legal scholarship that focused on doctrinal and policy
analysis in favor of a form of law that spoke to the specificity of individuals and groups in social
and cultural contexts. Law must focus on how it is applied to specific groups in particular
circumstances. Exposes contradictions in law and illustrates the ways that laws create and maintain
the hierarchical society in which we live.
2. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Critical race theory inclusion of racism in its critique of White racialized hegemony by law
addressed the racist ideology of society. Development of a jurisprudence that accounts for the role of
racism in American law and that works toward the elimination of racism as part of a lager goal of
eliminating all forms of

Conceptual Framework The conceptual framework for this study is based on three assumptions: 1)
Critical Race Theory (CRT) is a necessary component to examine the marginalization and muted
voices of Black women through narrative (Cook, D.M. & Williams, T, 2015). (Harris, 2016)
(Hernandez, 2016) 2) Intersectionality situated in CRT offers multiple identity markers that are
interconnected and independent variable (Cannon, M.A. & Morton, C.H., 2015) (Patton, L.D. &
McClure, M.L., 2009). 3) The concept of students as spiritual beings through the development of
faith and spirituality (Patton, Renn, Guido, Quaye, 2010; Weddle–West, Waldon, & Norwood,
2013). Spiritual development encompasses obtaining: purpose, meaning and direction in students' ...
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College outcomes enhanced by students' spirituality is evidenced in the research (Astin, Astin, &
Lindholm, 2011 (Dancy,II T.E, 2010)). Manghrani (2011) stated: the ultimate intelligence with
which we address and solve problems of meaning and value of life, the intelligence with which we
can place our actions and our lives in a: wider, richer, meaning–giving context. It is the intelligence
with which we can assess, that one course of action or one life path as more meaningful than
another. (p. 42) Thus, spirituality offers students an opportunity to assign meaning to their academic
experiences (Riggins, R.K., McNeal, C & Herndon, M.M., 2008) (Welkener, M.M. & Bowsher, A,
2012). Spiritual can help students navigate higher educational terrains in the face of oppressive
systems. In addition, help students develop vibrant, vital, deep and honest connection with their
professors that extends beyond the classroom (Maged et al., 2017; Shahjahan, Wagner, & Wane,

Critical Race Theory-Oppressive Framework
Findings The Researches were very consistent with the issue of overrepresentation, and linking it to
the concept of racialization. Many participants reported their experience is linked to, differential
treatment around racism and sexism, the fact that the majority of the researchers were female. Often
females have been more rude to females (Clark, 2011; Clark 2012). Future research shows issues
around institutional forms of racism that in hidden in practices, marginalizing racialized workers and
users, subjected to forms of marginalization and surveillance (Clark, 2011; Clark 2012; Gosine &
Pon, 2011). The emergence of these overarching themes suggest oppression. With this information,
the research will dig deeper into the issues, along with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Grounded theory was chosen because of its approach and the benefit it would provide to the
research. Individuals are chosen based on their association with the children's aid society and coding
is done after every interview to capture the major themes and to look for new ones that have not
been discovered (Clark, 2011). This research is geared on not only discovering new themes, but also
provide insight into ending racialization of the child welfare system. What makes this approach
effective is saturation, this means that one will continue to interview and gather information until
there is no more new themes explaining why there is a racialization of the Child welfare system
(Padgett, 2017). There is not a better option other than Grounded theory to explain this
phenomenon, and the help provide a solution for this growing

Tenets Of Critical Race Theory
Critical Assessment In an overview of how Critical Race Theory could explain the issues of the law
being applied differently due to persons' race, gender, and social status, Critical Race Theory can
very much have an excellent view on why it is being done by applying the tenets of the theory to
cases and analyzing further on how the law permits this issue to continue. However, the theory is a
broad theoretical framework that challenges the understanding of race and other structural
inequalities; with the theory being a broad framework to oversees racial assumptions and biases that
are hidden within the law, Critical Race Theory may not be able to focus on the nature of other
factors that can contribute to the unconscious bias of law (Bracey ... Show more content on
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By applying the Critical Race Theory to explain why the law is unfairly treating those of different
status than others, such as applying the tenets of how colour–blindness does not erase racism
because one ignores the term race and adventuring outside of race and interconnecting the theory to
other forms of injustice (i.e. sexism, homophobia, etc.) (Möschel, 2011). Extensive research should
be conducted to provide more data as to why the law differentially treat those of race, gender, and
class differently and be suggested to the government to make or implement change within the laws
as Canada is a diverse country and must include those who have the right to be fairly

Critical Race Theory : Race And Racism Essay
The overarching theme of critical race theory is centered on race and racism, however in higher
education, critical race scholars recognize that racial identity and this form of oppression (racism)
intersects with other subordinated identities (such as gender, class, religion, ability/disability, sexual
orientation, etc.) and forms of oppression (sexism, homophobia, ableism, etc.) to influence People of
Color's lived experiences (Bartlett & Brayboy, 2005; Brayboy 2005; Kumasi, 2011; Lynn & Adams,
2002; Solórzano & Yosso, 2001). This means that in higher education, critical race theory challenges
the dominate discourse on race and racism as it relates to educational theory, policy and practice
(Solórzano, 1998).
Solórzano and Yosso (2001) asserted that the aforementioned concepts act as a "camouflage for the
self–interest, power and privilege of dominate groups in U.S. society" (p. 473). This means that even
though over sixty years have passed since the Civil Rights Movement and over one hundred years
since the Emancipation Proclamation, there are still forms of racism and oppression that are evident
in higher education that require further research through the lens of critical race theory.
Robert Putnam (2015) said "Black parents in America remain disproportionately concentrated
among the poor and less educated, so black children continue to be handicapped from the start"
(p.19). Moreover, Putman also mentions that black children experience less upward mobility and

Critical Race Theory Of Race And Racism
Critical theories of race and racism have been used by sociologists to not only describe modern
societies, but also address issues of social injustice and achieve an end to racial oppression. Critical
race theory is one of the most widely used for this purpose. Its utility rests upon the assumption that
race is a social construct and not an inherent biological feature. In place of the concept of inherent
race, critical race theory proffers the concept of racialization. The tenet that the concept of race is
created and attached to particular groups of people through social processes. In tandem with this,
critical race theory contends that identity is neither fixed nor unidimensional. It also places
importance on the perspectives and experiences of racial minorities (Ritzer and Stepnisky, 2013:66).
Critical race theory also provides the framework for the racial formation theory as proposed by
Michael Omi and Howard Winant. Their theory, in keeping with critical theories on racism, denies
race as being of biological construction but the theory then goes on to refute race as either an
ideological construct or an objective condition, and instead looks to a processual construction of
racism, thereby rejoining with critical race theory's racialization concept. Three conditions constitute
the foundation for this theory: applicability to contemporary politics, applicability in an increasing
global context, and applicability across historical time (Kivisto, 2013:384).
In

Each time an individual is sentenced, there are purposes or goals behind sentencing the offender to
ensure that it is fair to the them and beneficial to society. The Canadian correctional system has
three main goals: to deter the offender from committing additional crimes, protect the population,
and rehabilitate the offender. In order to do this, a sentence is given in propionate to the crime
committed. The sentence must be fair to the offender, send a clear message to other offenders, and
reasonable so that it addresses the interest of the public. Due to Aboriginals being overrepresented in
Canadian legal institutions, there is a greater need for social context to be considered when a judge
is sentencing an Aboriginal offender. Through Critical Race Theory, in order to prevent racism, the
Canadian legal system must understand the importance of Aboriginal history and how they are seen
as a group in present society. The diversity of Canadian society requires judges to use social context
to the extent of considering racial and historical complexities that originate from ... Show more
Critical Race Theory (CRT) is a theoretical framework founded in the mid 1970 in America that
evaluates the relationship between race, racism, and power that is engraved in a society (Delgado &
Stefancic, 2001, p. 2). CRT's main purpose is to examine race in a society and combat issues of
racism. Racism is imbedded the social and political institutions that effectively promote it, Erica
Frederickson supports this statement by arguing, "the fact that four out of ten Aboriginal people who
come into contact with the justice system perceive that system to be unfair or discriminatory,
combined with troubling low rates of confidence in the system among urban Aboriginal people,
should generate concern in a society committed to principles of fairness and equality before the law"
(p.

Systems Theory: Critical Race Theory And Conflict Theory
Critical Race Theory & Conflict Theory
Race is a particularly powerful way of maintaining the dominance of the social group in power. The
construct of race is about stratification, which puts a racially justified hierarchy among people in
society to keep the dominant social group in power. Stratification can influence the resources an
individual receives. Therefore, social workers sometimes use a theoretical approach called, Critical
Race Theory (CRT), to guide their work in making certain general assumptions about issues of
power, race, ethnicity, and racism. This is because CRT is an alternative theory that offers a radical
lens to make sense of racial inequality in society, which could prove useful when analyzing a client's
situation. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hopefully, a system remains open (e.g., free exchange of energy across boundaries). If so, it will
have good input (e.g. energy and resources transferred into the system). Also, if the system is being
fueled by good energy sources (e.g., higher education and income) then the client will give good
output. For example, the parents work to generate income, and in turn the client is able to develop
talents and connections that could later be used to further enhance the family's capabilities to meet
their goals. On the other hand, if a client's work output does not increase the energy sources
available to the family, then the outcome can cause further changes in the system, which is referred
to as a "feedback loop". A social worker must understand the behavior of difficult system problems
to hypothesize a realistic solution for the

Two theories which can be seen in this scenario are the critical race theory, predominantly the white
privilege aspect, and the acculturation. The critical race theory provides a basis for understanding
and responding to power dynamics which cause and maintain racial inequality in society (Burke,
2017, lecture 4). White privilege is the key feature of critical race theory which is shown throughout
scenario C. It can be defined as a collection of psychical and somatic habits that are formed through
living in, and working with, a racist world (Sullivan, 2006, p. 63). White privilege is best understood
as an "unconscious habit" which seemingly can be invisible, non–existent, and actively resists
efforts to acknowledge it (Sullivan, 2006, p. 63). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this scenario, it's clear that the opinion of white Australians has a higher priority than ethnic
Australians. The controversy that the billboard started was caused by an expectation that an
Australian is white and certainly not a Muslim. The removal of the billboard shows that what a
white person expects is the norm and that they have the power to discriminate against others because
they have more power than the minorities. This situation fits in line with critical race theory as it has
proved that there is a gap in power dynamics which have caused and maintained racial inequality
(Burke, 2017, lecture 4). Acculturation involves the reconstruction and re–negotiation of social
identity following migration to a different culture (Burke, 2017, Lecture 5). Acculturation often
occurs at different rates, and with different aims for different groups of people. When people migrate
from their birth country they can lose their sense of identity, and are forced to form another one in
their new country. People are forced to adapt to a new way of living with a foreign culture, which is
not always an easy process. Like oppression, acculturation is a two–part

Critical Race Theory And Social Darwinism
Question One 1. Choose five of the following terms and define. Each answer should not be longer
than four lines (approx. 60 words): CRITICAL RACE THEORY Critical race theory recognizes that
in a society, the racism is inevitable which leads to the exploitation of people of inferior races in the
hand of people of superior race. The theory recognizes that the power structure in the society leads
to the exploitation of coloured people by white people. SOCIAL DARWINISM Social Darwinism is
a popular social evolution theory in 19 century propounded by Herbert Spencer. It refers to notions
of struggle for existence being used to justify social policies, which show no sympathy for those
unable to support them. Rationalized by the notion that colonized nations, poor people, or
disadvantaged minorities must have deserved their situations because they were "less fit" than those
who were better off. WHITENESS Whiteness is a complex and fragmented identity, which involves
privileges for white individuals and groups and discrimination, marginalization and oppression of
non–white individuals and groups. Whiteness is a racial privilege from which all white Australians
benefit and receive unearned social benefits as part of legacy of racial system of wealth and
privilege. WHITE PRIVILEGE "Privilege" implies the concrete benefits of access to resources and
social rewards and the power to shape the norms and values of a society, which whites receive,
unconsciously or

The final theory is Critical Race Theory. Regarding Critical Race theory, there are six tenets used to
explain the theory (Abrams & Moio, 2009). I am going to examine three of those tenets her. The
first is racism is normal, and ordinary, and is a part of the American society (Abrams & Moio,
2009). In the program, there are more African–American clients than those of other ethnicities. If a
person was an outsider looking in, it may appear that substance abuse effects African–Americans
more than those of other cultural backgrounds. When in reality the issue may be because of the
racism, discrimination, and the prejudice placed on the African–American culture has placed them
in a position where they are unable to overcome these factors, which ... Show more content on
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This is explained as how racism brings advantages to those in power and how things effecting those
minorities will not change until the same thing starts to affect the dominate race (Abrams & Moio,
2009). This can be seen with the opioid epidemic. Opioids have been an ongoing problem in urban
communities affecting minority groups. However, since this problem is affecting the dominate group
of whites in suburban communities, the problem is receiving more attention from government
officials, and local communities.
The final tent from Critical Race Theory is intersectionality. This has been explained as how
characteristics of person in conjunction with race can lead to even further exclusion from society
(Abrams & Moio, 2009). With the clients, their first characteristic that is seen is their skin color,
then they are women which further oppresses them in male dominated society, and finally the are
drug addicts which oppresses them even further. The same can be said for the Caucasian clients of
the program. They are all women and drug addicts which adds another level of discrimination and
oppression to them.

There have been several explanations proposed about why African American minorities and police
officers have disagreements when they come in contact with each other. Social media, peers, and
family members can influence African American minorities to retaliate against police officers. Many
outdated studies regarding racism and behavior towards African Americans from police officers
have examined African Americans views of police officers as a whole, such as African Americans of
any age, but comparatively fewer have examined the minorities of the African American population.
African American minorities between the ages of seventeen and twenty–four should be the main
focus in any further research because majority of this specific age group have an attitude of us
versus them towards police officers (Smith & Holmes, 2014). More consideration ... Show more
The critical race theory is a theoretical framework in the social sciences which focuses on applying
critical theory, a critical examination of society and culture, the intersection of race, law, and power.
The father of critical race theory, the late legal scholar Derrick Bell, states his opinion on the critical
race theory in his classic Faces at the Bottom of the Well (1992) that "writing in critical race theory
stresses that neither neatly divorceable from one another nor amenable to strict categorization" (pp.
144–145). Also, a critical race approach is open to intense scrutiny of the experiences of
subordinated groups because of its reliance on five areas of focus (Soloranzo et al., 2000). In this
study, we specifically focus on the following beliefs of the critical race theory: (1) the permanence
of racism, (2) experiential knowledge and counter storytelling, (3) interest convergence theory, (4)
intersectionality, (5) whiteness as property, (6) critique of liberalism, and (7) commitment to social
justice (ASHE Higher Education Report,

Critical Race Theory Definition
Critical Race Theory During the 1970s, in the field of law a group of legal scholars sought to
uncover the influence of race on legal decisions and legislation. This discipline expanded beyond the
field of law into other social spheres. Critical Race theory (CRT) provides a relevant framework for
examining the peristent and pervasive negativity experienced by Blacks. The theory places race at
the center of its analysis of social structure and phenomena. Its origins are in critical legal
scholarhsip and conventional legal principles but where doctrine and policy are the roots of these
inquiry types, context is fundamental within the critical race theory paradigm. Critical Race Theory
seeks to explicate how race influences the social experiences of subordinate groups within a society
that makes claims of race neutrality, rules of law, merit, equal protection and equal opportunity
(Parker, Dehyle & Villenas, 1999). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this way CRT exposes the realtive ineffectiveness of legislation in addressing and mitigating
racial inequality and the erosion of many supposed gains resulting from the civil rights movement of
the 1960s and related legislation. Common elements of Critical Race Theory (Ladson–Billings,
1998) are:
1. Racism is acknowledged as a 'permanent fixure' of society, and is central to discussions on
differences thereby negating the need to explain that it persists. CRT aims to expose and interrogate
racism in its various

Critical Race Theory And Conflict Theory Paper
Critical Race Theory and Conflict Theory Society contains groups with diverse interests, where
competing interests encourage conflict (Hutchison, 2013). The racial ideology in the United States is
the belief in a hierarchy of races with whites at the top and other races grouped underneath
(Robbins, Chatterjee, & Canda, 2011). One way minorities are depicted as different from whites is
through imagery that creates detachment and seclusion between groups (Ortiz & Jani, 2010).
Critical Race Theory Critical race theory (CRT) assumes this society was created to empower White
people; CRT is focused on transforming the relationships between race and racial power assembled
by law and culture (Delgado & Stefancic, 2012). This theory suggests that racism is embedded in
American society (Helms, 2006), looking at how racial pride in being White can be exhibited in
tolerable ways or as White superiority (Delgado & Stefancic, 2012). As a post–modern theory, CRT
encourages structural approach by attending to the problems of a diverse society, instead of purely
increasing access to obtainable opportunities and resources (Ortiz & Jani, 2011). History is ... Show
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In conceptualizing diversity, a social worker needs to adopt an extensive social background that
includes institutional or structural arrangements, identify the connection of multiple identities, and
incorporate an unequivocal social justice course (Ortiz & Jani, 2010). Conflict theory informs
advocacy efforts, policy formulations, and macro–level practice, striving to end oppression and
discrimination (Hutchison, 2013). A social worker explains persistent social inequality and social
conflict in the effort to help a client rise up against oppression in the critical race theory. These
theories emphasize the impact of power structure, power differentials, and institutionalized
inequality on individual lives versus internal

The Importance Of Critical Race Theory
Since the early twentieth century, educational theorists and researchers debated about topics
concerning the validity, purposes, and best approach to public education and multicultural
academics in the United States. Since the adoption of Ralph Tyler's teacher–centered, essentialist
approach to curriculum, John Dewey's call for progressive reform and student–centered learning,
and Paolo Freire's call for an education that advocates social change and the destruction of social
oppression, education pundits found themselves stuck between different goals, outcomes, and
possibilities for teaching in a multicultural way. A review of recent literature proves that one of the
goals, Critical Race Theory (CRT), oftentimes stands at the ... Show more content on
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43–46). In order to achieve this, students must develop social justice skills that call for them to be
active citizens of their society (Wolk, 2003, p. 102; National Council of the Social Studies, 2008, p.
211; Kumashiro, 2001, p. 8; Wineburg, et. al., 2004, 45). Many researchers and theorists stress the
need to approach social studies from a CRT perspective. The idea that the current social studies
curriculum supports a privileged class while ignoring all other classes is one that is oftentimes
associated with the present curriculum taught today (Kumashiro, 2001, p. 4). Additionally,
researchers theorized that students bring stereotypes, myths, and a partial knowledge of various
histories and cultures to the classroom. They concluded that in order to better develop informed
citizens, curriculum should be based on reality and include students of all races (Wolk, 2003, p. 103;
Kumashiro, 2001, p. 4; National Council of the Social Studies, 2008, p. 212; Wineburg, et. al., 2004,
p. 45). In order to develop a curriculum that exemplifies the ideals of CRT, researchers sought to
record and analyze the best practices of teachers across the United States. In particular, researchers
focused on describing how teachers use citizenship, social justice, controversial issues, and research
skills to incorporate

The television shows that we watch daily reflect the currents or past events that occur in our nation,
and/or history. Specifically, in America TV shows portray society through the lens of a Critical Race
Theory. Critical Race Theory is a framework in which the topic of power and oppression all
intertwines on race, social class, and gender. Moreover, Critical Race Theory parallels with Master
Narrative and Counter Narrative. Master narrative is a spoken or unspoken narrative that is
presented and defined under a superior perspective. Unlike, Counter Narrative that challenges
Master Narrative and presents a narrative through the lens of a less dominant view. An example of
the Critical Race Theory vividly present is the TV show called ... Show more content on
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The officer states, "God, what the hell is wrong with you people?" His word choice of calling
African Americans "you people" demonstrates the inferiority Africans are seen and put. Likewise,
this establishes the topic of race. African Americans are not seen as humans rather they are seen as
insignificant beings. The officer continues to elevate his voice and points and signals to all his
surrounding, inclusively he points his finger to Olivia. Elevating his voice and pointing is an
indication of authority and entitlement. The police officer although he is an authority figure, uses his
position to justify and victimizes himself. He believes that because he is an officer he can get away
from the crime. It is important to pinpoint that he points at Olivia and it is significant because Olivia
is too an African American women and by pointing not only does he shows his power but he
believes he his superior.
However, although the police officer is a representation of superiority, the protagonist Olivia Pope is
a representation of questioning his superiority. Firstly, Olivia is an African American woman who
has established her own firm and dedicates her time to helping others. Automatically, Olivia refutes
all the stereotypes that there are towards African American women, such as uneducated and loud.
Her character and career refutes the stereotype through her body language. Olivia Pope confronts
and interrogates the officer

Applying Critical Race Theory
One of the ways that I am applying Critical Race Theory is in my personal analyze of the effects that
numerous factors can have and carry out on my clients. One of my clients is the oldest child out of
four and so he has had to take on a lot of responsibilities since his father departed from the family.
The fact that he is a person of color changes how his own environment affects him; in a negative
way. I have started to take notice that for some of my clients living street blocks away from each
other and attending the same school maintain quite different needs, and although exterior barriers
seems to be similar they in fact are not. For instance, I have three clients that attend the same middle
school, but all three their family holds different

The challenge in combating systemic racism is that institutional and structural manifestations are
commonly unknown or invisible to members of the dominant groups that benefit from the racist
systems. Eubanks (2012) described this absence of knowledge as "socially and culturally sanctioned
ignorance that is maintained in the fabric of systems including those of institutions: schools,
workplaces, and government" (p. 240). Critical theorists have documented the destructive and
normalized nature of systemic racism and are advocating for intentional education that would lead to
higher awareness of the systems in place and their unintended consequences (Bonilla–Silva, 2009,
Hiraldo, 2010, Ladson–Billings, 1998). Additionally, while Harper (2012) ... Show more content on
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Social identity theories reveal the tendency of social identity groups to perceive their group to be
superior to others, and this perception is reinforced the constant comparison with other groups. The
perception of superiority by one group over another commonly referred by sociologists as the in–
group, while the other group is the out–group. It is the perception of the in–group and out–group
phenomenon that leads to the further development of stereotypes and biases, while

The Critical Race Theory ( Crt )

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