1. Terrorism Its Type,Nature
and Prevention
Avinash Rajput
Criminology 1st Semester
Lok Nayak Jayprakesh Narayana National
Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science
Ministry of Home Affairs

2. Definitions of Terrorism
 “Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against person or Property to
intimidate or coerce o government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in
furtherance of political or social objectives.”
- F.B.I Definition
 "calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear. It
is intended to coerce or intimidate governments or societies ... [to attain]
political, religious, or ideological goals."
- U.S. Army Manual
 “Terrorism is the use or threatened use of force designed to bring about political
change.”
- Brian Jenkins
 “Terrorism constitutes the illegitimate use of force to achieve a political objective when
innocent people are targeted.”
- Walter Laqueur

3. Types of Terrorism
 National Terrorism
 International Terrorism

4. National Terrorism
National Terrorism involves groups whose
terrorist activities are directed at elements
of our government without foreign
involvement. Oklahoma City is a primary
example.

5. International Terrorism
International terrorism involves groups
whose terrorist activities are foreign-based
and/or directed by countries or groups
outside the United States. Sept. 11 is an
example of International Terrorism.

6. Other Types of Terrorism
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State Terrorism
Bio Terrorism
Cyber Terrorism
Eco Terrorism
NuclearTerrorism
Narco Terrorism

7. State Terrorism
 State terrorism may refer to acts of
terrorism conducted by a state against a
foreign state or people.
 State terrorism refer to acts of violence by
a state against its own people.
 State terrorism is a system of political
domination based on the spreading of
terror in society.

8. Bio Terrorism
 Bioterrorism is terrorism involving the
intentional release or dissemination of
biological agents. These agents are
bacteria, viruses, or toxins.
 Bioterrorism is the term used for terrorist
activities in which biological substances are
used to cause harm to other people.
Example: They can be contaminated
water, food, air and packages to create
infection.

9. Cyber Terrorism
In
this
Terrorist
use
Information
Technology to attack civilians.
In this Terrorist use Computer System and
Telecommunications as a tool to attack.
Example: The internet worms and
viruses that are designed to take down
some of the systems that the government
uses.

10. Eco Terrorism
Eco terrorism is a recently coined term
describing violence in the interests of
environmentalism.

11. Nuclear Terrorism
"Nuclear terrorism" refers to a number of
different ways nuclear materials might be
exploited as a terrorist tactic.
Nuclear terrorism is any different way that
nuclear weapons might be used for
terrorism.
Example: Use of Radioactive materials
through explosion. Use of nuclear reactor
method.

12. Narco Terrorism
 In
Narco
terrorism,
terrorists
making, transporting, and selling illegal drugs
to fund terrorists activities.
 Narco terrorism has denoted violence used
by drug traffickers to influence governments
or prevent government efforts to stop the
drug trade.
Example: Making, transporting, and selling
illegal drugs to fund terrorists activities.

13. Characteristics of Terrorism
It is exercised by organized groups
It is inspired by Political Motive
Use of Violence is intended to arouse
fright or alarm
There is systematic and indiscriminate use
of violence and breach of Law

15. Psychological Impact of
Terrorism
Strong motivation to terminate terror
Evokes classic ego defense mechanisms
and displacement
Often produces
frustration-aggression reaction
general increase in mental illness
Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

16. Causes Of Terrorism
Injustice
Politicians
Poverty and Illiteracy
Media ( Controlled By Politicians)
Religious causes

17. Methods of Terrorism
Firearms
Explosive and Incendiary Devices
Chemical Agents
Biological Agents
Nuclear Weapon

18. HOW TERRORISTS OPERATE
ASSAULTS & MURDERS
KIDNAPPING & SKYJACKINGS
ARSON & BOMBINGS
WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION

19. Purpose of Terrorism
Fear
Panic
Disruption
Demoralization
Intimidation
Embarrass Government
Media Attention

20. Similarities Between Terrorist
and Organized Crime Groups
Hierarchy structure
Operate secretly
Underground network
Control over the individual is strong
front organizations (Businesses or
Charities)
Similar tactics

21. Differences Between Terrorist
and Organized Crime Groups
Terrorist
 ideologically or
politically motivated
 seek media attention
 Victimization is
generally less
discriminate
 wish to compete with
governments for
legitimacy
Organized Crime
 profit-oriented
 Do not seek media
attention
 Victimization is generally
less discriminate
 Do not do this

22. ISLAMIC EXTREMISTS
AL-QAEDA
AL-JIHAD
AL-GAMA’A
HAMAS
HIZBALLAH
AL-ISLAMIYYA
AL-TAHID

23. Different Acts for Terrorism
Terrorism Act 2000
Anti-Terrorism Act of 2001
Intelligence Reform and Terrorism
Prevention Act of 2004
ANIMAL ENTERPRISE TERRORISM ACT

24. Prevention of Terrorism
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention

25. Primary Prevention
Education!!!
Understand
the
differences
in
cultures, religions, beliefs and human
behaviors
Think of the peace, freedom and
equality of all human beings, not just
“my group of people”
Eliminate the root of terrorism

26. Secondary Prevention
Establish surveillance and monitoring
system on terrorism attack
Improve protective system for citizens

27. Tertiary Prevention
Early detection of the sources
Prevent the extension of impairments
Rescue the survivors
Console the rest of the population

28. Solutions for Terrorism
Remove Poverty
Justice
Dealing with media
Improving international behaviour