1. Responses to Revolution
in the 19th Century

2. In the last chapter we
determined…
 Revolution is necessary to change social
conditions for lower social classes and for
women
 Revolution is brought about by economic and
political inequality, in part brought about by new
technology that further widens social disparity
 The arts serve Revolution by:
 Inspiring viewers to revolt—visual arts
 Criticizing what is taken for granted by the
oppressor
 But can there be other responses to social

3. Guiding Question(s)…
 What is nature?
○ Emotion and Imagination
○ The physical environment
○ The Self, the Soul
 Where is nature to be found?
○ Color and loose brushwork—the visual arts
○ Landscapes (void of human dominion)
○ In humanity and its exploration of soul
We will look at this question primarily through the arts
(we will talk about religious questions less
frequently).

4. Guiding Historical Events
 Crimean War through 1853-56
 Abolition Movement
 1860’s—United States Civil War
 Emancipation Proclamation
 Publication of On the Origin of Species
in 1859

6. Romanticism
 Emphasis on emotion and imagination, the
individual and the internal, the subjective
 Interest in the Sublime (awe combined with
terror), the strange, and the Near East, the
“exotic”
 In the visual arts, bold uses of color and
movement (to create emotion) with
asymmetrical compositions; Brushwork is
spontaneous, “uncontrolled”
 In the musical arts, tonal painting will be used
to create images of natural environments and
common folk dances

7. Reflections of the Age
 Tchaikovsky’s Swan Lake, 1875-76
 Based on Russian folk tales
 A tale of triumph over evil through
suffering and suicide
 Berlioz’, Symphonie Fantastique,
Movement 5
 Sounds like a hallucinatory vision
of the macabre
 Will inspire soundtrack in Stanley
Kubrick’s The Shining
 Bedřich Smetana, Má Vlast (The
Moldau), 1874
 Inspired by the Vltava as it flows MUSIC
from twin springs toward Prague

8. Reflections of the Age
 POETRY will savor  TRANSCENDENTALISM
Loneliness  A philosophical and literary
 Emily Dickson movement
○ expresses her Christianity  Uniquely American
inwardly  Emphasizes imagination and
○ Lives a private, reclusive, intuition
very emotional life  Seeks to reconcile nature
 John Keats’ “Ode on and humankind (as seen in
Melancholy” the poetry of William
 William Wordsworth’s “I Wordsworth)
Wandered Lonely As a Cloud” ○ Ralph Waldo Emerson
○ Author finds his emotional ○ David Thoreau
state in natural forms ○ Walt Whitman
○ Solitude a preferred state (it
is subjective and dependent
LITERATURE
on the individual) PHILOSOPHY

9. Review by Comparison
 Guided by Reason  Guided by Emotion
and Imagination
 The arts are inclined  The arts are inclined
to look outward at to look inward, toward
public themes and the subjective
civic duty
 Preoccupied with the
 Preoccupied with the macabre
heroic
NEOCLASSICISM ROMANTICISM

10. Delacroix’s, The Twenty-Eighth of July:
Liberty Leading the People, 1830
 Visual art
serving the
purpose of
revolution
 Common
heroes—
woman,
students, street
urchins
 Will inspire the
Frenc Statue of
h Liberty given to

11. Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi,
Liberty Enlightening the World,
1884

12. Realism
 Emphasis on everyday life and
common experiences; idealizations are
rejected
 Fictional subjects are disregarded
 Subjects are represented empirically—
“faithful record of ordinary life”

13. Reflections of the Age
 Explores the spiritual, the moral  Friedrich Engels and Karl
through unsentimental, everyday
figures Marx, Communist Manifesto
 Explores family dynamics with  Capitalism, Free Trade
banal situations inherently pits owners and
workers against each other
 Dostoyevsky, The Brothers  Establishes the exploitation of
Karamazov workers
 Family of spiritualists and hedonists  As more workers are required
struggling with each other
for more industry, more
 Dostoyevsky , Crime and
workers can unite
Punishment
 Raskolnikov murders and women with  So…Redistribution of wealth
an ax and is pursued by Detective comes from a working class
Petrovich that fights for its rights
 Tolstoy, War and Peace
 Life and Marriage in the Napoleonic
Age

LITERATURE
Tolstoy, Anna Karenina
PHILOSOPHY

14. Reflections of the Age
 Publication of On
the Origin of
Species
popularizes
science
 Written for lay
readers
 Introduced natural
selection as a
process in creation
SCIENCE
“Survival of the Charles Darwin

15. Gustave Courbet, A Burial At Ornans,
1849
 Unidealized look at a crowd
 Realistically looks at the everyday, the banal
 Lacks the theatricality of Romanticism

16. Daumier’s Rue Transonain, April 15,
1834, 1834
 Baroque
tenebrism
spotlights
common
victim of
brutality
 Daumier is a
social critic
who uses the
visual to
French
comment on

17. Manet’s Luncheon on the Grass, 1863
 Presents a
nude woman
who is
unashamed
 Expressions
reflect ennui of
French elite
French

18. Manet’s Luncheon on the Grass is a
quotation of
Titian’s The Pastoral Concert, 1510

19. Daguerrotype
 Realism is served
by the invention of
a new medium
 Becomes popular in
portraiture as it
captures a truthful
likeness
 Will confront the
usefulness of
painting—so the
style of painting will
change

20. Käserbier’s The Manger (Ideal
Motherhood), ca. 1899
 American
photographer
 References the
Birth of Christ
but in a,
contemporary
and secular
fashion

21. Stieglitz’ Winter: Photography quickly
Fifth Avenue, used
1893 to record everyday
scenes
Gertrude Kasebier, Portrait
of Alfred Stieglitz

22. Eakins’ The Swimming Hole, 1883-5
United
States
 American painter interested in human
anatomy
 Influenced by photography and uses

23. In subsequent presentations,
you will learn more about:
 Orientalism and Colonization
 Courbet and the advent of Modernism
 United States and the “American”
Landscape
These presentations will prepare you to incorporate
the information in the assignments and
assessments for the week