3. Health care has developed and changed throughout history.
Knowing the history of health care helps you understand
current procedures, practices, and philosophies. The
experiences and discoveries of the past led to the advances
of today.
Today’s achievements could not have occurred without the
trials and errors of the past. When you understand the
primitive beginnings of medicine, you appreciate the
advances made during the past 5,000 years.
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4. No electricity, few tools, poor shelter
Protect themselves against predators
Believed illness and disease were caused by
supernatural spirits
Used trephining, herbs, and plants as medicine
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5. • Egyptians first people to keep accuracy records
• Ancient Chinese first to use acupuncture
therapies
• Ancient Greeks first to study causes of disease
– Illness has natural rather than spiritual causes
– Considered medicine an art
– Learned some disease caused by lack of sanitation
Romans developed sanitation system
First to organize medical care
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6. Hippocrates based his knowledge of anatomy
and physiology on observation of the external
body
Known as the father of medicine
Disease not caused by supernatural forces
Wrote the standard of ethics ─ Oath of Hippocrates
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7. Medical science stopped for 1,000 years when
Roman Empire conquered by the Huns
Medicine practiced only in convents and monasteries
Primary treatment was prayer
Care was custodial
Epidemics
Bubonic plague, smallpox, syphilis
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8. Rebirth of learning
Universities and medical buildings built
New ideas about disease
Dissection of the body
Development of the printing press
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9. Leonardo da Vinci studied and recorded the anatomy of
the body
William Harvey used physiology to describe circulation
of blood and pumping of the heart
Gabriele Fallopius discovered the fallopian tubes
Bartolommeo Eustachio discovered tube leading from
the ear to the throat
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope
Apothecaries/early pharmacies started
Practice of quackery
Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education 9
10. Students attended lectures, treated patients at their
bedsides, and dissected bodies
Elizabeth Blackwell first female physician in United
States
René Laënnec invented the stethoscope
Joseph Priestly discovered the element oxygen
Benjamin Franklin discovered bifocals and that colds
could be passed from person to person
Edward Jenner discovered smallpox vaccination which
led to immunizations
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11. Ignaz Semmelweis identified cause of childbed fever
Louis Pasteur discovered tiny microorganisms are
everywhere
Father of Microbiology
Pasteurization kills bacteria in mild
Joseph Lister first doctor to use antiseptic during surgery
Ernst von Bergmann developed asepsis
Robert Koch developed the culture plate method to identify
pathogens and also isolated the bacterium that causes
tuberculosis
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays
Paul Ehrlich discovered the effect of medicine on disease-
causing microorganisms
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12. Anesthesia, nitrous oxide, ether, and chloroform
discovered
Gerhard Domagk discovered sulfonamide
compounds ─ medications effective in killing
bacteria
Dmitri Ivanovski discovered that some diseases
are caused by microorganisms that cannot be
seen with a microscope (viruses)
Rabies
Measles
Chickenpox
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13. Sigmund Freud discovered the conscious and unconscious parts of
the mind
Basis of psychology and psychiatry
Sir Alexander Fleming found that penicillin killed life-threatening
bacteria
Jonas Salk discovered that a dead polio virus would cause
immunity to poliomyelitis
Albert Sabin used a live polio virus vaccine, which is more effective.
Francis Crick and James Watson discovered the molecular
structure of DNA, based on its known double helix.
Christian Barnard performed the first successful heart transplant in
1968
Ben Carson separated Siamese twins and performed
hemispherectomies (surgeries on the brain to prevent seizures)
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14. Telemedicine practiced
Consultative, diagnostic, and treatment services
E-mail, fax, telephone
New inventions and procedures have changed
medicine
People are living longer and healthier
Greater need to understand geriatric medicine
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15. Hippocrates Bartolommeo Eustachio
Leonardo da Vinci Anton van Leeuwenhoek
William Harvey René Laënnec
Gabriele Fallopius Joseph Priestley
Benjamin Franklin Joseph Lister
Edward Jenner Ernst von Bergmann
Ignaz Semmelweis Robert Koch
Louis Pasteur Wilhelm Roentgen
Paul Erlich Alexander Fleming
Gerhard Domagk Jonas Salk
Dmitri Ivanovski Albert Sabin
Sigmund Freud
Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education 15
16. Florence Nightingale created the Nightingale School of
Nursing
Designed a hospital ward that improved the environment and
care of the patients
Clara Barton volunteered as a nurse during the Civil War
Established a bureau of records to help search for missing men
Established the American Red Cross in 1881 and to serve as its
first president.
Lillian Wald established the Henry Street Settlement in
New York to bring nursing care into the homes of the
poor
Led to the Visiting Nurse Service of New York
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21. A health care worker is a well-trained professional whose
top concern is patient welfare. Health care workers must
have a thorough knowledge of current health procedures.
They must maintain a professional appearance and
practice professional behavior. They must also safeguard
the confidentiality of patient information. You must keep in
mind all of these standards of behavior as you become a
health care worker.
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22. Match key terms with their correct meanings.
Discuss the importance of proper health care
training.
Describe the proper appearance for a health
care worker.
Discuss standards of behavior.
Discuss the importance of confidentiality when
working with patient records.
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23. Choose a quality healthcare program that meets
your needs
Technical, community or four year colleges with
accredited programs
Obtain a certification or an associate’s, bachelor’s,
master’s or doctoral degree
Continue your education after employment, as
health care procedures and knowledge change
constantly
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24. Professional appearance reflects your
commitment to patient care
Follow facility’s dress code
Minimum jewelry
Wear name badge
Clean and appropriate shoes
Clean hair
Follow rules of good personal hygiene
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25. Behave professionally
Calm and courteous manner
Listen carefully
Monitor patients appropriately
Perform tasks efficiently
Do not gossip about staff or patients
Do not use coarse or offensive language
Do not “horseplay”
Watch for hazardous situations
Follow all facility safety procedures
Copyright (c) 2009 Pearson Education 25
26. Exhibit positive personal traits
Empathy Self motivation
Honesty Tact
Dependability Competence
Willingness to learn Responsibility
Patience Discretion
Acceptance of criticism Team player
Enthusiasm
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27. Make sure you portray positive body language
Make and maintain eye contact
Smile
Keep an open stance
Give patient your full attention
Keep your hands away form your mouth when
speaking
Sit or stand at eye level when talking to a patient
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28. Confidentiality of patient records is critical
Patients sign confidentiality form before
receiving treatment
Legally binding document
Health care workers may be reprimanded if they
do not ensure patient confidentiality
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