قواعد في الممارسة السياسية

1
ÓÇaì‡Ûa@òŠbà¾a@Àòîbî
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
.‫מ‬

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 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬K 

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"‫ﺒﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺩﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻭﻻ‬
‫ﻓﻀل‬ ‫ﺫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺴﺩﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬) "‫ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺭﺓ‬:251(

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‫؟‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
–

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1
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•

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––
‫א‬
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1
1
W. L. Twining/ D. Miers (1991): How to Do Things with Rules, 3rd edn., London, p.
131.
2
Roscoe Pound, 1 Jurisprudence 7 (West, 1959).

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2
1
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ‬:
- Popper, Karl: Die Logik der Sozialwissenschaften, in: Popper, Karl (2003): Auf der
Suche nach einer besseren Welt. Vorträge und Aufsätze aus dreißig Jahren. 12. Auflage,
München, Pipper Verlag.
- Popper, Karl (1966): Logik der Forschung, Wien, zweite Auflage, Mohr Siebeck.
- Hume, David (2007): A Treatise of Human Nature, USA, NuVision Publications.
- Kuhn, Thomas S. (1996): The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, USA, 3 edition,
University Of Chicago Press.
- Imre, Lakatos/ Musgrave A. (1970): Criticisms and the growth of knowledge,
University of Cambridge Press, (especially: Lakatos I., Falsification and the methodology
of scientific research programs.)
- Feyerabend, Paul (2007): Wider den Methodenzwang, Frankfurt am Main, 10. Auflag,
Suhrkamp.

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‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אמ‬ ‫א‬

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‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אמ‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
–

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–
–
––

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1
Myers, I. (1962): Introduction to Type: A description of the theory and applications of
the Myers-Briggs type indicator, Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto Ca.
‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺟﻮع‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺮاءة‬:
- Plous, S. (1993): The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making, New York,
McGraw-Hill.
- Facione, P. and Facione, N. (2007): Thinking and Reasoning in Human Decision
Making: The Method of Cognitive and Heuristic Analysis.
- Wetterer, Eva-Christiane (2005): Die Kunst der richtigen Entscheidung. 40 Methoden
die funktionieren. Hamburg, Murmann-Verlag.

20
ÿa@âÕÜaßì@Z@óïbc@‡ÈaíÔ
óbïÜa@óÉïj @ßíy
‫ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺄﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻫﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬

21
@ñ‡ÇbÔÛaI1H@ @
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻨﺸﺄﺓ‬
"‫ﻛﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬‫ﺃﻣﺔ‬‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬‫ﻓﺒﻌﺚ‬‫ﺍﷲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻴﲔ‬‫ﻣﺒﺸﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﻭﻣﻨﺬﺭﻳﻦ‬‫ﻭﺃﻧﺰﻝ‬‫ﻣﻌﻬﻢ‬‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳊﻖ‬‫ﻟﻴﺤﻜﻢ‬‫ﺑﲔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬‫ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻔﻮﺍ‬‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬‫ﻭﻣﺎ‬‫ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻒ‬‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬‫ﺇﻻ‬‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬‫ﺃﻭ‬‫ﺗﻮﻩ‬‫ﻣﻦ‬‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺎ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺟﺎﺀ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑﻐﻴ‬‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ‬‫ﻓﻬﺪﻯ‬‫ﺍﷲ‬‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬‫ﺁﻣﻨﻮﺍ‬‫ﳌﺎ‬‫ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻔﻮﺍ‬‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬‫ﻣﻦ‬‫ﺍﳊﻖ‬‫ﺑﺈﺫﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺍﷲ‬‫ﻳﻬﺪﻱ‬‫ﻣﻦ‬‫ﻳﺸﺎﺀ‬‫ﺇﱃ‬‫ﺻﺮﺍﻁ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬) "‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭ‬:46(

22
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬)1(
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺍﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺘﺞ‬‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻲ‬‫ﺃﻤﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺜﻼﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬:‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ‬/‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻭﻉ‬/‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺩﺭﺓ‬
•
•
•
1
‫ﺍﻻ‬ ‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺗﺎ‬‫ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ،‫ﻣﺘﺠﺪﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﱵ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺧﺘﻼﻑ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺿﺒﺔ‬.
‫ﻻﺯﻣﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺄ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬1.‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺄﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬

23
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•

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1
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺻﻄﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﳊﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﲏ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﲏ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺗﻞ‬ ‫ﺮﻱ‬.
2
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻬﻢ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻓﺴﺮ‬"‫ﺑﻠﻴﻨﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺘﻮﻥ‬"‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﻨﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﳍﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺄﺓ‬
‫ﻳﺴ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺛﺎﻟﺜﻬﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺛﺎﻧﻴﻬﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬‫ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻌﻰ‬
-‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺯ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬-‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺷﻜﺎﳍﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬.‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ‬:
Pelinka, Anton (2000): Grundzüge der Politikwissenschaft, Wien, Böhlau, S21
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬)‫ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﻭﻥ‬(
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ‬)‫ﻤﺘﺠﺩﺩﺓ‬/‫ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ‬/‫ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ‬(
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬)‫ﻨﺎﺩﺭﺓ‬/‫ﻨﺎﻓﺩﺓ‬/‫ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ‬(
‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﺎﺩل‬
‫ﻭﺼﺭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺎﻓﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩل‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ‬/‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ‬/‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺱ‬
)‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬/‫ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ‬(‫ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺠﻭﻫﺭ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2.‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺄﺓ‬

26
@
‫اﻟﺘﺪاﻓﻊ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬"‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺍﻓﻊ‬"‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ‬
"‫ﻭﺒﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺍﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺩﻤﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺩﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻭﻻ‬
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻜﺜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺫﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺴﺎﺠﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻠﻭﺍﺕ‬")‫ﺍﻟﺤﺞ‬:40(

27
‫ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺍﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﻘﺴﻡ‬:‫ﺼﻔﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺩﺍﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﺍﻓﻊ‬1
1
‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﳌﺰﻳﺪ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬:
2005175–
198
- Ziegenhagen, Eduard A. (1986): The Regulation of Political Conflict, New York,
Praeger Publishers.
- Coombs, Clyde H. / Avrunin, George S. (1988): The Structure of Conflict, Hillsdale, NJ,
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Fisher, Erik A. (2004): The Art of Managing Everyday Conflict: Understanding
Emotions and Power Struggles, Westport, CT, Praeger. (especially p. 29-40)
‫ﻳﺴﻌﻰ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺎﺀ‬‫ﻹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻓﻊ‬
‫ﺗﺪﺍﻓﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺷ‬‫ﻜﻞ‬3.‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻲ‬

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1
Win _ win situation
2Zero _ sum
Game
1
1
‫ﻊ‬‫ﻳﻮﻗ‬‫ﻗﺎﺗﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬.‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺻـﺮﺍﻋ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺧـﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﺒﻌ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ،‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺻﻔﺮﻳ‬.‫ﲢ‬ ‫ﳚﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﰲ‬‫ﺍﻵﺧـﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄـﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﱴ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺘﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬.

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‫ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﲡﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬.
2
"‫ﴰﺸﻮﻥ‬"‫ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﱘ‬)‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺭﺍﺓ‬(،‫ﻭﺧﻼﺻ‬‫ﺃﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻛﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‬،‫ﻭ‬‫ﺃﺭﺍﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻌﱪﺍﻧﻴﻮﻥ‬‫ﺍﻹﻣﺴﺎ‬‫ﻙ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﻌﺠﺰﻭﺍ‬‫ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬‫ﻟﻘﻮﺗﻪ‬،‫ﺍﳋﺎﺭﻗﺔ‬‫ﻓﺄﺭﺳﻠﻮﺍ‬‫ﻟﻪ‬‫ﻓﺘﺎﺓ‬‫ﲨﻴﻠﺔ‬‫ﻫﻲ‬)‫ﺩﻟﻴﻠﺔ‬(‫ﻛﻲ‬‫ﻐﺮﻡ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﱠﻬﺎ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺷﻌﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺮ‬‫ﺫﻫﺒـﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻘﺖ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬
،‫ﻗﻮﺗﻪ‬‫ﻓﻠﻤﺎ‬‫ﻧﺎﻡ‬‫ﺷﻌﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺖ‬‫ﻗﻮﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻔﻘﺪ‬،‫ﻭﺯﺍﺩﻭﻩ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﺇﺫﻻ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺄﻋﻤﻮﻩ‬‫ﻋﻴﻨﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺜﻤﻞ‬،‫ﺇﻫﺎﻧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮﻭﺍ‬،‫ﻭﰲ‬‫ﻳﻮﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺪ‬‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ‬‫ﻛﺎﻥ‬،‫ﻧﺒـﺖ‬ ‫ﻗـﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺮﻩ‬
‫ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺕ‬‫ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬‫ﻗﻮﺗﻪ‬،‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﳑﺘﻠﺌ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺒﺪ‬‫ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻮﻉ‬،،‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺸﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺴﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﹸﺩﺧﻞ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﻓﺪﻋﺎ‬‫ﴰﺸﻮﻥ‬‫ﺭﺑ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﻟﻴﻌﻴﻨﻪ‬‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺋﻪ‬،‫ﻭﻗﺒﺾ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﻦ‬‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﲔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ‬‫ﻛﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍﳌ‬‫ﻌﺒﺪ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤ‬‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ‬‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺪ‬‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‬‫ﺑﻴﻤﻴﻨﻪ‬‫ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ‬‫ﺑﻴﺴﺎﺭﻩ‬‫ﻭﺍﳓﲎ‬‫ﺑﻘـﻮﺓ‬‫ﻓـﺴﻘﻂ‬
‫ﺍﳌ‬‫ﺒﲎ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬،‫ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﻪ‬‫ﻣﺼﺪﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ‬‫ﺍﳌﺜﻞ‬‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﱯ‬‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬"‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺋﻲ‬."

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‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺘﺩﺍﻓ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ؟‬ ‫ﻊ‬

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‫اﻟﺤﻜﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ‫أﺣﻤﺪ‬/‫ﻡﺮﺳﻲ‬ ‫هﺸﺎم‬/‫ﻋﺎدل‬ ‫واﺋﻞ‬)2007:(‫اﻟﻼﻋﻨﻒ‬ ‫ﺣﺮب‬..‫ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮﺏﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪار‬ ،‫ﺏﻴﺮوت‬ ،‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻴﺎر‬/‫ص‬ ،‫اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫أآﺎدﻳﻤﻴﺔ‬
66.
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺭﺅﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4.‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺭﺅﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬

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‫ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬‫ﲢﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﱀ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﳊﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺪﻑ‬‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻻﲣﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬-‫ﻇﺮﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﻇﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬-‫ﺍﳌﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﺩﻱ‬.‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺇﻛﺲ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻌﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎﱄ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬,‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬,‫ﺎ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬
‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺑـ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻀﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﲣﻮﺽ‬‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻠﻢ‬,‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬,‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬,‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬.
‫ﺍﳍﻨﻐﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﱂ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻌﺪ‬-‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬John vonNeumann‫ﻧﻴﻮﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻥ‬,‫ﻋﱪ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬)1920-1930(‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﳍﺬﻩ‬.‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬,‫ﻭﺇﻳﻮﺍﺋﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﳎﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻄﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺟﻴﺴﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ‬‫ﻭﳎﺎﻝ‬‫ﺍﻟﻐﻮﺍﺻﺎﺕ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﳉﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ‬‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬.‫ﺑﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻛﺜﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬.‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻊ‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ‬.
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ‬‫ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺒﲔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﳚﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻒ‬‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﲣﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬‫ﻣﺎ‬.‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺘﲔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻄﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓﺈ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﱴ‬
‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻻﳘﺎ‬ ،‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺘﲔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺒ‬‫ﲔ‬‫ﺑﻌﻘﻼﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺼﺮﻓﻮﻥ‬،‫ﳛﺎﻭﻟﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬‫ﻭﺛﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻬﻤﺎ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﲡﻴ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺼﺮﻓﻮﻥ‬،‫ﳛﺴﺒﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻢ‬‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻳﺪﺧﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺲ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻬﻨﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻘﺴﻢ‬‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ‬‫ﺇﱃ‬ ،‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺓ‬‫ﳚﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻌﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻛﻞ‬‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺒﲔ‬‫ﳜﺘﺎﺭﻭﺍ‬‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﲡﻴﺎ‬،‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺨﺬ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‬‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬‫ﻟﲑﻯ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﻈﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺫﺍ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﺃﻭ‬‫ﻳﻘﺮﺭ‬ ‫ﰒ‬،‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺨﺬﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻋﺒﲔ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻌﺎﺏ‬.‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﲟﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻌﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺮﻑ‬‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬‫ﻳﻌﻠﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﻮﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺍﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺒﲔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﻣﻨﻘﻮﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﲟﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻌﺎﺏ‬‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﻋﺒﲔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬.‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬‫ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻌﺎﺏ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺃﻟﻌﺎﺏ‬‫ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ‬:
- Neumann, John von/ Morgenstern, Oscar (1944-2004): Theory of Games and
Economic Behavior, Princeton NJ, University Press.
- Rieck, Christian (2007): Spieltheorie - eine Einführung, Rieck, Eschborn.
- Axelrod, Robert (2003): The Evolution of Cooperation, New York, Basic Books.
- Dixit, Avinash K. / Nalebuff, Barry J. (1999): Thinking Strategically. The Competitive
Edge in Business, Politics, and Everyday Life, New York, Norton.

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@
‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻮهﺮ‬:ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳﻠﻄﻮﻳ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻮارد‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ‬

34
‫ﺠﻭﻫﺭ‬‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻷﻁﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ‬،‫ﺒﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺤﺘﻔـﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼـﻭل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬ ،
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤﻌ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﻭﺫ‬.1
1
1
‫ﲝﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﻐﲑ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﲝﻖ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﳎﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﲎ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﳉﻮﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﲎ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬5.‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻫﺮ‬

35
2
3
4
1
2

36
3––
4

37
––
1
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻛﲔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺠﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻛﲔ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺔ‬
،‫ﺍﳌﻘﺒـﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻠﻤﲔ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻌﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻊ‬
‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺰﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻃﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺧﻞ‬‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻄﺮﻑ‬.
‫ﻭﻗـﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﲪﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻨﺎﺯﻟﻮﺍ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﺯﻟﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﳊﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﳊﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ‬ ،‫ﻢ‬‫ﲢﺎﻟﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ‬ ،‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬.
2
‫ﺟﺎﺀﺕ‬‫ﺗﻌ‬‫ﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ‬)‫ﺍﳌ‬ ‫ﻓﻦ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺯﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻦ‬‫ﻤﻜﻦ‬( ..‫ﰲ‬‫ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻃﺎﺭ‬)‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﳑﺎﺭﺳـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔـﺎﻭﺽ‬ ‫ﻋﻨـﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﻔـﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬..‫ﺇﱁ‬(‫ﺃﻣﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻫﺮ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﻬﻮ‬"‫ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬‫ﺑﲔ‬‫ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬. "

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1
Leiserson, Avery. Parties and Politics: An Institutional and Behavioral Approach. 1st ed. New York:
Knopf, 1958.
2
Lasswell, H, & N.Listes, Language of Politics: Studies in Quantitative Semantics,
George W. Stewart Publisher Inc. N. Y. 1949.
3
‫ﻡﻔﻬﻮم‬"‫اﻟﻘﻮة‬"‫ﻓﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ،ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻠﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﺏﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻻﺏﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔﺎهﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻡﻦ‬"‫اﻟﻘﻮة‬"‫اﻟﻈﺎهﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻡﺮآﺰي‬ ‫ﻡﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬‫ة‬
‫ﻡﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻡﺜﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺏﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ‬ ،‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬"‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬"‫ﻓﻜﺮة‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫وﺕﻌﻘﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫وﻋﻤﻘﻪ‬ ‫أهﻤﻴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫وهﻮ‬ ،‫اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻡﺮآﺰي‬ ‫ﻡﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬.‫واﻟﺪراﺳﺎت‬ ‫اﻷﺏﺤﺎث‬ ‫ﻡﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ‬ ‫هﻨﺎك‬ ‫وأن‬ ً‫ﺔ‬‫ﺥﺎﺹ‬ ،‫اﻟﻘﻮة‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮة‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮاءة‬ ‫ﻡﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻼﺏﺪ‬ ‫ﺙﻢ‬ ‫وﻡﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬‫ﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﺕﻌﺮﺽﺖ‬"‫اﻟﻘﻮة‬"‫إﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺟﻮع‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫وﻡﻦ‬ ،‫واﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻻﻟﺸﺮح‬:
- Arendt, Hannah (1995): Macht und Gewalt, 10. Auflage, München, Piper.
- Cartwright, Dorwin (1959): Studies in Social Power, Ann Arbor, MI, University of
Michigan.
- Nowak, Leszek (1991): Power and Civil Society. Toward a Dynamic Theory of Real
Socialism. Translated by Krzysztof Sawala, New York, Greenwood Press.
- Bernd, Simon (2007): Macht. zwischen aktiver Gestaltung und Missbrauch,
Wien, Göttingen.
- Gostmann, Peter (2007): Macht und Herrschaft. Zur Revision zweier soziologischer
Grundbegriffe, 1. Auflage, Vs Verlag.
- Breuer, Stefan (1991): Max Webers Herrschaftssoziologie, Campus Verlag GmbH.

39
"‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ‬‫ﺱ‬‫ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﺩﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻠﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬،‫ﺍﳉﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺎﺕ‬،‫ﺻﺎﺭﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺮﻛﺰ‬،‫ﲜﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺪﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﺎﺋﻞ‬،‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬
‫ﳌ‬‫ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ‬،‫ﺃﻭﺳﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺣﱴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻌﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﺭﺟﻞ‬‫؛‬‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﲑ‬ ‫ﺃﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﳌﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‬."
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‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺔ‬ ‫أدوات‬
‫اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮة‬Hard - Power
‫اﻟﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮة‬Soft - Power
"‫وإن‬ ،‫أرﺧﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺪوهﺎ‬ ‫هﻢ‬ ‫إن‬ ‫اﻧﻘﻄﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎس‬ ‫وﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬
‫ﺷﺪدﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫أرﺧﻮهﺎ‬"‫ﺳﻔﻴﺎن‬ ‫أﺑﻲ‬ ‫اﺑﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎوﻳﺔ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻁﻕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻤﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ‬.
Soft – Power
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‫ﺍﻹ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ‬‫ﻣﺘﺨـﺬ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺛﲑ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻡ‬
‫ﻋﱪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ،‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﱪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ‬ ،‫ﺍﻹﻳﺮﺍﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﲔ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬6.‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬

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Hard – Power
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‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ‬‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ‬:
- Wartenberg, Thomas E. (1990): The Forms of Power. From Domination to
Transformation, Philadelphia, Temple University Press.

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"‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻄﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬)‫ﺱ‬(،‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺻﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬،‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﳎﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬،‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﺲ‬‫ﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱪﳌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﳘﺶ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻹ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬‫ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻘﻼﺏ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺃﺕ‬1988‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺄﻣﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺎﰊ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺪﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺋﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻐﻴﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻮﻛﺔ‬
‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻌﻴﲔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﲑ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺼﻌﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﺤﻔﻴﲔ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ‬ ‫ﺩﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺬ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺿﺤﲔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﱯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺨﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺬﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻏﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺁﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻧﻘﻼﺏ‬‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺬﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺠﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺯﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﻫﺮ‬1999‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﲣﺮﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺃﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎﻕ‬!!‫؟‬."
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‫ﻗﺪﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﺩﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻼﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﲤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﻨﻒ‬،‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍﻷﺣﻨﻒ‬‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺻﻒ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻃﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺃﰊ‬ ‫ﺑﻦ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ‬،‫ﻣﻨﺎﺯﻉ‬ ‫ﺑﻼ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﻨﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ‬،‫ﺃﺟـﺴﺎﺩﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﺒـﻞ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﻗﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻚ‬،
‫ﻳﻮﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﱂ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮﺝ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻣﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‬‫ﻭﺣﻘﻴﻘﺘـﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻈﻤﺔ‬،
‫ﻳﺪﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺯﻫﻰ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺩﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻤﺎ‬،‫ﺣـﱴ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﻨـﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺏ‬،‫ﲝ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺒﺎﺩﺭﻩ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻭﺗﻘﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺚ‬،‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺿﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻗﻮﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﻳﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬،‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻢ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬ ‫ﲤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺪ‬:"‫ﻭﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﺇﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﺏ‬‫ﺍﻟـﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﻮﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺻﺪﻭﺭﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﱵ‬
‫ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﺧﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻏﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺭﺑﻨﺎﻙ‬!!"
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺒﻌﺪ‬‫ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻡ‬،‫ﻭﺃﻛﺮﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﺩﻧﺎﻩ‬،‫ﻭﻻﻃﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺟﻠﺴﻪ‬،‫ﺑـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﻨﻒ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺝ‬ ‫ﰒ‬
‫ﻗﻴﺲ‬،‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬،‫ﺃﺧﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﺄﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﻃﻠﺖ‬:"‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﳛﺪﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺮﺏ‬
‫ﰲ‬‫ﻣﻠﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻡ‬‫؟‬!!"‫ﻛﺄ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺃﺧﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻨﻜﺮ‬،‫ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺎﻝ‬:"‫ﺃﺧﺘﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬..‫ﲤـﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑـﲏ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﻀﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻏﻀﺐ‬‫ﺳﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋﺔ‬‫ﲤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﲏ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬‫ﻏﻀﺐ‬ ‫ﱂ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺄﻟﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬."

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‫א‬
1
Dictionary of the social sciences (U_ N _ E _ S _ C _ O) P151.

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ðäbrÜa@âÕÜaZ@‡ÈaíÔ@
ðbïÜa@ÞÈbÑÝÜ@óïbc
‫ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻢ‬.

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Stats Man
Stats Man
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1
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﲔ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬:
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬‫ﻛﺎﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ‬/‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﲨﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬/‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﺮﺃﻱ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬/‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬(
‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺑﺎ‬)‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺗﻴﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺑﺎ‬(
‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺭﻫﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬

53
•
•
•–––
1
Lasswell, H, & N.Listes, Language of Politics: Studies in Quantitative Semantics,
George W. Stewart Publisher Inc. N. Y. 1949.
‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﻡﻦ‬‫ﻡﻮاﺹﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﺕﻨﺎوﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺙﻢ‬ ‫وﻡﻦ‬ ‫آﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮة‬ ‫ﺕﻨﺎوﻟﺖ‬‫رﺟﻞ‬‫ﻓﻴﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻡﺎآﺲ‬ ‫آﺘﺎب‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬
Weber, Max (1919): Politik als Beruf. Gekürzte Fassung, in: Münkler, Herfried (Hg.)
(2002): Politisches Denken im 20. Jahrhundert. Ein Lesebuch, München, Piper.
(especailly p. 22-34).

54
@
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬‫اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬

55
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬‫ﻭﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻗﻠﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺸﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬.
145
1
lbid., p. 107
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬7.‫ﻭﻭﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬

56
‫א‬ ‫א‬
1
–
2
–
3

57
––
1
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﲏ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬power‫ﺗﻌﲏ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬Authority‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻗﻨﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺇﺧﻀﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺣﺐ‬ ‫ﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺭﻏﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ‬ ‫ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﱪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻨﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﳝﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬Influence
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺭﻏﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ‬ ‫ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﲟﻌﲎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻂ‬.
‫ﺷ‬‫ﻜﻞ‬8.‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ‬

58
4
–
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬9.‫ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬

59
5
–
–

60
‫א‬
1
1
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻃﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬‫ﺬﻳﺔ‬.

61
2
3
1
‫ﺃﺳﻠﻔﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ‬ ‫ﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬.

62
–

63
–

64
–
1
‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺟﻮع‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬ ‫دور‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺮاءة‬:
Rotermundt, Rainer (1997): Staat und Politik, 1. Auflage, Münster, Westfälisches
Dampfboot.

65
@
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬

66
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻁﺎﻟﺏ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬
1
‫ﺍﳌ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺃﳌﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﱪﺍﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺇﻳﺴﺘﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻳﻔﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﻍ‬‫ﺎﺿﻲ‬‫ﻭﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻬﻢ‬ ،
‫ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬.
Easton, David (1965): A Systems Analysis of Political Life, New York, S. 32.
2
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﳊﻘﺎﺋﻖ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﲤﺜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ‬–‫ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﻨﻴﺔ‬–‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴـﺰ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬.
3
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻮﺑﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﱀ‬ ‫ﻭﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻤﻞ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺨﻼﺕ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺪﻋﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺮارات‬‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺨﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬10.‫ﺇﻳﺴﺘﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﳕﻮﺫﺝ‬

67
-
-
-
-
1
‫ﻗﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﳕﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬‫ﺭﺍ‬‫ﺎ‬.

68
@
‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫رﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬

69
‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬‫ﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬)3(
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺠل‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻟﻰ‬ ،‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺭﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬
Macro
Economy

70

71

72
@
‫واﻟﻤﻘﺎﻣﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﺎﻣﺮة‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫رﺟﻞ‬

73
‫ﻤﻘﺎﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﻤﻐﺎﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺠل‬.
1
‫ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﲣﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﲤﺮ‬:
-‫ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﱪ‬‫ﻭﺗﺴ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺣﻮﳍﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻴﻞ‬.
-‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ‬‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺯﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ‬‫ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ‬.
-‫ﻟﻸﺯﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ‬.
-‫ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﲢﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ‬.
-‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬‫ﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬
-‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻊ‬Action Plan‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬.

74
6040

75
@
‫اﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫وﻓﻬﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫رﺟﻞ‬

76
‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋـﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺠل‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺴﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺯﺍﺌﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺤﺴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ‬

77
15
"
1
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻨﻘﻴﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻦ‬ ‫ﳏﻤﺪ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ‬:‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺧﻞ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻜﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭ‬ ،
،‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬2002
2
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬.

78
@
‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬‫هﻮ‬ ‫آﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺮى‬

79
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻴﺭﻯ‬‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬‫ﻫﻭ‬‫ﻴﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻤﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺱ‬ ،‫ﻗﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺨﺫ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﻥ‬‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ‬.

80

81
@
‫اﻟﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫رﺟﻞ‬

82
‫ﺍﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬‫ﻴﺎﺴﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻘﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺇﺨﻔﺎﻗﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺯﻭ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
––
‫ﻤﻌﻘﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﻥ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬ ‫ﻴﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﻴﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﻫﺩﺍﻓﻪ‬‫؛‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘـﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺒﺩﻭ‬
‫ﺃ‬‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﻨﻪ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﻴﺠـﺏ‬ ‫ﺒل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺒﺎﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺨﺫ‬‫ﺇ‬‫ﻋـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺘﻪ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ‬‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﺹ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺤﺴﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺍﻕ‬.

83
@
‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻨﻄﻖ‬ ‫ﻳﻬﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫رﺟﻞ‬

84
‫ﻴﻨ‬‫ﻅﺭ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺠل‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﻓﻌ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ل‬‫ﺍﻷﻁﺭﺍﻑ‬‫ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‬،‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ‬‫ﻴﻬﺘﻡ‬‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬‫ﺒﻤﻨﻁﻕ‬‫ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬

85
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‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﺮوط‬ ‫وﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻬﻢ‬ ‫راس‬ ‫وﺗﺪﺑﻴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺪف‬ ‫ودﻗﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫رﺟﻞ‬

86
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬)9:(
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻨﻙ‬"‫ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺸﺘﺕ‬ ‫ﻻ‬"‫ﺒﺩﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺤﺩﺩ‬ ‫؛‬.
1
2

87

88
@
‫اﻟﺴ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬‫واﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺸﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬

89
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬ ‫ﻴﻔﺭﻕ‬‫ﻤﻜﺎﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺼﻴل‬ ‫ﻴﺴﻌﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻬﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬.

90
1
A Force More Powerful (2000). York Zimmerman Inc./ WETA Washington, D.C. DVD,
180 Min., USA: YZI.

91
2000
1
‫ﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬‫ﻣﺜﺎﱄ‬‫ﻳﻄﺮﺣ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬ ،‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﹸﺘﺎﺏ‬‫ﻛ‬)‫ﺍﶈﺮﻭﻣﲔ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬(‫ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻢ‬‫ﺧﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻔﻀﻠﻮﻥ‬"
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‬"‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺷﻲﺀ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ‬‫ﺘﻤﻊ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻘﻮﺓ‬،،‫ﻋﺎﺩﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬‫ﺃﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻹﲡﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬"‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﺬ‬‫ﻣﻜﺎﺳـﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬،‫ﺗﺒـﺎﱄ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬
‫ﲟﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬‫ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻫﲑ‬"‫ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻏﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻫﻜﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬.
2
Bringing Down A Dictator (2000). York Zimmerman Inc./ WETA Washington, D.C.
DVD, 180 Min., USA: YZI.

92
1
‫ﺩ‬.،‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ،‫ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺌﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻗﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‬ ،‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ‬ ‫ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﲑﺓ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺼﻼﰊ‬ ‫ﳏﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬2006

93
15
1
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬.

94
brÜa@âÕÜasÜ@Zbc@‡ÈaíÔ@óï
ÞáÉÝÜðbïÜa@

95
@
‫وأﻃﺮاﻓﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺮاع‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬

96
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺓ‬:‫ﻭﺃﻁﺭﺍﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻨﻭﻋﻴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬.
Zero –sum game
Non –zero sum game

97
1
2
3

98

99
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‫ﺻ‬‫اﻷهﺪاف‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬

100
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬‫ﻋﺩﺓ‬)2(
‫ﺘﻤﺭ‬‫ﻋﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺤﻼﻡ‬‫ﺴﻠﻡ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ‬...‫ﻭﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ‬‫ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ‬‫ﺭﻭﺍﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ‬.
1
2

101
3

102
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‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎوﻟﺔ‬

103
ُ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻭﻟﺔ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺘﻤل‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻠﺕ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺤﺘﻤ‬ ‫ﻜﺴﺭ‬
:

104
–

105
‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻓﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ‬)‫ﺭﺒﻤﺎ‬(
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل‬
‫ﻟﻠﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬‫ﺩﻟﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬11.‫ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ‬

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‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎورة‬ ‫ﻓﻦ‬

107
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬...‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺠل‬‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺩﺩ‬‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠـﻑ‬ ‫ﻤـﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤـل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﺌل‬ ‫ﻴﻘﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ‬.
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬:‫ﺍﻷﻀﻌﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺠﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ‬‫ﻤﻬﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬:

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109
‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬:‫ﺍﻷﻗﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬

110

111

112
1.‫اﻹذﻋﺎن‬.1.‫اﻹزاﻟﺔ‬.
2.‫اﻟﺘﻨﺎزﻻت‬.2.‫اﻻﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎب‬.
3.‫اﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ‬.3.‫اﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻒ‬.
‫ﻡﺒﺎﺵﺮة‬
4.‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺟﻬﺔ‬.4.‫اﻟﻤﻬﺎدﻥﺔ‬.
‫ﻡﺒﺎﺵﺮة‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬
5.‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬.5.‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻏﻠﺔ‬.
6.‫ﻡﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻮة‬ ‫ﺕﺠﻨﺐ‬.
7.‫ﺁﺥﺮ‬ ‫ﻃﺮف‬ ‫ﺕﻮﻇﻴﻒ‬.
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎورة‬ ‫ﻓﻦ‬"‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻮط‬ ‫ﻡﻮاﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫وآﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬"
‫اﻟﻄﺮف‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻷﺽﻌﻒ‬‫اﻷﻗـﻮ‬‫ى‬
‫اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات‬‫ﺏﻴﻦ‬‫اﻟﺪﻡﺞ‬‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬‫ﻥﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬‫ﻳﻌﻄﻲ‬
‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬‫ﻥﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬‫ﻳﻌﻄﻲ‬‫اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات‬‫ﺏﻴﻦ‬‫اﻟﺪﻡﺞ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬12.‫ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻦ‬

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‫اﻟﺼﺮاع‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺪة‬

114
‫ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺼﺭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻟﻜل‬..‫ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬
–
–
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬13.‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﳝﺎﺭﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﳎﺴﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﳎﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻁ‬:‫ﻟﻠﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺱ‬:‫ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫ﺹ‬:‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
:‫ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ‬
:‫ﻓﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ‬‫ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ‬
:‫ﻟـ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﳎﺎﻝ‬"‫ﺹ‬"
:‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬"‫ﺹ‬"
‫س‬‫ص‬
‫ط‬

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The Stick
The Deal
The Kiss
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2000
1
Bringing Down A Dictator (2000). York Zimmerman Inc./ WETA Washington, D.C.
DVD, 180 Min., USA: YZI.

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‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻯ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬:
1-‫ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬.
2-‫ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ‬‫ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬.
3-‫ﺁﻟﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﺘﺤﺮﻙ‬‫ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺗﻪ‬.
‫ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺩﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ‬‫ﺻﺪﻕ‬ ‫ﰒ‬ ،‫ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﳛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻛﺪﺕ‬ ،‫ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺁﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺣﻴﻨـﻬﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﳌﺘـﺸﺎﺑﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺗﺰﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻙ‬ ‫ﳕﻂ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﲤﺘﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻮﻝ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻻ‬ ،‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬.
‫ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬‫ﳕﻮﺫﺟﲔ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻨﺬﻛﺮ‬:
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ‬:‫ﳝﺎﺭﺱ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺰﺏ‬‫ﺍﻻﺗﺴﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﰲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬‫ﺍﻵﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻢ‬ ،
،‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺇﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻄﻮﺭﻭﻥ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻠﻐﻠﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻄﻮﺭﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻌﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻄﻮﺭﻭﻥ‬=

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‫ﺘﻜﺘﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺠﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻭﻴﻀﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺸل‬
‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺔ‬)‫ﺃﺗﺮﺍﻙ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﻛﻮ‬(،‫ﻓ‬‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﳍﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﻄﻮﺭﻭﻥ‬‫ﻭ‬ ،،‫ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻄﻮﺭﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻢ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﲝﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺍﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﻨﻮﻥ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ‬:،‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﻗﺪﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻳﺮﺍﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ‬‫ﻓﻠﻜﻞ‬‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬‫ﻳﺘﺴﻖ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‬‫ﻳﺘﻀﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻞ‬ ،،‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬‫ﻧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﳓﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺎ‬‫ﻭﺿﻊ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﲔ‬‫ﳜ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺧﻄﺎ‬‫ﺘﻠﻒ‬‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬‫ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺭﺍﻧﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﲣﺼﻴﺐ‬،
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬،‫ﺛﻘﻠﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﰒ‬ ،‫ﻹﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺻﻮﺍﺭﳜ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻌﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺿﻲ‬‫ﺇﺧ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬‫ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺍﳜﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬‫ﻗﺪﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﻄﻮﺭﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻢ‬ ،‫ﻢ‬‫ﻟﻜﻨﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﰲ‬‫ﳜ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺟﺤﲔ‬‫ﻄ‬‫ﻄﻮﻥ‬‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻵﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﱴ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻠﻬﺎ‬.
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺇﺫ‬‫ﻳﺪﺭﻙ‬‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺩﻭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﲝﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ‬‫ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺔ‬.

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‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﺎب‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت‬

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‫ﺘﺘﻌﺩﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﹶﺏ‬‫ﻁ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﺴﺏ‬
-
-
-
-

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2006

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‫اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﺮاﺋﺢ‬

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‫ﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬ ‫ﻤﺭ‬‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬‫ﺸﺭﺍﺌﺢ‬ ‫ﺜﻼﺙ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺭ‬:‫ﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺸﺭﻴﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺸﺭﻴﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺀ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﻴﺤﺔ‬1
1
‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ‬"‫ﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺪﺍﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬"‫ﻣﻦ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺀ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﳛﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﳛﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﳛﺔ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬14.‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ‬

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‫א‬

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–
–
–
––

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‫א‬ ‫א‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬)‫ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﻭﻥ‬(
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺎﺕ‬)‫ﻤﺘﺠﺩﺩﺓ‬/‫ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ‬/‫ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ‬(
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬)‫ﻨﺎﺩﺭﺓ‬/‫ﻨﺎﻓﺩﺓ‬/‫ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ‬(
‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﺎﺩل‬
‫ﻭﺼ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺎﻓﺱ‬‫ﺭﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩل‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ‬/‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ‬/‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺱ‬
)‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬/‫ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ‬(‫ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺠﻭﻫﺭ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2.‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺄﺓ‬
‫ﻻﺯﻣﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺄ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬1.‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺄﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬

133
‫ﻳﺴﻌﻰ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺎﺀ‬‫ﻹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻓﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬3.‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺭﺅﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4.‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺭﺅﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ‬

134
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬5.‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻫﺮ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬6.‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬

135
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬7.‫ﻭﻭﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬8.‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ‬

136
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬9.‫ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺨﻼﺕ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺪﻋﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺮارات‬‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺨﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺷﻜ‬‫ﻞ‬10.‫ﺇﻳﺴﺘﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﳕﻮﺫﺝ‬

137
‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﻼﻓﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ‬)‫ﺭﺒﻤﺎ‬(
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل‬
‫ﻟﻠﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل‬
1.‫اﻹذﻋﺎن‬.1.‫اﻹزاﻟﺔ‬.
2.‫اﻟﺘﻨﺎزﻻت‬.2.‫اﻻﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎب‬.
3.‫اﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ‬.3.‫اﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻒ‬.
‫ﻡﺒﺎﺵﺮة‬
4.‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺟﻬﺔ‬.4.‫اﻟﻤﻬﺎدﻥﺔ‬.
‫ﻡﺒﺎﺵﺮة‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬
5.‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬.5.‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻏﻠﺔ‬.
6.‫ﻡﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻮة‬ ‫ﺕﺠﻨﺐ‬.
7.‫ﺁﺥﺮ‬ ‫ﻃﺮف‬ ‫ﺕﻮﻇﻴﻒ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬11.‫ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎورة‬ ‫ﻓﻦ‬"‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻮط‬ ‫ﻡﻮاﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫وآﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬"
‫اﻟﻄﺮف‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻷﺽﻌﻒ‬‫اﻷﻗـﻮى‬
‫اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات‬‫ﺏﻴﻦ‬‫اﻟﺪﻡﺞ‬‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬‫ﻥﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬‫ﻳﻌﻄﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻴﺎ‬‫ﺏﻴﻦ‬‫اﻟﺪﻡﺞ‬‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬‫ﻥﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬‫ﻳﻌﻄﻲ‬‫رات‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬12.‫ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻦ‬

138
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺀ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﳛﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﳛﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﳛﺔ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬14.‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬13.‫ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻁ‬:‫ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ‬‫ﺃﻭ‬‫ﻟﻠﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ‬
‫ﺱ‬:‫ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫ﺹ‬:‫ﺍ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
:‫ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ‬
:‫ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ‬
:‫ﻟـ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﳎﺎﻝ‬"‫ﺹ‬"
:‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬"‫ﺹ‬"
‫س‬‫ص‬
‫ط‬

139
‫א‬ ‫א‬

140
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
1//
/2007
2
2005
3
2006
4
2002
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
5. A Force More Powerful (2000). York Zimmerman Inc./ WETA
Washington, D.C. DVD, 180 Min., USA: YZI.
6. Arendt, Hannah (1995): Macht und Gewalt, 10. Auflage, München,
Piper.
7. Axelrod, Robert (2003): The Evolution of Cooperation, New York,
Basic Books.
8. Bernd, Simon (2007): Macht. zwischen aktiver Gestaltung und
Missbrauch, Wien, Göttingen.

141
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Herrschaftssoziologie, Campus Verlag GmbH.
10. Bringing Down A Dictator (2000). York Zimmerman Inc./ WETA
Washington, D.C. DVD, 180 Min., USA: YZI.
11. Cartwright, Dorwin (1959): Studies in Social Power, Ann Arbor, MI,
University of Michigan.
12. Coombs, Clyde H. / Avrunin, George S. (1988): The Structure of
Conflict, Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
13. Dixit, Avinash K. / Nalebuff, Barry J. (1999): Thinking Strategically.
The Competitive Edge in Business, Politics, and Everyday Life, New York,
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14. Easton, David (1965): A Systems Analysis of Political Life, New York,
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15. Facione, P. and Facione, N. (2007): Thinking and Reasoning in Human
Decision Making: The Method of Cognitive and Heuristic Analysis.
16. Feyerabend, Paul (2007): Wider den Methodenzwang, Frankfurt am
Main, 10. Auflag, Suhrkamp.
17. Fisher, Erik A. (2004): The Art of Managing Everyday Conflict:
Understanding Emotions and Power Struggles, Westport, CT, Praeger.
(especially p. 29-40)
18. Gostmann, Peter (2007): Macht und Herrschaft. Zur Revision zweier
soziologischer Grundbegriffe, 1. Auflage, Vs Verlag.
19. Hume, David (2007): A Treatise of Human Nature, USA, NuVision
Publications.

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20. Imre, Lakatos/ Musgrave A. (1970): Criticisms and the growth of
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Falsification and the methodology of scientific research programs.)
21. Kuhn, Thomas S. (1996): The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, USA,
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22. Leiserson, Avery. Parties and Politics: An Institutional and Behavioral
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