3. introduction
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At present life is only known to exist on our planet earth. It, in fact, occurs in
the region where the three component of earth, i.e., land or
lithosphere, water or hydrosphere and air or atmosphere interact.
Living organisms constitute the biotic component while soil (land), water and
air form the a biotic components of the biosphere. Every organism regularly
interacts with other organisms of its kind, with those of other species and
also continuously makes adjustments to its physical environment.
The materials present in the natural environment and useful to living
organism are called natural resources. The natural resources may be
physical resources (e.g., air, water, soil, minerals, coal, petroleum) or
biological resources (e.g., microorganisms, protists, fungi, plants and
animals. Some of these resources are found in abundance, while others are
found limited quantities. Hence, natural resources have to be used carefully.
In reality, man has been using natural resources indiscriminately. He is
doing so because of the following three reasons:
(a) Tremendous increase in human population
(b) Urbanization, and
(c) Industrial and technological advancement
4. What are Natural
Resources?
• The word resource is used for “means of supplying a material
generally held in reserve.” the natural resources are the
materials available in the normal environment and useful for
life.
• Natural resources occur naturally within environments
• Natural resource is often characterized by amounts of
biodiversity and geo diversity existent in various ecosystems.
• Any material which is part of earth and satisfy human need
and add value is called as resource. Example: rocks,
minerals, soil, rivers, plants & animal.
• Human is also a resource because developing his skill, he
can develop other resource by adding value to the physical
material .
5. Types of Natural
Resources
Biotic : Resources which are living in
nature. Example: Forests ,Animals etc.
A biotic : Resources which are nonliving in nature. Example: Air ,Water etc.
OTHERS Renewable : Resources which
can be replenished easily. Example:
Sunlight
6. The breath of life:
air
Air (a mixture of gases) is
called the breath of life as
life cannot exit without it.
Even the composition of air
is largely the result of life on
the planet earth. The
envelope of air that
surrounds our planet earth is
called atmosphere.
8. Main layers of
atmosphere
Atmosphere shows four main concentric
layers that differ in density, temperature,
composition and properties. These layers are
troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and
thermosphere is the lowest layer that extends
from the surface of the earth to an altitude of
about 16 kilometers. many climatic events
such as clouds formation, thundering,
lightening etc.
9. Atmosphere controls the temperature of planet.
It generally makes the temperature constant.
Different layers of atmosphere
1. Troposphere-10-20km
2. Stratosphere-20-50km
3. Mesosphere-50-100km
4. Ionosphere-100-200km
5. Exosphere –200-50km
10. The role of the
atmosphere in climate
control
The air is a bad conductor of heat. The
atmosphere (envelope of air that
surrounds the earth) acts as a protective
blanket for the living organisms to exist in
the following ways:
11. (i) It acts as a temperature buffer. The atmosphere does so by
preventing the sudden increase in temperature during the day light
hours. Further, during the night, it slows down the escape of heat
into the outer space thereby preventing excessive cooling during
the night. In this way, the average temperature of the earth remains
fairly steady during the day and night. Moon has no atmosphere
and the temperature of the surface on the surface of the moon
ranges from 190 degree Celsius to 110 degree.
(ii) The ozone shield (high concentration of ozone layer about 18-50
km above the surface of earth) of the atmosphere absorbs most of
the harmful UV radiations coming from the sun. the excessive heat
and sun rays are reflected back into the outer space by dust
particles, water vapours, clouds etc. this result in the earth receiving
just the right amount of heat and sun rays. It helps in climate control
and allows the living organisms to survive.
12. rain
FORMATION OF RAIN
Rain is formed by evaporation and condensation
Of water through water cycle in which
distribution of water takes place.
Rain is a very important things because it carries
out all the agriculture processes in the plants.
Rain is formed by evaporation and condensation
Of water through water cycle in which
distribution of water takes place.
Rain is a very important things because it carries
out all the agriculture processes in the plants.
So, we should conserve rain by contracting dams,
pools etc.
13. Air pollution
Presence of various toxic gases in the
atmosphere like carbon
dioxide, carbon, mono oxide, xides of
sulphur, nitrogen, fluoride, lead,nickel,arse
nic,cadmium, etc causes Air Pollution.
14. SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Heavy metals.
Photochemical smog.
Smokes.
Ionising radiation.
Automobile exhaust.
Biocides elements.
Radioactive elements.
Industrial waste
15. water
• Water- The most unusual natural compound
found on earth and which fulfills almost
various demands of different living things.
• About three fourth of the earth surface that is
• 75 are covered with water.
• Now day’s water is also being polluted by
human beings.
16. Water pollution
• When water becomes unfit for drinking and other use
then water is said to be polluted.
CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION
1. Dumping of wastes from the industries into the water
bodies.
2. Washing near water bodies.
3. Spraying chemical in water field.
4.conducting various radioactive tests in water.
5.dumping of cabbages and household wastes in to the
water bodies.
19. soil
• Soil is the portion of
the earth surface
consisting of
disintegrated rock
and decaying
organic material. It
provides support for
many plants and
animals.
20. HOW SOIL IS FORMED?
• Soil is formed from the rock by under going the following two
process1.Weathering
2.Paedogenesis
• Over long periods of time, thousand and millions of year, the
rock at or near the surface of the earth are broken down by
various physical, chemical and some biological process. The
end product of this
• Breaking down in the fine particle of soil
• Composition of soil1.Gravel.
2.Sand particle.
3.Clay particle.
21. Factors or processes
that make soil
• THE SUN::The sun heat up rocks during the day so that they
expand. At night, these rocks cool down and contract. Since
all parts of the rock do not expand and contract at the same
rate, this results in the formation of cracks and ultimately the
huge rocks break up into smaller pieces.
• WATER: Water helps in the formation of soil in two ways.
One water could get into the cracks in the rocks formed due to
uneven heating by the sun. If this water later freezes, it would
cause the cracks to widen. Two flowing water wears away
even hard rock over long periods of time. Fast flowing water
often carries big and small particles of rocks downstream.
This rocks rub against other rocks and the resultant abrasion
causes the rocks to wear down into smaller and smaller
particles along with it and deposits it further downs its paths.
Soil is thus found in places far away from its parent-rock.
22. • WIND: In a process similar to the way in which
water rubs against rocks and wear them down.
Strong winds also erode rocks down. The wind
also carries sand from one place to the other like
water does.
• LIVING ORGANISMS also influence the formation
of soil. The lichen that we read about earlier, also
grows on the surface of rocks while growing, they
release certain substances that cause the rock
surface to powder down and form a thin layer of
soil other small plants like moss, are able top grow
on this surface now and they cause the rock to
break up further. The roots of the big trees
sometimes go into cracks the rocks and as the
roots grow bigger, and the crack is forced bigger.
23. WATER CYCLE
Water is a compound and includes two vital
elements hydrogen and oxygen. It forms a
very important components of the
environment and survival of all living
organism depends on it.
Ocean is the biggest store house of water
which on evaporation from clouds and which
after condensation down as rain or snow.
After rain it passes through puddles, ponds
and rivers and get collect again in the ocean.
24. The circulation of water in this
manner is known as HYDROLIC
CYCLE or WATER CYCLE. This
cycle is driven by solar power and
also per performed through living
organisms such as absorption and
transpiration of water by plants
and drinking by Animal.
25.
26. Nitrogen cycle
Nitrogen is another important chemical on earth
and present in all the living organism in the form
of protein, amino acids and nucleic acids.
Further process going on in this cycle they areFirst nitrogen has to be converted into nitrates
for the use of plants. This can be done either by
industrial nitrogen fixation like by some
nitrogen fixation bacteria such as azotobactor
which convert the atmospheric nitrogen into
nitrates which are soluble in water this process
is called nitrogen fixation.
27. After an animal excretes urea or uric acid or
after an animal
Or plants dies, certain bacteria carry out
ammonification : they produce ammonia
ions, or still other bacteria can change it to
nitrate[NO3-] by nitrification. Plants take in
some of the nitrates produced in this way.
The process of ammonia formation is called
ammonification. Some microorganisms
(nitrosomonas converted ammonia into
nitrates)
This process is called nitrification. Finally
there are some (decomposer, e.g.…,
pseudomonas) Which reduce nitrates back
to nitrogen or to ammonia or to some other
oxides. This process is called denitrification.
Free nitrogen returns to atmospheric pool
and oxides are taken up by plants.
28.
29. Carbon cycle
The carbon is an important constituent of organic
compounds found in all living things beings in the
form of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nuclei
acids. Like the water cycle is linked to energy
flow because producers –
Including photosynthetic plants of forests and
oceans and chemo synthetic bacteria of deepsea vents- require environmental energy (either
sunlight or inorganic hydrogen compounds) to
trap carbon into sugars (proteins and fats).
The trapped carbon comes from carbon dioxide in
surrounding air or water.
30. As the cycle proceeds, consumers
devour the organic carbon compounds
that producers manufacture. Then, via
respiration, both consumers and
producers return carbon to the nonliving
environment in the form of carbon
dioxide. Some carbon accumulates for
many years in wood and is eventually
returned to the atmosphere in fires or
through consumption and respiration by
fungi, bacteria and other detritibvores.
Volcanic eruption also releases carbon
dioxide to the atmosphere. Thus, there is
complete cycling of carbon in the
environment by various living and
nonliving beings.
31.
32. The oxygen cycle
Oxygen is one of the constituents of water and
form about 21% of the air in the atmosphere. It is
required for respiration for all living organisms.
Oxygen cycle runs through the following
processBy burning the materials to produce oxygen
combining with nitrogen to produce oxides of
nitrogen, proteins, etc.
These compounds after breaking down releases
oxygen in the atmosphere and maintain forever
in the environment.
These way oxygen cycle works
33.
34. The green house
effect
Increase in temperature of earth due to increase in
concentration of some gases like co2, methane,
water vapour, dust particles which causes melting
of the glaciers or ice on the mountains which
increase water level of water bodies, this increase
in water level causes, submerging
35. Ozone layer
The oxygen in the atmosphere is the source of
ozone co3. The ozone layer protects
organisms
By preventing most of the ultraviolet and X-ray
from reaching the earth’s surface, otherwise
it causes different disease like skin cancer,
cataract and other skin problems.
Today, a global problem revolving our head
that is the hole in the ozone layer. This hole is
in over the Antarctica and this has passed the
threat of damages to inhabitants of earth from
short-wave ultraviolet rays.
