1. IMD 252 DIGITAL RESOURCE CENTER

3. CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION (cont..) Malaysia comprises Peninsular Malaysia (131,598sqkm), Sabah (73,711sqkm) and Sarawak (124,449sqkm), covering a total area of 329,759sqkm. Peninsular Malaysia consists of 11 states and the Federal Territory. The capital of Malaysia is Kuala Lumpur. Education is under the purview of the Ministry of Education. The Ministry manages a comprehensive public school system, ranging from primary schools to colleges. The school libraries/school resource center are under the the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education.

6. CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION (cont..) The first use of computers in information management opened the door to new ways of accessing and using information, making it possible to create and access electronic indexes to collections, electronic databases of journal articles, conference papers, and so on. This was a new era and, in addition to using the printed information resources created locally and accessible remotely.

7. CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION (cont..) Over the years, remote online information search services became a regular part of our information-seeking and information use patterns. These services did not replace libraries of printed material, but enhanced information access and use by exploiting information and communication technologies. Subsequently libraries began to convert their card catalogues to the electronic catalogue databases which eventually became the online public access catalogues (OPAC), providing local as well as remote access.

8. Assignment #1 (10% - Individual) Case study : In 1964, Arthur Samuel predicted that by 1984 paper libraries would disappear, except at museums (Samuel 1964). Why hasn’t this happened? From the above statement, do your research at the library and answer the question Why? Written assignment and not less than 5 pages (excluding cover, reference, and appendix page). Submission date is on ___________ 2008.

10. 1.3: What is OPAC? Most libraries have devoted large expenditures on the development of online public access catalogues (OPACs). The online aspect of these catalogues, originally aimed at internal use, has now been extended to include external access. In addition to the library’s stock of materials, the OPACs can also provide access to the library journals holdings and enable outside users to determine which journals are held by the library and in which part of the library. ‘ We need to change the definition of the catalog from what we (librarians) THINK it is to what our users WISH it were!’ ‘ Our catalog should represent EVERYTHING we have AND the THINGS we have access to elsewhere.’ (Shirley Baker)

11. 1.3: What is OPAC? “ For the past 25 years, OPACs have been at the center of the library world. That era is over. Ask any patron how many times a week he uses an OPAC and how many times a week he uses a Web search engine. The answer to that question should scare us.” (Stuart Weibel)

13. 1.4: CD-ROM Another major change in the process of storage, retrieval and dissemination of information was brought by the invention of CD-ROMs. Major databases began to appear on the new medium, facilitating distribution and access. Users could access electronic information sources – bibliographic as well as non-bibliographic databases – at their own end, in libraries, offices, and so on. Features of CD-ROM: CD-ROMs can store up to 700Mb of data. CD-ROM technology was originally used for encyclopedias, dictionaries, and software libraries, but now they are often used in multimedia applications.

15. 1.6.1: What is Digital Library? What is digital library? Several definitions of digital libraries are available in the literature. The definition of digital libraries provided by Arms points towards the management aspects of digital collections and services. According to Arms (2000), a digital library is a ‘ managed collections of information, with associated services, where the information is stored in digital formats and accessible over a network ’ . The definition provided by Oppenheim and Smithson, on the other hand, lays emphasis on digital technologies. According to them, a ‘ digital library is an information service in which all the information resources are available in computer processable form and the functions of acquisition, storage, preservation, retrieval, access and display are carried out through the use of digital technologies ’ (Oppenheim and Smithson, 1999)

18. 1.7: What is Resource Center? (cont..) It is a place to build, maintain, organize, evaluate, sort and disseminate the collection for the use of teaching, learning, research and publishing and also to develop the creativity and innovation of the students . School resource center is a systematic organized collections of carefully and purposely selected information, that are used to provide appropriate and timely information, program and services to pupils and teachers of the school’s in order to strengthen the method used and opportunities. Discussion How school resource center can help to strengthen the method used in the teaching and learning processes?

19. 1.7.1: Purpose of a Resource Center Primary purpose is to improve teaching and learning. It consists of dependent component, resources , management , activities and programs . Resources Activities Management Programs

22. 1.7.2: Developing a Digital Resource Center Info “ IN ORDER TO DESIGN LIBRARIES FOR THE NEEDS OF FUTURE USERS, WE NEED TO EXAMINE THE VARIED ELEMENTS INVOLVED IN THE COMPLEX RANGE OF LIBRARIES WE HAVE TODAY” Is there any one among us today who does not believe that education and learning are lifelong pursuits? Education and learning can be the huge market for digital libraries when distributed digital resource center and information work technologies are available to content creators. Distributed digital resource center also have the potential to revolutionize education and learning, so there is a healthy symbiotic relationship among education and learning and digital resource center, a relationship that is in its infancy. School resource center varied greatly. Some IRC appeared to be healthy, stimulating and active learning environments, however, these were very rare indeed. More significant is the issue that even though nearly all the IRC that I visited had no students in them library staff did not identify this as a problem .

23. CHAPTER 2 : MANAGEMENT OF A DIGITAL RESOURCE CENTER The process of change continues. To understand that process, and to understand how to improve school resource center. In effect we ask, What problems are school resource center meant to solve? Because the situation is complex, the problems we discover depend in part on what we choose to look for. Different types of libraries have evolved in response to different kind of problems. Info Managers do things right: leaders do right things. (Riggs and Sykes, 1993)

24. CHAPTER 2 : Introduction Info It has become a truism to say that human resources are an organization’s most valuable asset. Library and information professionals are in well placed position to make a strong contribution to the development of the global information infrastructure, by ensuring that much of what already exist in print format finds it way on the information superhighway. However, there seem to be a general lack of adequate skills that would enable them work in electronic information environments.

29. 2.3: Resources The definition introduces the concept of distributed and linked resources. The digital resources are the collections and information services. The digital collections are – digital surrogates, non-printable objects and digital artifacts that cannot be distributed in printed form. The digital resources are the collections and information services. The digital collections are – digital surrogates, non-printable objects and digital artifacts that cannot be distributed in printed form

33. 3.1: Databases What is Database? It should be noted that the word ‘database’ is often used outside the library and information field to describe “ a structured set of data held in a computer, especially one that is accessible in various ways ” (Source: The New Oxford Dictionary). In the field of information management the words database are now usually taken to have the following meanings: ‘ a database generally provides details of bibliographic references which the searchers uses as keys in order to consult the original source literature to obtain the detailed knowledge he is seeking’ . (Source: Computer in Library Management,2003,167)

34. 3.2: Library Systems In this fast changing world information technology and information management are going to play an important role. Information has already been recognised as one of the basic resources for the socio-economic development of a country. Information has now rather acquired the status of the most sought after resource of the resources. The newly emerging ‘high tech’ disciplines such as computers, tele-communications, biotechnology, etc… are given importance because they store, generate, manipulate, communicate information.

35. 3.2: Library Systems ILMU Implementation Internet Users INTERNET Leased Lines Intranet Users Multi-tiered Security Terminal Servers NAS Box for Digitize Materials (Optional) Staging & Testing servers Router and Switches Web servers ILMU Application Database Server Satellite Libraries

36. 3.3: Virtual Reference There are some works of reference that are so clearly better suited to electronic supply and access that they will almost certainly never again appear in print. Searchable databases are, of course, tools that have been used in libraries for many years. In the 1970s, when services such as Dialog and MEDLINE were first offered, connection time was so expensive that reference librarians spent a great deal of time with library users refining their information needs prior to connection to databases, and this expert guidance meant that user got the best possible answers to their information queries. There are some works of reference that are so clearly better suited to electronic supply and access that they will almost certainly never again appear in print.

37. 3.4: Document Imaging Process DIP is a process of transforming boxes, cabinets, even rooms full of paper into convenient and safe electronic files! Document storage is a problem that exists in the home and the workplace both. Bills, receipts and statements need to be stored for business and tax purposes; confidential documents, legal documents and agreements must be saved per law; and correspondence and other personal documents may be stored for sentimental or other reasons. If you have documentation that needs to be saved, then you are aware of how quickly you can run out of storage space. Businesses may have literally rooms full of file cabinets!

38. 3.4.1: Document Imaging Process Space is not the only concern. How do you protect these documents? They are vulnerable to fire, flood, insects or mice, or even simply the effects of time. They are also vulnerable to theft, or to being seen by unauthorized eyes. The more documents you have, the more difficult it is to keep them safe.

39. 3.4.1: Document Imaging Process Digital Document Imaging offers the high-tech solution to an age-old problem! We convert your paper documents into electronic files which can be easily stored on either the internet, your personal computer, or on backup media such as CD's or zip disks. Once they have been transformed, they can be printed from any printer, emailed, copied, or even archived into databases for easy searching and reference. We can save them either as image files, for a complete and accurate representation of the original (especially appropriate when signatures are required or if there are pictures in the original) or as text files (not a re-creation, but much smaller in terms of file size).

41. 3.4.1: Document Imaging Process PDF Files A very common electronic format is the PDF file (Portable Document Format). This is an excellent, versatile means of storing your documents. Among its greatest advantages is the fact that it can easily be read by anyone with a computer! The viewing software, known as Acrobat Reader, is available free of charge from Adobe, and downloads quickly and easily from the internet for those who do not have it. A more complete version of this software, "Acrobat", is available for a reasonable fee and offers the ability to edit these files as well as simply read them. Other advantages to PDF files include the fact that they are "platform-independent", which means they can be opened on any type of computer: PC's, Macintosh, or Unix-based. PDF files can also be saved in various different formats depending on how it will be used. These formats include: TIFF Files : These are "raw" image files, which have not been formatted for PDF. These files are large but are the least expensive to create. PDF, Image Only : Image-only files are exact re-creations of the original but are built solely from images, and thus cannot be "searched" if archived in a database. This has a relatively large file size but is the least costly PDF to create.

43. 3.4.1: Benefits of Document Imaging Process Never waiting for another microfilm to be pulled! 7 You will increase the level of workflow and customer satisfaction due to quick and up-to-date access to information. 6 The documents are in electronic format, the archives won't deteriorate over time; 5 You are not required to invest in new hardware since the documents can be viewed on any Mac, PC or Unix system; 4 Distributing documents internally and externally is very easy, quick and inexpensive; 3 Costs related to managing electronic documents are a fraction of those for paper archives; 2 Accessing and sharing information is very quick and inexpensive; 1

46. 3.6: CD-ROM and Internet In the 1980s, when reference sets on CD-ROM began to appear, these were often still used by librarians on behalf of users. The rise of open-access terminals and PCs meant that increasingly users checked out the CD-ROM from the issue desk and had unmediated interaction with it – with varying degrees of frustration given that most products had different interfaces and search methods. With networked CD-ROMs, access could be from outside the library, and users had to be even more self-reliant. Figure: CD-ROM network infrastructure diagram.

47. 3.6: CD-ROM and Internet CD-ROM technology has taken the information industry by storm. Since standards were first agreed on the hardware in 1985, with subsequent agreements to standardize on operating systems to be installed on the disc, the built up of CD-ROM as a means of distributing vast amounts of textual information has been dramatic. A second wave of this interest in CD-ROM technology is being evidenced at present as multimedia – combining sound, moving images and animations, together with text and data on the same disc, to provide an integrated story – takes hold.

48. 3.6: CD-ROM and Internet Multimedia workstations are essentially defined as those offering the capability to display and reproduce some or all the following on a single medium: text, data, audio, graphics, still pictures, animation and moving pictures. Each has a set of technical standards which are increasingly becoming open . At present restrictions on bandwidth and end user hardware capabilities are a limitation on multimedia in the networking area, though this is changing rapidly.

50. 3.7: E-Book

51. CHAPTER 4 : DIGITIZATION AND AUTOMATION Although a large proportion of a digital library’s collection comprises materials that are born digital, such as e-journals, internet resources, databases, and so on, there are many resources that are not originally created in digital form, but are digitized in order to include them in a digital library’s collection. Digitization is the conversion of an analog signal or code into a digital signal or code. (Lee, 2001)

52. 4.1: What is Digitization? (cont…) S ince the time of the Sumerians, documents and their supporting technologies have continued to evolve at an unprecedented path. Schramm (1988) documents that it took at least 50 million years for society to progress from spoken language to writing; about 5,000 years from writing to printing; about 500 years from printing to the development of sight-sound media (photography, the telephone, sound recording, radio, television); and yet fewer than 50 years from the first of the sight-sound media to the modern computer. In recent years, with the development of computing and networking technologies, documents and their supporting technologies are experiencing a revolutionary change. Many technologies appear to expand the document boundaries and extend the traditional definition of documents. As new document technologies cause transformation in the way we use documents, it has become increasingly important to rethink the role of documents.

53. 4.1: What is Digitization? (cont…) O ur perception and understanding of documents is usually shaped by the documents we conventionally use. Traditionally, documents were denoted as “textual and text-like records” (e.g. books or a pile of printed records). This was the prevailing view of documents before the arrival of digital documents. The traditional notion of documents no longer accommodates emerging forms of digital documents. The concept of what constitutes a document is becoming increasingly complicated and amorphous (Buckland, 1997; Schamber, 1996). With the resurgence of interests about various fundamental issues of documents, more careful attention to the historical examination of evolution of various aspects of documents is warranted. amorphous without a clearly defined shape or form

54. 4.1: What is Digitization? (cont…) T raditionally, information organizations deal directly with “information-as-thing.” For example, libraries deal with books, museums display objects, and archives handle records. The “differences in their physical attributes affect how the stored items can be handled” (Buckland, 1991). Rayward (1998) observes that with the proliferation of “information-as-thing” being represented electronically, “the physical distinctions between the different formats or media of record disappear.” He further notes that digitization “eliminates physical distinctions between types of records and thus, presumably, the need for institutional distinctions in the management of the systems with which these records are handled.”

58. 4.4: The Integrity of Digitized Information Content The notion of ‘content’ as text is familiar to all information users and information professionals. But it also necessarily includes material submerged in the text, such as page numbers, chapter headings and footers. The content of images and sound is more problematical because less inherently understood. Colour is an element, as is shape and form in the case of images, while tonality can be significant for sound. High resolution during scanning is essential for rich colour register; this means a larger file size and more expensive storage, as well as slower transmission across a network. Where the costs of a digitization project are a significant factor, compromises may have to e made as to what is an essential level of ‘content’ for a particular information object as opposed to what would be ideal.

59. 4.4: The Integrity of Digitized Information Fixity ‘ Fixity’ is the relationship of the object and its content to other objects and to the outside world. Library and information professionals are accustomed to the concept of fixity in published and other works; a book may go through several editions; business records, invoices for example, relate to a particular transaction which is fixed and located in time. In other cases – the most obvious being financial databases – the digitized data is volatile and there are no points of fixity except in relation to the data itself. The integrity and value of such databases resides in their completeness and the fact of being up-to-date. But in order to identify significant shifts, a record of changes and a method for recording these needs to be built into the initial design of the database.

60. Reference Reference is a third aspect which bears on the integrity of digitized information. Reference is a consistent method of identifying both what an information object is and where it is located. Such systems as authors, titles, ISBNs and catalogues have evolved over time to do precisely this for traditionally published materials. The challenge with digital information is to adopt such techniques which meet conventional citation requirements. Among the most important developments are the Uniform Resource Locator (URL), the Uniform Resource Name (URN) and Uniform Resource Characteristics (URCs) but their use is far from standard as yet.

61. 4.4: The Integrity of Digitized Information Provenance The provenance of an information object also contributes to its integrity. Provenance identifies where an information object came from and how it got there. This is essential if users of the information are to have any confidence in it and corresponds to the familiar notions of relying on the reputation of a publisher and the peer review system as indications of quality, worth and authenticity. It is necessary in a project to document the sources of the data which have been digitized, and in some cases how they were measured and what instrumentation systems were used for their collection, as well as the use made of the information by the organization which created or collected it.

62. 4.4: The Integrity of Digitized Information Context The final attribute of information integrity is context, including technical and communication dimensions, links to other information objects and wider social issues. Essential for any use of digitized material is the specification of hardware and software technologies for both creation and use. The storage method selected for the digitized material has obvious implications for how and where it can be used, as well as by whom. HTML provides a way both to link together the disparate parts of a single object and to link one object with another. Wider social and economic issues include the provision of the technical infrastructure in which networks and communication services operate, data protection, copyright and other legal requirements, and funding for major digitization projects.

63. CHAPTER 6 : DIGITIZATION PLAN A digitization project may start in response to an external request and/or availability of funding, or as part for digitizing one or more specific collections. The first kinds is called reactive digitization and the second proactive digitization (Lee, 2001)

64. 6.1: Digitization Phase

65. 6.2: Guidelines for Materials Selection

66. 6.3: Acquisition (system selection)

67. 5.1: What is Automation? In the 1970s most libraries used the computer of the parent body, or a mainframe system over which they had no direct control. The 1970s saw the growth of cooperative services and resource sharing among libraries. In the early 1980s turnkey systems (where one supplier offers complete hardware, software, installation, training and maintenance) became prevalent. The significant drop in prices and impressive increase in power for microcomputers made microcomputer-based systems became feasible by the mid-1980s. CHAPTER 5 : LIBRARY AUTOMATION

69. LIBRARY AUTOMATION Computer is one of the most powerful tools ever designed by man to solve problems that involve computing and processing of data. It can manipulate and transform all kinds of data at a tremendously fast speed without a mistake. It has no brain, therefore, it has to be instructed to perform a task and supplied with necessary information in the most detailed form in a language which it can understand.

70. 5.3: Introduction A ccording to Webster’s Dictionary, automation is, ‘the technique of making an apparatus, a process or a system operate automatically’. In other words, it is the machinery that mathematically manipulates information storing, selects, presents and record input data or internally generated data.

78. CHAPTER 6 : INSTALLATION AND IMPLEMENTATION

79. 6.1: The Server

80. 6.2: The Library Database Systems

81. 6.3: The Client

82. CHAPTER 7 : RESOURCE SHARING AMONG DRC

83. CHAPTER 8 : IMPACTS OF DRC TO SMART SCHOOL

85. 8.2: Key Principal in Smart School

86. CHAPTER 9 : THE IMPACTS OF DRC

87. GLOSSARY OF BASIC CONCEPTS IMAGE CAPTURE A digital camera or scanner captures an image via a light sensitive sensor that converts that information into a digitally coded image-file that can be viewed on a monitor or printed out. For discussion of the pros and cons of digital cameras vs. scanners, see section V. PIXELS Digital images are composed of pixels, tiny little dots that are arranged into columns and rows to comprise the entire image. Each pixel represents a minute section of the image, and can represent a number of different shades of gray, or grayscale or color. When asked to define Image Size, pixels are typically used as the unit of measurement for the long and short dimensions of a particular image, although it is also possible to view the dimensions of an image represented in inches or centimeters. Most monitors provide a screen space of around 480 x 540 pixels (and sometimes larger). Resolution refers to the amount of pixels per inch (or dots per inch) used in a particular image file. The more pixels per inch, the higher the resolution (and download time) of the file. While Master Files require high resolution and bit-depth, the Web can represent only 72dpi.