1. Tropos Technology Overview
August 2004

2. Page 2
Wi-Fi
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Agenda
• Tropos System Technology
• Wi-Fi Cell Layered Architecture
• Predictive Wireless Routing Protocol™
• Metro-Scale Roaming
• Multi-Layer Security
• Network Management
• Competitive Technologies
• Summary

3. Page 3
Wi-Fi
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Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Tropos System Technology
Security
Multi-layer
Metro-Scale Roaming
Wireless
PredictiveRouting
Protocol

4. Page 4
Wi-Fi Cell Layered Architecture
Tropos Sphere NOS
• Layer 3 implementation
over standards foundation
• Takes advantage of lower
layer developments
• Radio and antenna agnostic
• Allows rapid, standards-
based development and
enhancement
Antenna Options
Standard Radios
802.11 MAC
Standard Hardware
Linux OS
UDP/ TCP/IP StandardsLayersTroposSphere
Security
Multi-layer
Metro-Scale Roaming
WirelessPredictiveRouting Protocol

5. Page 5
Tropos SphereTM
NOS
Predictive Wireless Routing Protocol™
– Doubles the usable throughput
of other mesh-based solutions
Lightweight
• Very low overhead (<5%) for
inter-unit communications
• Ensures the wireless network can scale
without degrading performance
Dynamic path optimization
• Dramatically improves end-user
throughput
• Continuously optimizes performance
for client/server topology
• Compensates for the changing RF
environment
Security
Multi-layer
Metro-Scale Roaming
WirelessPredictiveRouting Protocol

6. Page 6
Lightweight PWRP™ Control Protocol
Possible Routing Paths
Selected Routing Paths
Tropos Control Traffic
Distributed Architecture
Minimizes Control Overhead
 Each cell exchanges path status
information only with its neighbors
 PWRP™ requires only ~5% available
bandwidth – independent of number
of cells
 Network scales without incurring
additional control overhead
Wi-Fi
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Wi-FiWi-Fi
Wi-Fi

7. Page 7
Self Organizing
Optimal routing paths
Alternate back-up routes
Wired backhaul
The Wi-Fi cells automatically discover one another,
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi

8. Page 8
Self Organizing
Optimal routing paths
Alternate back-up routes
Wired backhaul
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
The Wi-Fi cells automatically discover one another, intelligently
choosing optimal paths back to the wired connection.

9. Page 9
Self Organizing
Optimal routing paths
Alternate back-up routes
Wired backhaul
Newly added Wi-Fi cells participate in auto-discovery,
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Wi-Fi
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Wi-Fi
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Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi

10. Page 10
Self Organizing
Optimal routing paths
Alternate back-up routes
Wired backhaul
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
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Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
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Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Newly added Wi-Fi cells participate in auto-discovery, recalculating
the optimal paths to the wired connection.

11. Page 11
Automatic Scalability
Optimal routing paths
Alternate back-up routes
Wired backhaul
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Capacity can be dynamically upgraded by adding backhaul lines as needed

12. Page 12
Automatic Scalability
Wi-Fi
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Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Optimal routing paths
Alternate back-up routes
Wired backhaul
Capacity can be dynamically upgraded by adding backhaul lines as needed

13. Page 13
Automatic Scalability
Wi-Fi
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Capacity can be dynamically upgraded by adding backhaul lines as needed
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Optimal routing paths
Alternate back-up routes
Wired backhaul

14. Page 14
Self Healing
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If a backhaul link fails…
Optimal routing paths
Alternate back-up routes
Wired backhaul

15. Page 15
Self Healing
Wi-Fi
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Wi-Fi
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Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
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Wi-Fi
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Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Optimal routing paths
Alternate back-up routes
Wired backhaul
If a backhaul link fails…

16. Page 16
Self Healing
Wi-Fi
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…the network automatically adapts by re-assigning paths in real-time
to maintain connectivity.
Optimal routing paths
Alternate back-up routes
Wired backhaul

17. Page 17
Self Healing
Wi-Fi
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Similarly, if interference causes a path to fail…
Optimal routing paths
Alternate back-up routes
Wired backhaul

18. Page 18
Self Healing
Wi-Fi
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Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
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Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Optimal routing paths
Alternate back-up routes
Wired backhaul
Similarly, if interference causes a path to fail…

19. Page 19
Self Healing
Wi-Fi
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Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
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Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
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Wi-Fi
…the network re-configures to route around the obstruction.
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Optimal routing paths
Alternate back-up routes
Wired backhaul

20. Page 20
Metro Scale Roaming
Metro-Scale Roaming
• Full roaming throughout the
coverage area
• Maintains all authentication
connections including normal
Wi-Fi security, Radius and VPN
Security
Multi-layer
Metro-Scale Roaming
WirelessPredictiveRouting Protocol

21. Page 21
Metro-Scale Roaming
VPN
Authentication
PW: XXXX
User ID: VPN_ID
Authentication Preserved
Throughout the Network
 Sign-on required only at start of session
 Secure connectivity continues during
re-association with nodes
 SSID, WEP and VPN links maintained
across entire network, including sub-nets

22. Page 22
Tropos Sphere NOS
Multi-layer Security
• Allows selection of most
appropriate security
procedures
• Extends wired network
security to the edge of the
wireless network
Security
Multi-layer
Metro-Scale Roaming
WirelessPredictiveRouting Protocol

23. Page 23
Wireless:
64/128 bit WEP
Wireless:
64/128 bit WEP
Solving Wireless Security Issues
802.11 Wireless Network
VPN Tunnel
Tropos Control Protocol
Wired Network
VPN: IPSEC
3DES/SHA1
Tropos PWRP™: AES
Client
VPN
Server
MAC
Address
Filtering
VPN
Traffic
Filtering
Wi-Fi Cell Wi-Fi Cell
Wired Gateway
Wi-Fi Wi-Fi

24. Page 24
DHCP Server
MAC Control
VPN
Server
City HallCity Hall
FireFire
DepartmentDepartment
PolicePolice
DepartmentDepartment
Secure, Collaborative Metro Networks
Wi-Fi
Wi-FiWi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
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Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
VPN
Server
VPN
Server
Police VPN
PW:
User ID:
Metro Fiber Network
Tropos Wi-Fi Cell
wireless node
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Tropos Wi-Fi Cell
wired gateway
Fire VPN
Police VPN
City VPN
PW:
User ID:

25. Page 25
Tropos SphereTM
NOS
• Predictive Wireless Routing
Protocol™ delivers 2X the usable
throughput of alternative solutions*
– Lightweight: Ensures the wireless
network can scale without degrading
performance
– Dynamic path optimization:
Maximizes client-server throughput
and continuously optimizes
performance to match the changing
RF environment
• Metro-Scale roaming allows
secure, continuous connectivity
throughout the coverage area
• Multi-layer security delivered to
the edge of the wireless network
The Key to Network Scalability, Reliability
and Economy
Security
Multi-layer
Metro-Scale Roaming
*Compared to other mesh-based solutions
WirelessPredictiveRouting Protocol

26. Page 26
Tropos Control™ Element Manager
• Manages the full lifecycle of a Tropos network, from planning to
operations to network expansion
• Centralizes visibility and access for all network functions
• Supports all of Tropos hardware and software versions
– Synchronized releases of Tropos Control and Tropos network software
• Monitors and manages
Tropos-specific features
• Delivers standard day-to-day
management capabilities
– Fault reporting
– Performance analysis
– Configuration management
– Security
• Easy to use, GUI based, runs on
Windows

27. Page 27
Tropos Network Lifecycle
• Network Planning
• Network engineering
• Network integration
• Security strategy
• Non-technical
installation
• Installation services
•Device pre-configuration
• Remote loading
• One touch remote
updates
• Network capacity
and performance
analysis
• Engineering
services
• Network self
configuration
• Automatic routing
around problems
• Simple repair
processes
• Real-time monitoring
• Problem isolation
Service
Product Feature
Tropos Control
Feature

28. Page 28
Tropos Network Lifecycle
• Network Planning
• Network engineering
• Network integration
• Security strategy
• Non-technical
installation
• Installation services
•Device pre-configuration
• Remote loading
• One touch remote
updates
• Network capacity
and performance
analysis
• Engineering
services
• Network self
configuration
• Automatic routing
around problems
• Simple repair
processes
• Real-time monitoring
• Problem isolation
Service
Product Feature
Tropos Control
Feature

29. Page 29
Deploy, Operate, Optimize
• System Deployment
– Profile based management
– Bulk provisioning
– Software loading
– Task scheduling
• System Operation
– Alarm Manager
– Event Browser
– Alarm correlation
• System Optimization
– Performance thresholding
– Preconfigured reports
– Custom reports

30. Page 30
Tropos Control Architecture
SNMP v2
Wi-Fi
Wi-FiWireless
Wi-Fi Cell
Nodes
Wired
Wi-Fi Cell
Gateways
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
AES Encrypted
Control Traffic
Client and
Server can
reside on same
platform
Tropos
Control
Server
Tropos
Control
Web GUI
Tropos Control
AgentAgent Agent Agent
Gateway
agents act as
proxies for
wireless
Nodes

31. Page 31
Tropos Control: Carrier-Grade EMS
• Centralized management of the distributed system
• Cell configuration
• Real-time network
monitoring and control
• Monitoring and managing
of bandwidth hotspots
• Rapid loading of different
operating profiles
– Normal
– Emergency
• On-air software upgrades

32. Page 32
Web-based Device Configuration

33. Page 33
Competitive Technologies
Wired IPWired IP
NetworkNetwork
Mesh networks are heavily burdened with peer-to-peer
communications overhead and require proprietary client devices
Access
Points
Clients
Wireless
Routers
Client Mesh

34. Page 34
Competitive Technologies
PD HQ
Access Point Extension
 Phased array antennas focus RF beams
to increase access point range
 Single point AP deployments still
prone to blockage and interference
 Difficult to obtain metro-scale
coverage
Long Range
Antennas

35. Page 35
Competitive Technologies
Sample network design to provide data
service to Manhattan:
Wi-Fi Advantage = 5x the performance, ¼ the cost
Cells Cost Performance
Macro-cell 3G Data
(1x EV-DO)
64 ~$8M
 400 kbps
 50 kbps
Dense-cell Wi-Fi
600 <$2M
2,000 kbps
symmetric
3G Data

36. Page 36
Security
Multi-layer
Metro-Scale Roaming
Wireless
PredictiveRouting
Protocol
Tropos Technology Summary
• Tropos Wi-Fi Cells
– Carrier-grade indoor and outdoor units
• Tropos Sphere NOS
– Predictive Wireless Routing Protocol™
for superior performance, rapid
deployment and unfettered scalability
– Secure roaming throughout the
metro coverage area
– Multi-layer security delivered to the
edge of the wireless network
• Tropos Control
– Wi-Fi optimized, SNMP-compliant element management system
Enabling ubiquitous, carrier-class, broadband
wireless data networks where previously not possible

37. Lastmile Advanced Technologies S.A
Kifisias 340 Avenue
N. Psychiko, Athens
http://www.lastmile.gr