hope you people must like it.

2. 2
GROUP MEMBERS.
1) ANUM JAVAID.
2) HAFIZ SHABBIR AHMED.
3) AZHAR JAVEED.
4) FOUZIA MALIK.
5) ALEENA MALIK

3. What is “discourse”?What is “discourse”?

4. 4
1) IN LINGUIStIcS, A UNIt Of
LANGUAGE LONGER thAN A
SINGLE SENtENcE IS cALLEd
dIScORSE. discourse

5. 5
(2) Continious stretch of
language (written or
spoken)larger than a
sentence.

6. ACCORDING TO COOK
•"Novels,as well as short conversation
or might be equally rightfully named
discourses." 6

7. Where from the word DiscourseWhere from the word Discourse
came?came?
• Originally the word "Discourse"
comes from latin discursus which
denotes
• 'conversation or speech.
7

8. DEFINITION OF DISCOURSE
8

9. 9
1: Archaic : the capacity of
orderly thought or
procedure : rationality
2 : verbal interchange of
ideas; especially :
conversation
3: formal and orderly and
usually extended expression
of thought on a subject .
Discourse

10. 10
4: connected speech or writing
5: A linguistic unit (as a conversation or a
story) larger than a sentence
6: obsolete : social familiarity
7: A mode of organizing knowledge, ideas,
or experience that is rooted in language.

11. THE COOPERATIVE
PRINCIPLE.
11

12. Specific maxims
• Grice presented 4
maxims in the form of
guidelines for how to
communicate
successfully.
12

13. 13
Maxim of Quantity.
Make your contribution as informative
as is required.

14. 14
Maxim of Quality.
Try to make your contribution
one that is true.

15. 15
Relation.
Be relevant.

16. 16
Maxim of manner:
Be clear.
Avoid ambiguity.

17. 17
Features of Discourse:

18. 18
1.Cohesion
2.Coherence

19. Cohesion:
Cohesion means
links and ties with
in the text.

20. 20
Coherence

21. 21
Coherence in
linguistics is what
makes a text
semantically
meaningful.

22. 22
Link in discourse studies

23. 23
Link in discourse studies are
divided in to two
groups:
1.Formal.
2.CONTEXTUAL.

24. 24
Formal-
which refers to fact that are
present in the analyzed text.
contextual –
referring to the outside world ,the
knowledge which is not included in the
communicative product itself.

25. Types of
cohesiv
e
devices.25
cohesive devices

26. Five types of cohesive devices are given below:
• 1)Substitution:
• 2)Ellipsis:
• 3)Reference:
• 4)Conjunction:
• 5) Lexical cohesion:
26

27. 1)Substitution:
•In speaking and in writing,
we try to avoid repeating
words, phrases or clauses.
We use substitute forms to
do this.
27

28. 28
My axeis
too blunt. I
must get a
sharper one.

29. Ellipsis
•It is omission of noun, verb
or a clause on the
assumption that it is
understood from the
linguistic context.
29

30. 30
Teacher
:Go.
Student :ok.

31. Reference
•The use of words which do
not have meanings of their
own , such as pronouns and
articles.
31

32. 32
Denzi " How do you like
my new car?"-
Marry : " It is a nice car ,
which I am also thinking
of buying".

33. ConjunCtion.
•Specifies the relationship
between clauses or
sentences.
33

34. 34
Ali could not go to school because he was sick.

35. Lexical cohesion
• Lexical cohesion refers to the ties created
between lexical elements, such as words
groups, and phrases .(Halliday 537).
35

36. Difference between
discourse and text
analysis.
36

37. 37
Discourse analysis focuses on
the structure of naturally
spoken language as found in
conversation interviews,
commentaries and speeches.

38. 38
Text analysis focuses on the
structure of written
language as found in such
test as essays,notices, road
signs and chapters.

39. Seven criteria of
discourse.
39

40. 40
1) Cohesion.
2) Coherence.
3)Intentionality.
4) Acceptability.
5) Informativeness.
6)Situationality.
7) Intertextuality.

41. 41
1) Cohesion
Grammatical relationship between parts of
a sentence essential for its interpretation.
2) Coherence
The order of statements relates one another
by sense.

42. 42
3)Intentionality
The message has to be conveyed.
4) Acceptability
Indicates that the communicative
product needs to be satisfactory in
that the audience approves it.

43. 43
5) In formativeness
Some new information has to
be included in the discourse.
6)Situationality
Circumtances are important in
which the remark is made.

44. 44
7) Intertextuality
Reference to the world
outside the text or the
interpreters schemata.

45. Types of Discourse.
45

46. 4646
1.Written discourse .
2.spoken discourse.

47. 4747
The distinction between
speech and writing is often
referred to as channel (D.
Hymes) or medium .

48. Distinction between WrittenDistinction between Written
and Spoken Discourse.and Spoken Discourse.
Spoken and writtenSpoken and written discoursediscourse differ fordiffer for
many reasons. Spoken discourse has tomany reasons. Spoken discourse has to
be understoodbe understood immediatelyimmediately;; writtenwritten
discourse can be referred todiscourse can be referred to many timesmany times..

49. I. General Differences.I. General Differences.
• 1. Grammatical intricacy1. Grammatical intricacy
• 2. Lexical density2. Lexical density
• 3. Nominalization3. Nominalization
• 4. Explicitness4. Explicitness
• 5. Spontaneity5. Spontaneity
• 6. Repetition and hesitations.6. Repetition and hesitations.

50. 1. Grammatical Intricacy
Sentences in spoken discourse are short
and simple, whereas they are longer
and more complex in written
discourse.

51. 2. Lexical Density
Spoken discourse is less lexically
dense than written discourse.
Content words tend to be spread out
over a number of clauses, whereas
they seem to be tightly packed into
individual clauses.

52. 52
3. Nominalization.3. Nominalization.
 The use of a verb as a noun.
Written discourse has a high
level of nominalization: i.e. more
nouns than verbs.

53. 53
movement (from move)
reaction (from react)

54. 4. Explicitness4. Explicitness
• It means something which is stated
more clearly and in detailed.
54

55. 55
Writing is more explicit than speech.
Spoken is more doubtful.

56. Spontaneity
written discourse is organized and
less spontaneous
Spoken discourse contains more
uncompleted and reformulated
sentences.
56

57. we can change the topic
in spoken discourse.

58. 7. Repetition and Hesitation.
a. Spoken discourse contains
more repetition and
hesitations,
b. Spoken discourse has many
pauses and fillers, such as ‘hhh’,
‘er’ and ‘you know’.

59. caTegories of Discourse.
59

60. 6060
Some of the important categories
of discourse are given below.
1.Narrative
2.Exposition
3. Descriptive
4. Argumentative
5. Process
6. Exemplification
7. Cause and Effect

61. 6161
Narrative
Narrative discourse means stories,
folktales, novels, dramas, and even
narrative long poems such as epics.
These include short stories, novels, and
stage plays.

62. 6262
Descriptive
Descriptive writing has a
great deal of description,
often through using the
five senses so that a
reader has a fuller idea of
what a thing is.

63. 6363
Argumentative
This category includes
discourse based on logic
and philosophy, and also
includes speeches and
papers.

64. 6464
Process
Process discourse includes
a process of making
something or doing
something. These include
manuals and recipes.

65. 6565

66. 6666
Cause and Effect
This category includes
essays where causes and
effects of things are
discussed, such as scientific
journals.

67. Discourse analysis.
67

68. What is Discourse analysis?
• Discourse analysis is sometimes defined as
the analysis of language 'beyond the sentence.
68

69. 6969
How many meanings language have?
Language have two types of meanings
1.Surface meaning.
2.Deep meaning.

70. 7070
1.Surface meaning. What is said
2.Deep meaning. What is unsaid.

71. 71
Examples are here.
Black is my favourite colour.

72. 72
Teacher is going school but suddenly car punctured& call her students.

73. Starting point ofStarting point of
Discourse analysis.Discourse analysis.
7373

74. 7474
The first modern linguist who
commenced the study of relation of
sentences and coined the name
discourse analysis which afterwards
denoted a branch of applied
linguistics,was Zellig Harris.A
significant contribution to the
evolution of discourse analysis has
been made by British and American
scholars.

75. Interpretating Discourse.

76. Conversation on the forms & structure.

77. Example.
Written text in English which appears to break
rules of English language

78. 78
Different people interpret with
different methods.

79. 79
What ever appears to us should
be interpreted as it said.

80. Context or background
knowledge.
80

81. 81
Context & background gives
clear interpretation.

82. 82
Context plays important
role in the discourse
interpretation.

83. Factors which pays attention
when we receive message.
(paralinguistic features).
83

84. 84
a. Face to face interaction.

85. 85
b. Quality of voice

86. 86
Written message.
Receiver’s relationship with participants.

87. 87
In somehow discourse
is impossible without
context.

88. 8888
Thank u so
much FOR
BEING SO
ATTENTIVE.