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- 1. ا در ى ا و ا
10
و ا ا
و ا اق ا م أ ودور
MSM
- 2. ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ
ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻰﻓﻰﺇﻗﺘﺤﺎﻡﺍﻷﺴﻭﺍﻕﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ
ﺤﺴﻴـﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺴـﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ
ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻰ ﻁﺎﻝﺏ)ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ(
ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻰ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﺎﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ
ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ
2010-12-22
- 3. ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻰ
ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻭﻓﻰﺇﻗﺘﺤﺎﻡﺍﻷﺴﻭﺍﻕﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ
ﺍﻝﻤـﻠـﺨــﺹ
ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ ﻭ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻝﻔﻬﻡ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻝﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺇﻥ،ﺃﻥ ﻻﺒﺩ
ﺍﻷ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻜل ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻥ ﺘﺘﻡﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﺎل،ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺘﻪ ﻭ،
ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺍﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﻏل ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭ ﻷﻥﻤﻥ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺌﻪ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻴﺴﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ
ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ،ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺃﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻴﺸﺎﺭﻜﻬﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻜﻤﺎ
ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﻨﺸﻴﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ.
ﻤﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺘﻪ ﺃﻤﺎﻝﻠﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﻨﻅﺭﺓ ﺘﺄﺜﺭﻫﺎ ﺤﻴﺙ
ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻲ،ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﻜل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻥ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﺎ،ﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﺃﻭ
ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻠﻭﻜﻬﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﻜل ﻓﻲ ﺴﻠﻭﻜﻬﻡﺘﺸﺎﺒﺔ ﺃﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ ﻝﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﺸﺭﺍﺌﺢ
ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﺃﺴﻭﺍﻕ...ﻫﺫﺍ ﺃﺠل ﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻷ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ ﻴﻌﺭﻑﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺘﺴﻬل ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻨﺸﻁﺔ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺃﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺩﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﻭ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻭﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻊ
ﻤﻌﻬﻡ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺔ ﺸﺒﻪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺨﻠﻕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺭﻏﺒﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻭ ﺤﺎﺠﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺇﺭﻀﺎﺀ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﻨﻅﺭﺓ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ
ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺼﻠﺤﻲ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺒﻬﺩﻑﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻙ ﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﻭ ﺤﻜﻭﻤﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺞ.
ﺍ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﺸﻁﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ ﻴﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﻜﻤﺎﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺘﺤﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻝﺫﻝﻙ ﻭ
ﻁﺭﻕ ﻭ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺘﺤﺩﺩﺍﻝﺍﻝﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻝﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﺘﺼﺭﻑ.
ﺒﺎﻝﻨ ﺍﻷﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻭ ﻫﺫﺍ،ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻝﻠﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻝﻠﺩﻭل ﺴﺒﺔﻓﻤﻥ
ﺘﻌﺩ ﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﻷﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺼﻨﺎﻉ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﺘﻔﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻀﺎﻴﺎ
ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺸﺭﻜﻪ ﻷﻱ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭ ﻴﻤﺜل ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻤﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭ ﻋﺠﻠﻪ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺃﺤﺩ
ﻤﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻷﻨﻁﻼﻕﺍﻝﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺃﺭﺒﺎﺡ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻜﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻌﻨﻴﺔ.
ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻉ ﺸﺒﺔ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻓﻘﺩ"ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭ."EXPORT LED
GROWTHﺼﻨﺎﻉ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺭﺴﻴﻥ ﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺃﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﺒﻘﺒﻭل ﺤﻅﻴﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ
ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﺭ ﺇﺤﻼل ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺤل ﺘﺤل ﺃﻥ ﻓﺎﺴﺘﻁﺎﻋﺕ ، ﺍﻷﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺭﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﺘﺸﺭﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺩﺍﺕ
ﺍﻝﺴﺘﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺤﻘﺒﻪ ﺨﻼل ﻭﺍﺴﻊ.ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻴﺎﺒﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺃﺴﻴﺎ ﺸﺭﻕ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﻝﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻬﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻭ
- 4. ﺨﻼل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺸﻴﻭﻉ ﺃﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﻤﻥ ﹰﺎﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴ ﹰﺎﺴﺒﺒ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺎﻷﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻨﻤﻭ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ
ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺇﺤﻼل ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻓﻭل ، ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭ.
ﺩﻭﺭ ﻴﺄﺘﻰ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺕ ﺃﺘﻔﺎﻗﻴﻪ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺙ
ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﺒﻬﺎ ﺃﻝﺘﺯﻤﺕ ﻭ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻤﻭﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺃﺤﺴﻥ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﻪ
ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ.
ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺕ1
ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﻭﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ)General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade(ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ)ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺘﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ(ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺘﻨﻅﻡ ﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﺘﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ
ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻤﺎﻡ ﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ.
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻭﻗﺩ32ﺇﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﻭﻝﺔﻋﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻫﺩﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻡ1947ﺇﻝﻰ ﻡ125ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻝﺔ
ﺴﻨﺔ ﺃﻭﺍﺌل1994ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﻊ ﺎﺼﺨﺼﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻨﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺜﻡ ،ﻡ
ﺴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ1995ﺇﻝﻰ ﻝﻴﺼل ،ﻡ144ﻨﻭﻓﻤﺒﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻝﺔ2001.
ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺎﻭﻀ ﻤﻥ ﻭﻤﻁﻭﻝﺔ ﻭﺼﻌﺒﺔ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﺠﻭﻻﺕ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺕ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺃﻫﻡ ﻭﻜﺎﻥﺎﺕ
ﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻨﻅﻤﺔﻤﺍﻝ ﻭﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺤﻭل
ﺍﻻﺘﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻤﺎﻡ.
ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﺍﺨﺘﺘﻤﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻝﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﺎ ، ﺠﻭﻻﺕ ﺜﻤﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻻﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻭﻗﺩ15
ﺩﻴﺴﻤﺒﺭ1993ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺒﻤﻘﺘﻀﻰ ،ﺃﻭﺭﺠﻭﺍﻱ ﺒﺠﻭﻝﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺕ ﺘﺤﻭﻝﺕ ﺃﻭﺭﺠﻭﺍﻱ ﺠﻭﻝﺔ
ﻜﻴﺎﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ.
ﺇﻝﻰ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺘﻌﺘﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﺌﻕ ﺇﺯﺍﻝﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﻨﻁﻠﻕ
ﺃﻓﻀل ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻴﻘﻭﺩ ﻤﻤﺎ ،ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻊ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﻜل ﺘﺨﺼﺹ
ﻤﺴﺘﻭ ﻭﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻝﻠﻌﻤلﻋﺎﻡ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻯ.
ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺕ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺭﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻷﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺎﻭﻀﺎﺕ ﺠﻭﻻﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻬﺩﻑ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻭﻝﻬﺫﺍ
ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻊ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻭﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻭﺇﻝﻐﺎﺀ ،ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺘﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺘﺨﻔﻴﻀﺎﺕ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻫﻭ
ﺘﻌﺘ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﺌﻕ ﺒﺈﺯﺍﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻝﻨﻤﻭ ﺎﻌﺘﺸﺠﻴﻁﺭﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﺭﺽ.
ﺜﻼﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻨﺤﺼﺭ ،ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺼﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻭل ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻭﻫﻨﺎ
ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻨﻘﺎﻁ:
1.ﺒﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻻﺘﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻭﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻑ
ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ.
2.ﻝﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﺤﺭﺍﺯ ﺃﺠل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺎﻭﻀﺎﺕ ﺠﻭﻻﺕ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ
ﻭﻤﻥ ،ﻝﻠﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺠﻌل ﺃﺠل ﻭﻤﻥ ،ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ
ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺇﺜﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻗل ﺜﻡ.
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ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴﻭﻋﻪ ﻭﻴﻜﻴﺒﻴﺩﻴﺎhttp://ar.wikipedia.org/
- 5. 3.ﺃﻱ ،ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﺜﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﺼلﺒﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﻡ
)ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ(ﺃﻭ ﻁﺭﻑ ﻀﺩ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩ ﻁﺭﻑ ﻴﺭﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﻀﺎﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ
ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻷﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ.
ﺍﻷﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺭﻜﻴﻪ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺕ ﺒﺄﺘﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻭ
ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺼﺎﺤﺏ ﻭ ﺃﺴﺒﺎﺒﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻤﻡ ﺜﺭﻭﺓ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺴﻤﻴﺙ ﺃﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻲ
ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔAbsolute Advantageﻭﻫﻲ"ﻜﻠﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﺘﺼﺩﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺇﻥ
ﺍﻗﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺒﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺃﻨﺘﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻝﻭ ﺘﻜﻠﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻊ ﺘﺴﺘﻭﺭﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺒﺎﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﻤﻥ ل
ﺃﺨﺭﻱ".ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻝﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻁ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻤﻴﺙ ﺍﺩﻡ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ
ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺘﺼﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ.
ﻋﻤل ﻝﻴﻜﺘﻤل ﺃﻨﻪ ﺇﻻﺇﺯﺍﻝﺔ ﺃﻯ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺕ ﺇﺘﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺘﻔﻌﻴل ﻤﻥ ﻻﺒﺩ ﺴﻤﻴﺙ ﺁﺩﻡ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔﺘﻌﺘﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﺌﻕ
ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻁﺭﻴﻕﺘ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻰﺇﻝﻰ ﺅﺩﻱﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻊ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﻜل ﺘﺨﺼﺹ
ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻨﺨﻠﺹ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﺒﺄﻜﺘﻤﺎل ﺇﻻ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﻠﻰ ﺼﻭﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺘﻜﺘﻤل ﻻ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻓﻭﺍﺌﺩ ﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ
ﺒﺎﺍﻝﻰ ﻝﻠﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻝﺤﺜﻴﺙ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻓﻀل ﺩﺭﺠﻪ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻭل ﹰﺎﺃﻴﻀ ﻴﺠﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻝﺠﺎﺕ
ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺕ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﺘﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺃﻓﻀل.
ﻓﺄﺘﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔﺃﻭ ﺍﻭﻋﺩ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺇﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻗﻭل ﻭﻻ ،ﺎﻴﺘﺤﺩ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺕﻴﻭﺸ ﺎﻴﺨﺭﺍﻓ ﹰﺎﺸﻭﺤﻙ
ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﻋﻠﻲ ﻴﻨﻘﺽ ﺃﻥﻭﻴﺒﺘﻠﻌﻬﻝﻨﺎ ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﻌﺽ ﻴﺤﺎﻭل ﻜﻤﺎ ،ﺎ.
ﻴﺤ ﺃﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻴﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻓﺎﻝﺘﺤﺩﻱﻝﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺘﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺯﺍﺌﻡ ﻭﻴﺸﺤﺫ ،ﺍﻝﻬﻤﻡ ﻔﺯﻤﻥ ﺇﻻ ﺴﺒﻴل ﻓﻼ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻭ ﺃﻤﺎ ،ﻤﻌﺎﺩﺍﺘﻪﺃﻭ
ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻷﺒﺘﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺠﻨﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻗل ﻋﻠﻰ.
ﺘﺤﻤـل ﻷﻨﻬـﺎ ﻭﺫﻝـﻙ ،ﺍﻭﻋﺩ ﻭﻝﻴﺴﺕ ،ﺩﺘﺤ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﹰﺎﻘﻭﻓ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺕ ﺇﻥ
ﻭﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ﻓﺭﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺘﻨﻁﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ.
ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ﻭ ﻓﻭﺍﺌﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﺤﺎﻭﻝﺕ ﻤﺎ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ
ﻝﻠ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻘﻴﻪﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﻤﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺭﻜﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻪ ﺇﺯﺍﻝﻪ ﻭ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﻪ ﺒﻤﻴﺯﻩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺴﻠﻊ
ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﻪ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ.
ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻷﺤﺩﻯ ﻤﺜﺎﻻ ﻨﺫﻜﺭ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻭ1 0ﺩﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﺘﺸﺭﻩ ﻓﺭﻉ
ﻭﺍﻝﺴﺎﻝﻑ ﺴﻤﻴﺙ ﺁﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﻘﺭﻯ ﺍﻷﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻯ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﻪ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻗﺭﺭﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ﻤﺴﺘﻐﻠﻪ ﹰﺎﺴﺎﺒﻘ ﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ
ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺔ ﺇﺯﻝﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺕ ﻓﻭﺍﺌﺩ ﻭ)ﹰﺎﺘﻤﺎﻤ ﺘﻠﻐﻰ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ(ﺼﺎﺒﻭﻥ ﺃﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻘﺭﺭﺕ
ZESTﺼﺎﺒﻭﻥ ﻭCAMAYﻴﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﺩﻭل ﻤﻥ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻜﻪ ﻤﺼﺎﻨﻊ ﺘﻨﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻭ
ﺍﻝﺘﺼ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺒﺎﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺒﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﺼﺎﻨﻊ ﻓﻰ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺃﻨﺘﺎﺠﻪﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻝﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﺩﻭل ﻝﺒﺎﻗﻰ ﺩﻴﺭ
ﺒﺎﻗﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﺼﺎﻨﻊ ﺒﺎﻗﻰ ﻋﻥ ﹰﺍﺠﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺘﻜﺎﻝﻴﻑ ﺃﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺎﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﺒﻭﻥ ﺃﻨﺘﺎﺝ
ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ ﻤﻨﻅﻑ ﺃﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﻗﺭﺭﺕ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﺩﻭلARIALﺃﻨﺘﺎﺠﻪ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﺎﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﻰ
ﻭ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻨﺘﺎﺠﻪ ﺴﻴﺘﻡ ﻝﺫﺍ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻫﻰ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺩﻭﻝﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻗل ﺒﺘﻜﺎﻝﻴﻑﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭﻩ.
- 6. ﻋﻠﻰ ﻝﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻥ ﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺕ ﺇﺘﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﺇﻥ
ﻭ ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺨﻁﻁﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﺤﺴﻨﺕ ﻤﺎ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻭ ﺴﻌﺭ ﺒﺄﺭﺨﺹ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻊ
ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭﻴﺔ–ﺍﻝﺼﻴﻥ ﻝﺫﻝﻙ ﹰﻻﻤﺜﺎ-ﻤﻥ ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺃﺭﺒﺎﺡ ﺴﺘﺠﻨﻰ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎﺴﻴﺎﺴ ﺇﺘﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎﺔﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔﺍﻝﺴﻠﻊ
ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔﺍﻝﺠﻤﺭﻜﻴ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻅل ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻻ ﺤﻴﺙﺔﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺠﻴﻥ ﺤﺎل ﻝﺴﺎﻥ ﻜﺄﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺴﻠﻊ
ﻅل ﻓﻰ ﻤﺤﻘﻕ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺒﺢ ، ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻅل ﻓﻰ ﻤﻀﻤﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺍﻕ ﺃﻥ ﻁﺎﻝﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻭﻴﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻝﻤﺎﺫﺍ
ﺍﻝﺩﻋﻡ.
ﺘﻘـﺩﻴـﺭ ﻭ ﺸﻜـﺭ
ﺒﺨﺎﻝـﺹ ﺃﺘﻘـﺩﻡ ﺍﻥ ﺃﻭﺩﺇﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﻋﻅﻴﻡ ﻝﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻯ ﺍﻷﻜﺎﺩﻴﻤﻰ ﻝﻤﺭﺸﺩﻯ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻘـﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻜﺭ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺇﻨﺘﺒﺎﻫﻰ ﻝﻔـﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻨﺼﺎﺌﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺎﻝﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﺃﻤﺩﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻯ ﺍﻝﻭﺠـﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﺃﻁﺭﻭﺤﺘﻰ
ﺴﻴﺎﺩﺘﻜﻡ ﺭﻀﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻨﺎل ﺃﻥ ﺍﷲ ﻤﻥ ﹰﺎﺭﺍﺠﻴ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻭﺭ ﻨﻘﺎﻁ.
ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ
ﻤﻘﺩﻤــﺔ..........................................................................................
ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ.....................................................................10
ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻫﺩﻑ.....................................................................10
ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ.....................................................................10
ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻤﻨﻬﺞ.....................................................................11
ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﺇﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ.................................................................11
ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻴﻨﺎﻗﺸﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ.......................................................11
ﻝﻠﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻨﺏ)ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻤﺼﺩﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ(........................1
ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﻝﻔﺼل:
ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ..................................................
ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ:ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ............................
ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ:ﺃﻭﺠﺔﺍﻝﺸﺒﺔﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻲ..29
ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ:ﺍﻝﻌﻭﻝﻤﺔ...........................................0
ﺍﻝﺍﻝﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﻤﺒﺤﺙ:ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻩ.............................1
- 7. ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ:ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﻝﻸﺴﻭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﺩﺨﻭل ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ....................
ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ:ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ...................
ﺍﻝ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙﺴﺎﺒﻊ:ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ ﺃﺒﺤﺎﺙ....................................
ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﺏ:ﺃﻭﺠﺔﻭﺒﺤـﻭﺙ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ ﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ.
.ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ..........................37
ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﺏ:ﺍﻝﺴﻭﻕ ﺒﺄﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻬﺩﻑ................
ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﺏ:ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ...39
ﺍﻝ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙﺜﺎﻤﻥ:ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺍﻕ ﺘﺤﻠﻴلﺔ...........................41
ﺍﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻰ ﻝﻔﺼل:
ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﻩ........................................................
ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ:ﻝﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﻤﺎﺌﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ..........................
ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ:ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭ ﺩﻭﺍﻓﻊ..................
ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ:ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻤﺭﺍﺤل.................................49
ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ:ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ....................................0
ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ:ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺍﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ..................55
ﺍﻝﺴﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙﺩﺱ:ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﻩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻓﻊ ﻁﺭﻕ ﻭ ﺸﺭﻭﻁﺔ.............56
ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺍﻝﻔﺼل:
ﺇﺘﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺕﺍﻝﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﺼﻌﻭﺒﺎﺕ................
ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ:ﺇﺘﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔﺍﻝﺠﺎﺕ...........................................0
ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ:ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﺌﻕﺔﻝﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ...................................
ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ:ﻤﻨﻅﻤ ﺃﺘﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﺜﺎﺭﺔﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﻓﻰ:ﻭ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ
ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ...................................................................
.ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﺏ:ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﺘﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺁﺜﺎﺭﺍﻝﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ...
ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﺏ:ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﺘﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ...
- 8. ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ......................................................................
ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ.............................................................................
ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ..............................................................................
ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ:-
ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ:
ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺘﺩﺨل ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻊ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻫﻰﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﺃﺭﺠﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭ
ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺭﻜﻰ ﺍﻷﻴﺩﺍﻉ ﻤﺨﺎﺯﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺴﺤﺒﻬﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺩﺨﻠﺕ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻠﻴﺹ ﻴﺘﻡ
ﺍﻝﺭﺼﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺯﺀﺍ ﻝﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺠﻤﺭﻜﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻠﻴﺹ ﺘﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﻗﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﺨﺎل
ﻝﻠﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻌﻰ.
ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ:
ﺘﻤﺜﺠﺯﺀﺍ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺘﺩﺨل ﻭ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺴﺘﻴﺭﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻊ ل
ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﺍﻯ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻫﻰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻴﻌﺎﺩ ﺜﻡ ﻝﻠﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻌﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﺼﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ.
ﺍﻝﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ:
ﺃﻨﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺘﺴﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻤﺤﻠﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻊ ﺘﻠﻙ ﻫﻰﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﻭ
ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻌﻰ ﺭﺼﻴﺩﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﹰﺎﺨﺼﻤ ﻝﺘﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻝﻠﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺭﻜﻴﺔ.
ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺕ:
ﺏ ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺘﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔﺍﻝﺠﺎﺕGATTﻋﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻫﻲ ،
)ﺒﺎﻻﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - GATT(
ﺍﻝﻌﻭﻝﻤﺔ:
ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻝﻪ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﻫﻲ
ﻋﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ.ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺒﻁ ﺘﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﺨﻼﻝﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺎﻀﺃﻴ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﻝﻤﺔ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ
ﺍﻷﻓﻀل ﻨﺤﻭ ﺎﻌﻤ ﺠﻬﻭﺩﻫﻡ ﺘﺘﻀﺎﻓﺭ ﻝﻜﻲ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﺸﻌﻭﺏ ﺒﻴﻥ.
- 9. ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺩﻤــﺔ
ﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ-ﺃﻨﻜﺭ ﻭﻻﺃﻨﻨﻲﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﻜﻨﺕ-ﻋﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩﻭﻥ
ﺍﻝﺴﻭﺒﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻼﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻴﺼل ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻠﻔﺯﻴﻭﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺠﺭﻴﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ
،ﻝﺘﺠﺭﺒﺘﻪ ﻤﺎﺭﻜﺕﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻜﺘﺸﻔﺕ ﻭﻝﻜﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ ﻋﻥ ﻓﻜﺭﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ
ﻫ ﺭﺃﻴﻲ ﻭﻓﻰﻭﻓﻥﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﺄﻩ ﺃﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻝﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ.ﺤﻴﺙﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ
ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕﻫﻭﺃﺤﺩ ﻴﻤﺜل ﻓﻬﻭ ، ﺍﻝﻴﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭ ﺒﺎﻝﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺼل ﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﻴﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل
ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﻭ ﻝﻸﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺎﺕ
.ﺍﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ ﻴﻌﺩ ﻓﻠﻡﻴﺘ ﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻼ ﻨﺸﺎﻁﺎ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺒل ﻓﻘﻁ ﺍﻝﺩﻋﺎﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺒﻴﻊﺴﻡ
ﻭ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻝﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻭ ﺃﺼﻭل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻭ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻌﻘﻴﺩﺇﺘﺨﺎﺫ
ﺍﻝﻘﻭﻯ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻔﺭﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﺅﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻝﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ
ﹰﺍﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕﺤﹰﺎﺎﻜﻤﹰﺎﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻅل ﻓﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻭ ﻨﻤﻭ ﻓﻲ
ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺼﻤﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﻭﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺇﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺘﺒﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﺩﻴﺩﺓ
ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ.ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺕ ﻭﻴﻤﺜل
ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺃﺤﺩﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎلﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻭ
.ﺃﻥ ﻴﺠﺩ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﺎﻝﻤﺘﺘﺒﻊﺍﻝﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺴﺭﻭ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔﻭ ﺍﻝﻴﺎﺒﺎﻨﻴﺔ
ﻤﻜ ﻤﺘﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺴﻭﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺘﺒﻨﻲ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﻝﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔﻨﺘﻬﺎﻤﻥ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻭل ﻤﻥ
ﺒﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻜﻠﻪ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﻏﺯﺕ ﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕﻅل ﻭﻓﻲﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ
ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻤﻊ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ
ﺒﻴﺌﻴﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﺴﻡ ﺔﺇﺘﻭﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﺒﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺘﻬﺎﺒﺸﺄﻥ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ
ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ.
ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﺸﻬﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﺩ ﻓﻔﻰﺍﻝﺴ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔﻭ ﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ
ﺍﻷﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔﺒﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻀﺎﻉ ﻅل ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺘﻼﺕﻭﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔﻭﺇﺍﻝﺠﻨﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺭ
ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ...ﺇﻝﺦ.
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﹰﺎﺃﺴﺎﺴ ﺘﻤﺜﻠﺕ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﺘﻜﻨﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺜﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ
ﺍ ﻋﺎﻝﻡﻷﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕﻭﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻼﺕﻭﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕﺃﺇﻝ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺠﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﺘﺴﺎﻉﻰﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﻤﺎﻋﻠﻰ
ﻤﻥ ﺫﻝﻙﺒ ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﻭ ﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺎﺌﻘﺔ ﺴﺭﻋﺔﺃﺒﻌﺩ ﻴﻥﺍﻝﻤﺩﻥﻓﻲ
ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺎﻫﻡ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ"ﺍﻝﺴﻭﻕ ﻋﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ"ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﺴﻭﻕ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻴﻌﺩ ﻝﻡ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ
ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺴﻭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﻅﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻨﺩﻤﺠﺕ ﺒل.
- 10. 10
ﻭ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ ﻭ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ ﺒﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺃﺩﻯ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻜل
ﻏﺯﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﹰﺎﺴﻌﻴ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺠﺔﺍﻷﺒﻌﺩ ﹰﺎﻁﺒﻌ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺴﻭﺍﻕ
ﻝﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﻝﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻭ ﻓﻌﺎﻝﺔ ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭﺃﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﻭ ﻨﺴﻴﺎﺏ
ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻊﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻭ ل.
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻥ ﻭﻤﻭ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﺨﺘﻠﻑ
ﺘ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﻨﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﺨﺹ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺎﺘﻴﺔﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺒﻤﺩﻯ ﻘﺎﺱ
ﺍﻹ ﻭ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻉﺍﻷﺴﻭﺍﻕ ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻴﺘﻤﺎﺸﻰ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻭ ﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭ
ﻓﺘﺢ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﻝﻠﻨﻤﻭ ﻭﺍﺴﻌﺔ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕﺇﻭ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺍﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻗﺘﺤﺎﻡ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﻝﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﹰﺍﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻲ ﻝﻠﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﻝﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﻔﻀل ﻫﺫﺍ
ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻤﺘﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺴﻭﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﺘﻤﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻓﺎﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺍﻕ ﺩﺨﻭل
ﻫ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺍﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺘﻨﺎﻓﺱ ﺃﻥﺤﻘﻘﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻓﻲ ﻴﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺫﺍ
ﺍﻝﻴﺎﺒﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻝﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ..... .ﺇﻝﺦ.
ﺍﻝﻘﻭل ﺨﻼﺼﺔ:-
)ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺍﻕ ﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﻷﺸﺒﺎﻉ ﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﻓﻜﺭﻯ ﻁﺎﺒﻊ ﺫﻭ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ ﺇﻥ
ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻴﺎ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﻘﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻙ ﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻰﺭﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻲﺇﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻨﻤﻭ ﻝﻤﺩﻯ
ﻭﺃﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﺄﻩﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺃﻫﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺃﺴﻭﺍﻕ ﺘﺩﻭﻴل ﺃﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻭ
ﺇﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻨﻤﻭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻨﺠﺎﺤﻬﺎ(
ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ
•ﺃﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻜﺄﺤﺩ ﻝﻠﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﻭﺀ ﺇﻝﻘﺎﺀ
ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺍﻕ.
•ﺍﻷﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺘﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻭ ﺃﺘﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺠﺏ ﺍﻷﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﻡ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﻭﻑ
ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ–ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ–ﺘﻨﻤﻴ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻝﺘﻔﻌﻴلﺔﻭ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ
ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺍﻕ ﺩﺨﻭل.
ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ
•ﺃﺩﻭ ﻜﺄﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﺘﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺕ ﺘﻔﻌﻴل ﻭ ﻤﺴﺎﻨﺩﺓ ﻭ ﺩﻋﻡﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ ﺍﺕ
ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺍﻕ ﺇﻗﺘﺤﺎﻡ.
•ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﺍﻷﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺒﻨﻰ)ﺍﻝﺤﺭ(ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺘﻌﻅﻴﻡ ﻭ ﺩﻋﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﺇﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺌﺔ
ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺍﻕ ﺇﻗﺘﺤﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻲ.
ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ
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ﺩﺒﻰ ﺇﻤﺎﺭﻩﻅﺒﻰ ﺃﺒﻭ ﻭ-ﻤﻥ00:00
ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻋﻥ ﻨﺒﺫﺓ
ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺩﻻﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺇﺘﺒﺎﻉ ﺘﻡ)ﺍﻷﺴﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁﻰ(ﺍﻝﺒﻘﻊ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺘﻡ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻝﻠﺒﺤﺙ ﻤﻨﻬﺠﺎ–ﻤﻨﻬﺎ
ﺸﻨﻐﺎﻫﺎﻯ)ﺍﻝﺼﻴﻥ(ﺩﺒﻰ ،)ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕﺓ(-ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺇﺴﺘﻘﻁﺎﺏ ﻓﻰ ﻨﺠﺤﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ
ﺘﻨﻤﻴ ﻭ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺍلﺔﻭ ﺍﻷﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺃﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺃﺩﻯ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺍﻕ ﻓﺘﺢ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ
ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﺒﻰ ﺇﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺘﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭ ﺇﻨﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ
ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺼﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻜﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ ﻝﻠﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺼﺎﻝﺤﺔ ﻜﻌﻴﻨﺔ.
ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﺭﻀﻴﺔ:-
ﺍﻝﺤﺭ ﺍﻷﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺇﺘﺒﺎﻉ)ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ(ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺍﻕ ﻭﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻔﻴﺽ ﻭ
ﻝﻠﺘﺠﺎﺍﻝﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﺃﻨﺘﻌﺎﺵ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻴﺅﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺓ ﺭﺓ
ﺃﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻝﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺒﺼﻔﻪ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﺕ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﻪ
ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺞ.ﺃﺴﻌﺎﺭ ﺃﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﻌﻤل ﺃﻨﻪ ﻜﻤﺎ
ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻊﺍﻝﺘﻀﺨﻡ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺇﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻰ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻊ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ.
ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻴﻨﺎﻗﺸﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ
)ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻭﺍﺌﻕ ﺇﺯﺍﻝﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﻫﻤﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺕ ﺇﺘﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ(.
ﺇﺫﺍ ،ﺍﻝﻌﻭﻝﻤﺔ ﺒﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻭﺘﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉﻭﺍﻝﺘﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺎﺒﻙ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﻌﺕﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻔﺎﻋل
ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺏﻓﺎﻝﻌﻭﻝﻤﺔﺘﻌﺭﻑﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ..." :ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺍﺨل ﻫﺫﺍ ﻫﻲ
ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺸﺎﺒﻙﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ،ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻊ
ﹰﺍﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻴﺄﺨﺫ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺍﺨل ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ،ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﹰﻻﻭﺃﺸﻜﺎ.
ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻝﻠﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻨﺔ ﻨﻅﺭﺓ ﻁﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﻝﻤﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﻤلﺍﻝ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻭﻨﻅﺭﺓﺨﺩﺘﺩﻋﻭ ﺇﺫ ،ﻤﺎﺕ
ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﻤﺼﺭﺍﻋﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺍﻕ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺇﻝﻰﻭﺘﺩﻋﻭ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺍل ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﻭﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﻭﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻊ
،ﹰﺎﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻝﻡ ﺇﻥ ،ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺘﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰﻝﻠﺤﻜﻭﻤﺎﺕ.
ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭ ﻨﻤﻭ ﻭﻴﻌﺩﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺓ2
ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉﻨﻤﺕ ﻓﻘﺩ ،ﺍﻝﻌﻭﻝﻤﺔ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺏ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ
ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﺭﻉ ﺒﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﻋﺩﺓ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻭﻗﺩ ،ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻲ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻨﻤﻭ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ
ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺒﻠﻭﺭﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ(WTO)ﻋﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ1995.
ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ.ﻜﻭﻡhttp://www.edara.com/
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ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩﻫﺎ ﻀﻤﻥ ،ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﺩﻋﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻭﺩ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺇﺯﺍﻝﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ،ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻤﺎﻡ ﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ
ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻊ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓﺨﻼل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ ،ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ
ﺘﺨﻔﻴﺽﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔﺍﻝﺠﻤﺭﻜﻴﺔﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ.ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺕ ﺘﻔﺭﺽ ﻜﻤﺎ
ﺸﺭﻜﺎﺌﻬﺎﻭﺍﻝﻭﻀﻭ ،ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﻴﻥﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﻊ ،ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺒﺅ ﻭﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺡﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻏﺭﺍﻕ
ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺸﻜل ﺒﺄﻱ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﻋﻡ.
ﻭﻴﺘﻭﻗﻊﺘﻠﻙ ﹰﺎﻭﺃﻴﻀ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﻅل ﻓﻲﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ
ﻤﺴﺒﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺒﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﻨﻤﻭ ﺃﻥ ،ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺍل ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎلﻭﺃﻥ ،ﻗﺔﺤﺠﻡ ﺘﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ
ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﻜﺎﺴﺏ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ،ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ–ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ-ﻝﻠﺩﻭلﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ،ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ
ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ.
ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺇﻥ(WTO)ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺌﻬﺎ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻭﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺇﻨﺸﺎﺌﻬﺎ–ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺱ ﺨﻼل
ﺍﻝﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ-ﻴﺍﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺍﺨل ﻤﺩﻯ ﻌﻜﺱﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕﻤﻥ ﻴﺘﺒﻌﻪ ﻭﻤﺎ ،ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻴﺔ
ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺱﻭﺍﻷﻗﺎﻝﻴﻡ.ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺘﻌﺩ ﻓﻠﻡ
ﻋﻥ ﹰﺎﺘﻤﺎﻤ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻤﺎﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻝﻴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ
ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ.
ﻀﻭﺀ ﻭﻋﻠﻰﺍﻝﺤﺩ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻓﺈﻥ ،ﺫﻝﻙﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﻴﺩ ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺎﺒﻙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺘﻠﻙ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ
ﻝﻺﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻤﻭﺍﺘﻴﺔﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﻁﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ.
ﻓﻝﻠﺤﻭﺍﺠﺯ ﻓﻭﺭﻱ ﺒﺈﻝﻐﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﺨﻭل ﺒﺄﻥ ﺸﺎﺌﻊ ﻭﻫﻡ ﻬﻨﺎﻙ
ﺴﻭﻯ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﻻ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻓﺎﻝﺩﺨﻭل ،ﺍﻝﺼﺤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺎ ﺃﺒﻌﺩ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ،ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻔﺭﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ
ﺍﻷﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﻤﻔﺎﻭﻀﺎﺕ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻥ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻲ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻭﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺒﺈﺯﺍﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻬﺩ.
ﻝﻤ ﹰﺎﻘﻭﻭﻓﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻭﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺒﺈﻝﻐﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ،ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺼﻠﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺭﺍﻩ ﺎ
ﺘﻨﺎﺯﻻﺕConcessionsﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺘﺤﺼل ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ،ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺕ ﻝﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﹰﺎﻘﻭﻓ
ﻤﻤﺎﺜﻠﺔ ﺘﻨﺎﺯﻻﺕ.
ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻱ ،ﺍﻝﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﺍﻻﻝﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﺃﻤﺎﺍﻝﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻓﺔ
ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻭﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻠﺠﻭﺀ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻭﺃﻻ ،ﻝﻠﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺤﻴﺩﺓNon Tarrif Barriersﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﺜل
ﺍﻻﺘﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺨﻼل ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻝﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﺹ.
ﺇ ﺒل ،ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﺘﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻬﻡ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭﻩ ﺍﻝﺒﻌﺽ ﻥ
ﺒﺎﻝﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ ﻝﻰﻭَﻷﺍ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﺍﻻﺘﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ)MFN(ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻭﻴﻌﻨﻲ
ﻋﻀﻭﺍ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺘﻜﻥ ﻝﻡ ﻭﻝﻭ ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺘﻤﻨﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﻀﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ
ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺕ ﻓﻰ ﹰﻼﻓﺎﻋ.
- 13. 1
ﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺃﻤﺎﻭﻴﻘﻀﻲ ،ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺼﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻝﺠﺎﺕ
ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺍﺌﺏ ﺨﻀﻭﻉ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻊ ﺒﻬﺎ ﹸﻌﺎﻤلﺘ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻊ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ
ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻊ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ،ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ ﻝﻠﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺴﻭﻡ
ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ)ﺍﻝﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﻋﺩﻡ(ﺍﻝﺴ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻴﻘﻀﻲﹸﻌﺎﻤلﺘ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﻠﻌﺔ
ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻴﺭﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺒﻬﺎ.
ﺍﻹﻏﺭﺍﻕ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺘﺠﻨﺏ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ.
ﺇﻴﻘﺎﻉ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ،ﺇﻋﺎﻨﺔ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ،ﺍﻝﺩﻋﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺎﺼﺨﺼﻭ ،ﺍﻝﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﻋﻡ ﺘﺠﻨﺏ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ
ﺃﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩ ﺒﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺭﺍﺭﻤﺼﺩ ﺃﻡ ﺍﺩﻤﺴﺘﻭﺭ.
ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﻭل ﹰﻼﺘﻔﻀﻴ ﻭﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ،ﺍﺭﺃﺨﻴ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ.
ﺍﻷﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺎﻭﻀﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻁﻭﻜﻴﻭ ﺠﻭﻝﺔ ﻭﺃﻀﺎﻓﺕ)1973-1979(ﺍﻝﺘﻤﻜﻴﻥ ﺒﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻌﺭﻑﻴ ﻤﺎ
The enabling clauseﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﺘﻤﻜﻥ ﻗﺩ ،ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﺃﻥ ﻭﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ
ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺴﻊ ﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺤﺜﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺘﻨﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻝﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ
ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ.
ﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﻻ ،ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﻭل ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺨﻼل ﻭﻤﻥ
ﺘﻌﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻤﻥ ﺀﺍﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻱ ،ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺒﺎﻝﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ.
ﻭﺍﻝﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ،ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ،ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻓﻬﺫﻩ ﻭﺒﻌﺩ؛
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻝﻜﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﺭﻀﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺼﺩﺕ ،ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﺴﺘﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻭﺩ
ﺃﺒﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻡ ﺸﺌﻨﺎ ﻤﻌﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ،ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺭﺴﻡ.
ﻤﻥ ﺒﻪ ﺒﺄﺱ ﻻ ﻗﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻨﻁﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﻹﺨﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﺨﻭﺍﺕ ﺃﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ
ﻗﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺎﺴﺃﺴﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﻨﺩ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺏ.
ﺍﻝﺘ ﺍﻝﻘﻀﺎﻴﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻙ ﻭﻻﺍﺘﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺒﻘﻴﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﺘﻬﻡ ﻲ
ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻴﺩﺍﻓﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺠﺩ ﻝﻡ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﻝﺸﻲﺀ ﻻ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺕ.
ﺃﺤﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻥ ،ﺤﻘﻭﻗﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﺘﺩﺍﻓﻊ ﻝﻡ ﻝﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﺅﺍل
ﺃﺴﻭﺍﻕ ﺩﺨﻭل ﻓﻲ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻊﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻭﺃﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ؟ ﺍﻝﺩﻭل
ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ؟ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺎﻭﻀﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻤﻥ ،ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ
ﻭﻜﺄﻨﻬﺎ ،ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺎﻭﻀﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻫﺎﻤﺵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻝﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻜﻨﺎ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻨﺎ ﻨﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺒﺩ ﻻ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ
ﻭ ﻤﺼﺎﻝﺤﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﹰﻼﻋﺎﺠ ﺃﻭ ﹰﻼﺁﺠ ﺇﻥ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻝﻥ ﻭﻜﺄﻨﻬﺎ ،ﺁﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﹰﺎﻓﺃﻁﺭﺍ ﺘﺨﺹﺘﺠﺎﺭﺘﻨﺎ.
ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻠﻴﺒﺭﺍﻝﻴﺔ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺇﻥ
ﻨﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﻋﺸﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻥ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻨﺤﻥ ،ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ
ﺍﻝﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ.
ﺒﻘﺎﺅﻨﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻹﺘﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕﺍﻝﺫﻱ ،ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻫﺎﻤﺵ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺭﻜﺎﺌﺯﻩ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺕ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ.
- 14. 1
ﻴﻤﺜل ﺴﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺍﺤﺘﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﻭﻤﺎ ،ﺍﻝﻘﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ
ﻭﺍﻝﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﺯﺤﺎﻓ.
ﺘﺨﻴ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺭﻫﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﺎﻷﻤﺭﺃﻥ ﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻬﺫﻩ ،ﺍﻝﻬﺩﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺘﻜﻔل ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺫ
ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻥ ﹰﻻﺒﺩ ،ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻝﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺎﻌﺩﺍﻓ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ.
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻭﻝﺕ ﻝﻘﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ
ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡﺒﺫل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻘﺩﺭﺘﻨﺎ ﺭﻫﻥ ،ﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺘﻘﻊ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ،ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻲ
ﹰﺎﺜﺎﻨﻴ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺘﻨﺎ ﺜﻡ ﹰﻻﺃﻭ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻨﺎ ﻝﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﻭﺩ.
ﻴﻜﻥ ﻝﻡ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺨﺎﺴﺭﺓ ﻗﻀﺎﻴﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺼﺎﻝﺢ ،ﻓﻀﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻤﺼﺎﻝﺤﻨﺎ ﻝﻨﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﻝﻥ ﻓﺎﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ
ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻴﺩﺍﻓﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ.
ﹰﺎﻘﻭﻭﻓ،ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻌﺩﻴ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻤﺎﻡ ﻓﺈﻥ ،ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻲ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻷﻱ
ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻬﻤﻴﺵ ﺒﺎﻻﻨﻌﺯﺍل ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻜﻡ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﻴﻌﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ.
ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﺭﻀﻴﻪ ﻤﺼﺩﺍﻗﻴﻪ ﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ)ﻝﻠﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻨﺏ(
ﺍ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻓﻰ ﹰﺍﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﺒﺤﺜﺕﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﺘﺒﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻝﻨﻅﻡﻓﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺼﺩﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻝﻠﺘﺩﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﺩﻭل
ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙﻝﻴﺱ ﻭ ﺩﺒﻰ ﺇﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻗﻭل ﻭ ﺩﺒﻰ ﺇﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺒﻨﺘﺔ ﺍﻝﺫﻯ ﺍﻷﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻓﻀل ﺃﺠﺩ ﻝﻡ ﺃﻨﻨﻰ ﺇﻻ
ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕﻤﻥﺇﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺴﺒﻊﺒﺎﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺤﻜﻡ
ﺍﻝﺒﻼﺩ ﺃﻤﻴﺭ ﻫﺭﻤﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﻘﻑ ﺍﻝﺫﻯ ﺍﻝﻔﺩﺭﺍﻝﻰﺇﻤﺎﺭ ﻝﻜل ﻭﻓﻠﻜل ﻤﻨﻔﺭﺩ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻰ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﻰ ﻫﻴﻜل ﺓﺃﻤﻴﺭ ﺇﻤﺎﺭﺓ
ﺍﻹ ﺸﺌﻭﻥ ﺘﺩﺒﺭ ﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻹ ﺨﺎﺼﻪ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻰ ﻭ ﻤﺎﺭﻩﺩﺒﻰ ﺇﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺘﺒﻨﺘﻪ ﻓﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩ ﺒﻴﺕ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻭ ﻤﺎﺭﺓ
ﺍﻷﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻷﻨﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺒﻨﺕ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻝﻬﺩﻑ ﺤﺭﻓﻴﻪ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺇﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻝﻭﺍﺌﺢ ﻭ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻝﻐﻴﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺍﺌﺏ ﺃﻝﻐﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻪ ﺃﻝﻐﺕ ﻭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ
ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻜﺤﻭل ﻭ ﻜﺎﻝﺘﺒﻎ ﺍﻝﺒﻀﺎﺌﻊ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻋﺩﺍ ﻓﻴﻤﺎﺍﻷﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺹ ﺃﺘﺎﺤﺕ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ
ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺴﻤﻴﺙ ﺁﺩﻡ ﺍﻷﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻋﺒﻘﺭﻯ ﺒﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻷﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻋﻭﺩ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻭ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ ﻭ ﻝﻸﺠﺎﻨﺏ)
ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ(Absolute Advantageﻭﻫﻲ"ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﺘﺼﺩﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺇﻥ
ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺒﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺃﻨﺘﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻝﻭ ﺘﻜﻠﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻊ ﺘﺴﺘﻭﺭﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺒﺎﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻗل ﻜﻠﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ
ﺃﺨﺭﻱ ﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﻤﻥ".
ﺃﻓﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﻤﻥ ﻴﻨﻁﻠﻕ ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻯ ﻝﻠﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻫﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﻬﺩﻑ ﻭﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺘﻌﺘﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﺌﻕ ﺇﺯﺍﻝﺔ ﺃﻥﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ
ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻴﻘﻭﺩ ﻤﻤﺎ ،ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻊ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﻜل ﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ
ﻋﺎﻡ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻭﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻝﻠﻌﻤل ﺃﻓﻀل ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺇﻝﻰ.
ﻤﻥ ﺩﺒﻰ ﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ﺘﺒﻨﺘﻪ ﻤﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻭﺇﺇﻝﻰ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻭ ﺒل ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺭﻜﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺔ ﻝﻐﺎﺀﺇﺩﻋﻤﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺍﺌﺏ ﻝﻐﺎﺀ
ﻜﺍﻝﺘﺴﻬﻴﻼﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻗﺩﻤﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﺍﺌﺢ ﻭ ﺒﺎﻝﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺫﻝﻙﺫﻝﻙ ﻋﻥ ﻓﻨﺘﺞ:ﻁﻔﺭﺓ
ﻫﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ–ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺠﻌل ﻤﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﺘﺩﻓﻕ
ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ–ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺒل ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﺅﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ)ﻤﻥ ﻤﻴﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ
- 15. 1
ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺼﻨﻊ(ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺠﻨﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﻀﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺠﺒل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻭ1000
ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻓﻰ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺸﺭﻜﺔ–ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻭﺤﺠﻡ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺇﺯﺩﻴﺎﺩ–
ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎﻭ ﻝﻠﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﺒﻀﺎﺌﻊ ﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻭ ﻝﻠﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻰ ﺩﺒﻰ ﻤﻁﺎﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺴﻊﺭﺓﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻜل
ﻤﻥ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻝﻭ ﻭ ﻴﺭﺴل ﻝﻜﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺠﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺭ ﻝﻜل ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻓﺯ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔﺇﺩﺒﻰ ﺇﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺘﻪ.
ﺍﻝﺠﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻴﻭﻨﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺒﺤﻕ ﻭ ﺇﻨﻬﺎ.
ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﻩ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻝﻴﺱ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺒﻰ ﺃﺤﺭﺯﺘﻪ ﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻝﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻴﺠﺏ ﻭ
ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻴﺨﺹ ﻤﺎ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻘﺩﻤﺎ ﺃﺤﺭﺯﺕ ﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻭ)، ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﻯ
ﺫﻝﻙ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺸﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻨﺎﺀ ، ﻭﺍﻝﺼﺤﻪ ، ﻭﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻰ ، ﻭﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ(ﺃﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻰ ﺃﻤﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻭﺇﺘﺒﺎﻉ
ﺭﺃﺴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺎﺤﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻬﻴﻼﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﺍﻷﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻨﻅﺎﻡﺇﻫﺫﻩ ﻜل ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎﺭﻙ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺍﺌﺏ ﻝﻐﺎﺀ
ﺸﺘ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻤﻴﻪ ﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﺘﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻗﺩﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻰ.
ﻝﻸﺤﺼﺎﺀ ﺩﺒﻰ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻜل ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻭ3
)ﻝﻸﺤﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ(
ﺩﺒﻰ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻩ ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﻭ.
ﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﺩﺒﻰ ﺃﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺃﻋﺭﺽ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻭ00ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺤﺴﺏ
ﺩﺒﻰ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻩ ﻏﺭﻓﻪ ﻭ ﻝﻸﺤﺼﺎﺀ ﺩﺒﻰ.
ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﻩ:ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭ ﺃﺭﺘﻔﻌﺕ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅﻪ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺯﺩﻫﺭﺕﺓ
ﻤﻥ ﺩﺒﻰ ﻹﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﻪ425,441ﻋﺎﻡ ﺩﺭﻫﻡ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ2007ﺇﻝﻰ612,744ﺩﺭﻫﻡ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ
ﻋﺎﻡ2008ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﻨﻤﻭ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﻪ29.1. %
ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ:
ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻝﻰ ﺒﻠﻎﺓﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ612,744ﻋﺎﻡ ﺩﺭﻫﻡ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ2008ﻨﻤﻭ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﻪ48.3%ﻋﻥ
ﻋﺎﻡ2007.ﺍﻝﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ42,641ﻋﺎﻡ ﺩﺭﻫﻡ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ2008ﻨﻤﻭ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﻪ57.5%ﻋﺎﻡ ﻋﻥ
2007ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﻴﻤﻪ ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﻭ128,626ﻋﺎﻡ ﺩﺭﻫﻡ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ2008ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﻨﻤﻭ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﻪ27.8%
ﻋﺎﻡ ﻋﻥ2007.
ﺘﺠﺎﺭ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻝﻰ ﺒﻠﻎﺓﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔﺍﻝﺤﺭﺓ307,072ﻋﺎﻡ ﺩﺭﻫﻡ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ2008ﻨﻤﻭ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﻪ29.1%ﻋﺎﻡ ﻋﻥ
2007ﻨﺴﺒﺘ ﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺸﻜﻠﺕ ﻭ ،ﺔ61.2%ﻨﺴﺒﺘﻪ ﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺸﻜﻠﺕ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ38.8%ﻤﻥ
ﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﻪ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻩ ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻝﻰ2008.
ﺘﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺒﻠﻐﺕﺓﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔﺍﻝﺤﺭﺓ187,875ﻋﺎﻡ ﺩﺭﻫﻡ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ2008ﻨﻤﻭ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﻪ24.0%ﻋﺎﻡ ﻋﻥ
2007.
ﻝﻸﺤﺼﺎﺀ ﺩﺒﻰ ﻤﺭﻜﺯhttp://www.dsc.gov.ae/Ar
ﺩﺒﻰ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻩ ﻏﺭﻓﻪhttp://www.dubaichamber.ae/
ﻅﺒﻰ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺀ ﻤﺭﻜﺯhttp://www.scad.ae/publications_ 00 _1.htm
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ﻗﻴﻤ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻥ ﻅﺒﻰ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺇﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺩﺒﻰ ﺇﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔﺔﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ
ﻋﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻉ ﺤﺴﺏﺍﻝﻰ
ﻝﻡ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺼﻤﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻅﺒﻰ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺇﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻏﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻝﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺘﺨﻁﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻊﺍﻝﻰ ﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﺴﺒﺏ ﻝﻌل ﻭ ﺩﺒﻰ ﺇﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺨﻁﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ
ﺒﺈﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻷﺴﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺩﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺩﺒﻰ ﺇﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﻴﺘﺔ ﻭ ﻅﺒﻰ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺇﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺒﻐﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺘﺭﻭل ﻭﺠﻭﺩ
ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻐﻴﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺍﺌﺏ ﻭﺇﻝﻐﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺤﺭ ﺍﻷﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ)ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻭﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻐﺎﺕ ﻓﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ(ﻭ
ﺒﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﻴﺦ ﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﺫﻝﻙﻭ ﺍﻷﻨﻔﺎﻕ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺒﻰ ﺇﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻤﻜﺘﻭﻡ ﺁل ﺭﺍﺸﺩ
ﺒﺠﺫﺏ ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺱ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻜﺒﺎﻗﻰ ﻅﺒﻰ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺇﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻝﻴﺱ
ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻜﻌﺎﺼﻤﺔ ﺒﺤﻕ ﻭ ﺩﺒﻰ ﺇﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﺘﻭﺝ ﺃﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺍل ﺭﺅﻭﺱ
ﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺤﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺒﺎﻷﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩ
ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻋﻘﺩ ﻭ ﻅﺒﻰ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺀ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻭ ﻝﻸﺤﺼﺎﺀ ﺩﺒﻰ00ﻭ00ﻭ
00ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻝﻜل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﻨﺭﻯ.
ﻋﺎﻡ ﻋﻥ00ﻗﻴﻤ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻓﻘﺩﻫﻰ ﺩﺒﻰ ﻹﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺔ.ﻗﻴﻤﻪ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺩﺭﻫﻡ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ
ﻫﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻋﻥ ﻅﺒﻰ ﺃﺒﻭ ﻹﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ.ﻹﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻫﻡ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ
ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻋﻥ ﺩﺒﻰ.0 1ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻋﻥ ﻅﺒﻰ ﺃﺒﻭ ﻹﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺩﺭﻫﻡ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ
. 0ﻜﺎﻨ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻫﻡ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻋﻥ ﺩﺒﻰ ﻹﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺕ100.ﺩﺭﻫﻡ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ
ﻗﻴﻤﺘﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻋﻥ ﻅﺒﻰ ﺃﺒﻭ ﻹﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ. 1ﺩﺭﻫﻡ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ.
- 18. 1
ﻋﺎﻡ ﻋﻥ ﻭ00ﻫﻰ ﺩﺒﻰ ﻹﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻓﻘﺩ1.ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺩﺭﻫﻡ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ
ﺍﻝ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻋﻥ ﻅﺒﻰ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺇﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕﻌﺎﻡ0.ﺩﺒﻰ ﻹﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻫﻡ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ
ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻋﻥ. 1ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻋﻥ ﻅﺒﻰ ﺃﺒﻭ ﻹﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺩﺭﻫﻡ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ
.ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻋﻥ ﺩﺒﻰ ﻹﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻫﻡ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ1 .ﺩﺭﻫﻡ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ
ﻹﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎﻗﻴﻤﺘﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻋﻥ ﻅﺒﻰ ﺃﺒﻭ.ﺩﺭﻫﻡ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ.
ﻋﺎﻡ ﻋﻥ ﻭ00ﻫﻰ ﺩﺒﻰ ﻹﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻓﻘﺩ1 . 0ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺩﺭﻫﻡ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ
ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻋﻥ ﻅﺒﻰ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺇﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ.ﺩﺒﻰ ﻹﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻫﻡ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ
ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻋﻥ. 0ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺩﺭﻫﻡ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻋﻥ ﻅﺒﻰ ﺃﺒﻭ ﻹﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ
. 00ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻋﻥ ﺩﺒﻰ ﻹﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻫﻡ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ11 .ﺩﺭﻫﻡ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ
ﻗﻴﻤﺘﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻋﻥ ﻅﺒﻰ ﺃﺒﻭ ﻹﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ.ﺩﺭﻫﻡ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ.